Guest guest Posted April 20, 2003 Report Share Posted April 20, 2003 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_12359.html Aluminum in Drinking Water Tied to Alzheimer's Reuters HealthBy StensonMonday, April 14, 2003 SAN DIEGO (Reuters Health) - Adding support to a controversial theory linking aluminum with Alzheimer's disease, new research indicates the disease is more common in regions of northwest Italy where levels of aluminum in drinking water are highest. And when the investigators studied the effects of one form of the metal on two types of human cells in the lab, they found it hastened cell death. "We were absolutely surprised by these results," said study author Dr. Paolo Prolo, a researcher at the University of California at Los Angeles. "I did not expect any effect from aluminum." In findings released here Monday at the annual Experimental Biology meeting, Prolo and colleagues focused on monomeric -- single molecule -- aluminum. This is the type that can be most easily absorbed by human cells, he said. While there have been suggestions that aluminum cookware might pose a risk for Alzheimer's, the type of aluminum used in pots and pans consists of multiple molecules and does not appear to affect human cells, according to Prolo. "There is almost no evidence that the cookware is dangerous," he said. When the researchers tested water in regions of northwest Italy in 1998, they found that total aluminum levels -- including monomeric and other types of aluminum -- ranged from 5 to 1,220 micrograms per liter, while monomeric aluminum levels alone ranged from 5 to 300 micrograms per liter. Environmental officials generally recommended that total aluminum levels be below 200 micrograms per liter, Prolo noted. After comparing this data to death rates from Alzheimer's in those regions, the researchers found that the disease was more common in areas with the highest levels of monomeric aluminum. Back in the lab, Prolo and colleagues then tested the effects of monomeric aluminum on human immune-system cells and bone cancer cells. Ideally, human brain cells would be tested but these are not readily available because a biopsy of a patient's brain is necessary to acquire them, he said. "We found that a very low quantity of aluminum added to our cell cultures was modifying cellular processes" like normal cell death, Prolo told Reuters Health. When the aluminum was paired with beta-amyloid, a protein found in the brains of Alzheimer's patients, the combination killed off even more cells. Because aluminum could kill both types of human cells, these findings raise the question of whether aluminum is potentially involved in other diseases, Prolo said. But much more research is needed to understand how the metal does or does not affect people, he added. Related News: More news on Alzheimer's Disease Related MEDLINEplus Pages: Alzheimer's Disease Drinking Water -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.healthwell.com/hnbreakthroughs/mar98/aluminum.cfm April 19, 2003 Can Aluminum Cause Alzheimer's Disease? by Melvyn R. Werbach, M.D. Senile dementia is a progressive degenerative brain disease associated with old age. Its symptoms include short-term memory loss, slowness in thought and movement, confusion, disorientation, depression, difficulty communicating, and loss of physical function. Alzheimer's disease accounts for about half of all senile dementia cases. Although there are many theories about what causes Alzheimer's, the fact is, its origins remain poorly understood. One theory proposed that the common occurrence of being exposed to aluminum could cause Alzheimer's dementia. Aluminum, the theory postulated, becomes concentrated in the characteristic lesions (senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) that develop in the brain during the course of the disease. At first, medical scientists thought this theory was absurd. Aluminum, they believed, accumulated merely as a result of a destructive process caused by some other factor. In recent years, however, the aluminum hypothesis has been gaining respect. For example, studies have discovered a direct association between the level of aluminum in municipal drinking water and the risk of Alzheimer's dementia. One study found aluminum in drinking water was related to only this specific type of dementia;1 another found that the probability of the association being due to chance was only 1 in 24, with a 46 percent increased risk for people drinking water with the highest aluminum levels.2 The use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants--but not the use of antiperspirants and deodorants in general--has also been associated with a risk of Alzheimer's dementia, with a trend toward a higher risk corresponding with increasing frequency of use.3 This relationship does not extend to aluminum-containing antacids,4 which may simply be evidence that the aluminum in antacids is not absorbed--the process of absorption through the gut mucosa is quite different from absorption through the skin. We also know that serum aluminum concentrations increase with age. Aluminum may accumulate slowly over our lifetimes or we may absorb it more easily as we age. Moreover, there is evidence that people with probable Alzheimer's disease have serum aluminum levels that are often significantly higher than those of people with other types of dementia, as well healthy people of similar ages.5 Further evidence that aluminum fosters the development of Alzheimer's dementia comes from a scientific (placebo-controlled) trial of desferrioxamine, a drug that removes aluminum from the body by binding with it. While regular administration of the drug failed to stop the disease from progressing, desferrioxamine did significantly reduce the rate of decline in the ability of a group of people with Alzheimer's dementia to care for themselves.6 Although the aluminum/Alzheimer's link remains unproven, I believe that waiting for definitive proof before taking a few easy and protective measures is foolhardy--and more scientists are starting to agree.7,8 Perhaps one person in 10 age 65 or older suffers from dementia; by age 80 that figure rises to one in five. This is too common an illness to ignore preventive measures until we can know for certain why it develops. Ways To Avoid Aluminum Here are my suggestions for minimizing your exposure to aluminum. Drinking water should be low in aluminum. Some bottled-water companies provide an analysis of the aluminum content of their water. You might also find out from your public water company what the aluminum level is in the local drinking water. Aluminum-containing antiperspirants can easily be avoided, as can aluminum utensils and even, to play it safe, aluminum-containing antacids. Commercially processed foods such as cake and pancake mixes, frozen doughs and self-rising flour are sources of dietary aluminum, so their ingestion should be minimized. Watch for and avoid sodium aluminum phosphate, an ingredient in baking powder. Pickles and cheese should also be avoided. There is a close relationship between silicon and aluminum in Alzheimer brain lesions, as the two substances bind together to form aluminosilicates.9 High levels of silica in drinking water in the form of silicic acid do seem to protect against the adverse effects of aluminum ingestion, and silicic acid ingestion increases urinary aluminum excretion.10,11 Whether silica supplements protect against the development of dementia has yet to be determined. Besides minimizing aluminum exposure, taking the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of calcium, magnesium and zinc should help to protect against aluminum accumulation.12-14 Deficiencies of these important minerals are common among the elderly.15 Yet, unless there is laboratory evidence of a zinc deficiency, I would not recommend zinc supplementation to help prevent Alzheimer's disease, for two reasons. First, beta-amyloid protein, the major substance found in the brain lesions (usually in a liquid form), binds with zinc. At concentrations only slightly higher than those normally found in the brain, excess zinc may convert the protein to the solid form that is found in Alzheimer lesions.16 This suggests that, at least in theory, excess zinc could actually promote the development of the disease. Second, there is a lack of adequate research demonstrating the efficacy of zinc supplementation in preventing Alzheimer's, although in one study all six relatively young dementia victims had some memory improvement following supplementation with zinc aspartate.17 References 1. Martyn, C.N., et al. Lancet, 1: 59-62, 1989. 2. Neri, L.C., & Hewitt, D. Letter. Lancet, 338: 390, 1991. 3. Graves, A.B., et al. J Clin Epidemio,l 43(1): 35-44, 1990. 4. Ibid. 5. Zapatero, M.D. Biol Trace Elem Res, 47: 235-40, 1995. 6. McLachlan, D.R., et al. Lancet, 337: 1304-8, 1991. 7. Lukiw, W.J. Mineral and Metal Neurotoxicology. 113-26. CRC Press, 1997. 8. McLachlan, D.R., et al. Can Med Assoc J, 145(7): 793-804, 1991. 9. Candy, J.M., et al. Lancet, i: 354-57, 1986. 10. Jacqmin-Gadda, H., et al. Epidemiology 7(3): 281-85, 1996. 11. Bellia, J.P., et al. Ann Clin Lab Sci, 26: 227-33, 1996. 12. , H.D. Health, Disease and the Environment. 311-16. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1992: 13. Durlach, J. Magnes Res, 3(3): 217-18, 1990. 14. Wenk, G.L., & Stemmer, K.L. Brain Res 288: 393-95, 1983. 15. Werbach, M.R. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine: Common nutritional deficiencies. Tarzana, Calif.: Third Line Press, 1997. 16. Bush, A.I., et al. Science, 265: 1464-67, 1994. 17. Constantinidis, J. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr, 141(6): 523-56, 1990. Melvyn R. Werbach, M.D., is a faculty member at the UCLA School of Medicine and the author of Nutritional Influences on Illness (Third Line Press Inc., 1993). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.bio.unipd.it/~zatta/alumin.htm CNR NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF ITALY INSTITUTE FOR BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES Padova Unit "Metalloproteins" University of Padova Department of Biology Via G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy An International Aluminum Network was established in 1995 open to all scientists interested to a better understanding of the aluminum impact on biological systems from different point of views: Physiological, Pathological, Toxicological, Biochemical in humans as well as in vitro and in vivo experimentation. This network is devoted to exchanging proposals and scientific data (relevant papers, experimental data etc.) as well as to inform on various activities around the world: workshops, round tables, symposia etc. where relevant issues on Chemistry or Biology related to the Physiopathology of aluminum could be discussed. Besides, being the most abundant metal and the third most abundant element on the Earth's crust, aluminum has been implicated as an etiological factor in some pathologies related to long-term dialysis treatment of uremic patients and as a potential factor or cofactor in the Alzheimer's syndrome, as well as in the etiopathogenesis of other neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinsonism, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and other diseases. Al(III) SPECIATION Tamas Kiss ALUMINUM DETERMINATION IN BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS ALUMINUM WITH SILICIC ACID Exley TRANSFERRIN AS A METAL ION CARRIER Sadler and Hongyan Li BINDING SPECIFICITY OF ANTI-ALUMINUM ANTIBODIES R. Levy and B. ALUMINIUM AND THE NEURONAL GLUTAMATE-NITRIC OXIDE-CYCLIC GMP PATHWAY Vicente Felipo ALUMINUM AND GENE EXPRESSION Walter J. Lukiw ALUMINUM AND NEUROFILAMENT ASSEMBLY B. Shea ALUMINUM INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN THE NEURONAL CYTOSKELETON Muma Al(III)AND FREE RADICALS I. Oteiza EFFECT OF IRON STATUS ON ALUMINIUM SPECIATION, ABSORPTION AND DISTRIBUTION Christian Steinhausen ALUMINUM AND HEPATOPOIETIC SYSTEM Khalequz Zaman INTERACTIONS OF ALUMINUM WITH NEURONAL PLASTICITY, SYNAPTIC TRASMISSION AND MEMBRANE PORES Dietrich Busselberg and Bettina Platt PROCESS OF ACCUMULATION OF ALUMINIUM IN HUMAN BRAIN Satoshi Tokutake ALUMINUM AND ALZHEIMER'S AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN Masahiro Kawahara ALUMINUM AND BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER PERMEABILITY A. Banks NEUROFIBRILLARY PATHOLOGY AND ALUMINUM IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE J. Q. Trojanowski Ryong-Woon Shin ALUMINUM AND THE PRECURSOR PROTEIN OF THE NON-A COMPONENT OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AMYLOID (NACP) Seung R. Paik and Ju-hyun Lee ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- First International Conference on METALS AND THE BRAIN: From Neurochemistry to Neurodegeneration (University of Padova, Italy: 20-23 September 2000) ALUMINUM AND HEALTH RECOMMENDATIONS Aluminum is an environmentally abundant element to which we are all exposed. The neurotoxicity of this metal has been known for more than a century. More recently, it has been implicated as an etiological factor in some pathologies (including encephalopathy, bone disease, anemia) related to dialysis treatment . In addition, it has been hypothesized to be a cofactor in the etiopathogenesis of some neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), although, despite many studies in several laboratories in different countries, direct evidence is still, so far controversial. Thus, examples of aluminum neurotoxicity are well recognized-in experimental animals and in individuals with renal failure (consequent upon aging, intoxication or renal disease) - and there are grounds to link neurodegenerative disorders to aluminum exposure. Furthermore, an increased concentration of Al in infant formulas and in solutions for home parenteral nutrition has been associated with neurological consequences and metabolic bone disease, characterized by low-bone formation rate, respectively. For all these reasons and on the basis of our many years of scientific experience in this field, we propose the following recommendations as guidelines to avoid risks due to aluminum accumulation and potential intoxication. These recommendations are not rigid and will be updated when relevant new scientific data is available. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS It would be valuable to define as completely as possible which patient groups are at risk for iatrogenic aluminum loading, and under which conditions aluminum represents a health hazard. The more complete knowledge we have for the clinical, iatrogenic setting, the better basis we will have to judge whether different types of aluminum exposure are hazardous to the general population or to susceptible subgroups. A provisional list of patients groups at risk of iatrogenic aluminum loading should include, at least, people with impaired renal function, infants, old people and patients on total home parenteral nutrition. Where such exposure occurs, serum aluminum concentrations should be less than 30 µg/l and possibly lower. However, further studies are necessary. Urinary aluminum is also an indicator of aluminum absorption, the excreted Al/retained Al ratio depends on the integrity of the renal function. Al may enter human body by mouth, intravenous infusions and by environment. Specific controls have to be adopted in order to reduce each risk of exposure. Oral exposure Aluminum in drinking water should be less than 50 µg L-1. Silicon is relevant to aluminum toxicity and, therefore, the water silicon concentrations should be monitored in parallel. The aluminum content should be declared in all food preparations and pharmacological products. Citrate-containing compounds appear to increase the bioavailability of ingested aluminum. Therefore, particular care should be taken to avoid these compounds in combination with Al-containing drugs. With citric acid, the enhanced gastrointestinal absorption may by compensated for by a parallel increase in urinary Al excretion, where there is good renal function. However, it is strongly suspected from recent simulation studies that other dietary acids (e.g., succinic and tartaric acids) also increase Al-bioavailability but do not cause any compensatory increase in urinary excretion. Ascorbate and lactate also significantly enhance gastrointestinal absorption of Al, as was recently demonstrated in animal studies. It is recommended that acidic food, e.g., acid cabbage, tomato, etc. should not be cooked or stored in aluminum ware. In this connection, it has been demonstrated that in the juice of acidic cabbage, cooked in aluminum, the metal ion content is up to 20 mg/ L. Individual susceptibility to aluminum has been reported by the scientific literature. Thus, special efforts should be taken to prevent contamination of food and beverages etc. with aluminum either directly or during preparation, with special regard to infants, old people or individuals with suboptimal renal functionality. Magnesium depletion is considered a high risk for aluminum accumulation especially during pregnancy and in the neonate with possible consequent problems for normal development and growth. Magnesium depletion is also common with aging. Iron depletion is considered a high risk for aluminium accumulation, as iron and Al share common carriers. Parenteral exposure: Aluminum in all intravenous (i.v.) fluids should be controlled monitored and labeled. There is a general consensus that the aluminum content of i.v. fluids used in children and adults with renal failure or undergoing dialysis, should be as low as possible and in any case no higher than 10 µg/L. The use of parenteral nutrition fluids that are high in aluminum should be eliminated or significantly reduced. ... CONTRIBUTORS (Provisional list) P. Zatta, CNR Center on Metalloproteins. University of Padova, Italy. Coordinator of the Project: Interdisciplinary Approach to The Study of Aluminum Toxicity. E.C.COST D8 "Metals in Medicine". C. Canavese, (On the behalf of the Italian Nephrological Society) Le Molinette Hospital, Torino, Italy. S. Costantini, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy. M. Gallieni, Dept. of Nephrology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milano, Italy. M. Andriani, +Chief Nephrologist, Dolo General Hospital, Venice, Italy (On the behalf of the SIN-Italian Nephrological Society). G. Berthon, CNRS FR1744, Université Sabatier, Toulouse, France. D. Boggio - Bertinet, on the behalf of the Italian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition J. Domingo, Faculty of Medicine, Rovira I Virgili University, Reus, Spain. T. Flaten, Dept. of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. M. Golub, Dept. Internal medicine. University of California, , USA. N. Goto, Laboratory of General Toxicology, Dept. Safety Research on Biologics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. M. Kawahara, Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan. T. Kiss, Dept. of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary. W. Lukiw, LSU Neuroscience Center, New Orleans, LA, USA. W. Markesbery, University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Lexington, KY, USA. R. Milacic, f Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia. C. Ronco, Director of the Renal Research Laboratory, Beth Israel Med. Ctr, New York, NY, USA. H.H. Sandstead, University of Texas, Med. Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. A. , Center for Clinical Sciences and Measurement, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, U.K. This document will be published in relevant scientific journals, and will be sent to all Health Ministers of the European Community as well as to other Public Health Authorities. (FDA, WHO etc.).For further information, please contact Prof. P. Zatta: zatta@... Padova 20-23 September 2000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALZHEIMERS/ALUMINUM STUDIES YEAR HEAD INVESTIGATOR AFFILIATED INSTITUTION FINDINGS 1965 Klatzo NIH Injection of animal salts produced changes in the animal brains. J.Neuropathol Exp Neurol 24:187-199, 1965. 1970 Wisniewski Einstein Medical Center Changes in animal brains different from those in Alzheimer's Disease. J.Neuropathol Exp Neurol 29: 163-176, 1970. 1973 McLachlan University of Toronto Brains of Alzheimer's Disease victims have higher Aluminum content. 1976 Alfrey Denver V.A. Hospital Dialysis dementia attributed to Aluminum. NEngl J Med 294: 184-188, 1976. 1979 Ellis University of Sheffield Aluminum affects bones of dialysis patients 1980 Perl University of Vermont Aluminum in Alzheimer's Disease "tangles" in brain. Science 208: 297-299, 1980; Neurotoxicoloy 1: 133-137, 1980. 1981 Markesbery University of Kentucky Aluminum not elevated in Alzheimer's Disease brains. Ann Neurol 10: 511-516, 1981 1982 Perl University of Vermont ALS and Parkinson dementia on Guam associated with Aluminum. Science 217: 1053-1055, 1982. 1985 Greger University of Wisconsin Metallic Aluminum contributes very little to dietary intake 1986 on Newcastle General Hospital Aluminum in core of senile patient plaques 1986 Drezner Duke University Aluminum may not cause bone disease 1987 Perl Mt.Sinai Hospital Route of entry of Aluminum into body may be inhalation. Lancet1987: 1028 1988 Wisniewski N.Y. State Institute for Basic Research Aluminum not found in cores of senile patient plaques 1989 Martyn University of Southhampton Frequency of Alzheimer's Disease related to Aluminum in drinking water 1990 McLachlan University of Toronto Loss of cognitive function from exposure to McIntyre powder 1990 McLachlan University of Toronto Aluminum can be chemically extracted from brains of Alzheimer's Disease patients, clinical results being evaluated B.Ghetti and O Bugiani. "Aluminum's Disease" and Alzheimer's Disease. Indiana Medical Center, Department of Pathology Z. S. Khachaturian. Aluminum Toxicity Among Other Views on the Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease. Office of Alzheimer Disease Research, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Jay W. Pettegrew. Aluminum and Alzheimer's Disease: An Evolving Understanding. Neurophysics Laboratory, University of Pittsburg, School of Medicine. S. Jope. Aluminum Toxicity: Transport and Sites of Action. Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, University of Alabama. C. Alfrey. Systemic Toxicity of Aluminum in Man. Renal Section, Denver Veterans Administration Hospital. P Perl. The Aluminum Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Personal View Based on Microprobe Analysis. Neuropathology Division, Mount Sinai Medical Center NY. S.S. Krishnan, D.R. McLachlan, B. Krishnan, S.S.A. Fenton, and J.E. on. Aluminum Toxicity to the Brain Toronto General Hospital and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto. Copyright 1988. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Reprint requests: S.S. Krishnan, Toronto General Hospital, Medical Physical Department, Room ccrw-g-803, 200 Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. G. M. Zemansky, Ph.D Aluminum in Drinking Water , an assessment document. Scientific/Technical Section, Illinois Pollution Control Board, Nov. 12, 1985. S.G. Epstein, 1984, Aluminum in nature, in the body, and it's relationship to human health. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health - XVIII. Proceeding of thew 18th Annual Conference on Enviromantal Health held at the University of Missouri, June 4-7, 1984, D.D. Hemphill, ed., University Of Missouri, Columbia, MO pp. 139 -148. USEPA, 1985, Proposed Phase I and II recommended maximum contaminant levels under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Office of Drinking Water USEPA, Washington, D.C., pp. 119 - 121a. D.R. Crapper and U. DeBoni. 1980, Aluminum. In: Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology. P. S. Spencer and H.H. Schaumburg, eds., and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. pp. 326 - 335. Yoshimasu, F., M. Yasui, H. Yoshida, S. Yoshida, Y. Lebayashi, Y. Yase, D.C. Gajdusek, K.I.M. Chen. Aluminum in Alzheimer's disease in Japan and Parkinsonism dementia in Guam. XII World Congress of Neurology - 1985. (Abstr 15.07.02). Aluminum - Journal Articles , A; Bondy, S. Aluminum induced oxidative events and its relation to inflammation: a role for the metal in Alzheimer's disease. Cellular and Molecular Biology. (Noisy-le-grand) June 2000; vol. 46(4), pp.721-730. Christen, Y. Oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. February 2000; vol. 71(2), pp. 621S-629S. Crapper-McLachlan, D; Dalton, A; Kruck, T; et al. Intramuscular desferrioxamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. August 3, 1991; vol. 337(8753), pp. 1304-1308. Flaten, T. Aluminum as a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease, with an emphasis on drinking water. Brain Research Bulletin. May 15, 2001; vol. 55(2), pp. 187-196. Forbes, W; Hill, G. Is exposure to aluminum a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer disease?--Yes. Archives of Neurology. May 1998; vol. 55(5), pp. 740-741. Gauthier, E; Fortier, I; Courchesne, F; et al. Aluminum forms in drinking water and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Environmental Research. November 2000; vol. 84(3), pp. 234-246. Good, P; Perl, D; Bierer, L; et al. Selective accumulation of aluminum and iron in the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease: a laser microprobe (LAMMA) study. ls of Neurology. March 1992; vol. 31(3), pp. 286-292. Graves, A; Rosner, D; Echeverria, D; et al. Occupational exposures to solvents and aluminum and estimated risk of Alzheimer's disease. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. September 1998; vol. 55(9), pp. 627-633. Hachinski, V. Aluminum exposure and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology. May 1998; vol. 55(5), pp. 742. Jansson, E. Aluminum exposure and Alzheimer disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. December 2001; vol. 3(6), pp. 541-549. Kiss, T. Interaction of aluminum with biomolecules -- any relevance to Alzheimer's disease? Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. July-August 1995; vol. 21(1), pp. 99-112. Lovell, M; Ehmann, W; Markesbery W; et al. Standardization in biological analyses of aluminum: What are the needs? Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 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A preliminary study of dietary aluminum intake and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Age & Ageing. March 1999; vol. 28(2), pp. 205-209. Rondeau, V; Commenges, D; Jacqmin-Gadda, H; et al. Relation between aluminum concentrations in drinking water and Alzheimer's disease: an 8-year follow-up study. American Journal of Epidemiology. July 1, 2000; vol. 152(1), pp. 59-66. Savory, J; Garruto, R. Aluminum, tau protein, and Alzheimer's disease: an important link? Nutrition. March 1998; vol. 14(3), pp. 313-314. Savory, J; Exley, C; Forbes, W; et al. Can the controversy of the role of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease be resolved? What are the suggested approaches to this controversy and methodological issues to be considered? Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. August 30, 1996; vol. 48(6), pp. 615-636. , M; , G. What are the facts and artifacts of the pathogenesis and etiology of Alzheimer disease? Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. December 1998; vol. 16(1), pp. 35-41. Soni, M; White, S; Flamm W; et al. Safety evaluation of dietary aluminum. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. February 2001; vol. 33(1), pp. 66-79. Study linking fluoride and Alzheimer's under scrutiny (Health Media Watch). Journal of the American Dental Association. Sept 1998; vol. 129(9), pp. 1216-1218. Werbach, M. Healing foods: does aluminum exposure promote Alzheimer's? Nutrition Science News. January 1998; vol. 3(1), pp. 16. Yokel, R. The toxicology of aluminum in the brain: a review. Neurotoxicology. October 2000, vol. 21(5), pp. 813-828. Yokel, R; Ackrill, P; Burgess, E; et al. Prevention and treatment of aluminum toxicity including chelation therapy: status and research needs. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. August 30, 1996; vol. 48(6), pp. 667-684. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For more information on Alzheimer's Disease (AD) see: Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral (ADEAR) http://www.alzheimers.org/index.html Alzheimer's Association http://www.alz.org/ Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted April 21, 2003 Report Share Posted April 21, 2003 AH> http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_12359.html AH> Aluminum in Drinking Water Tied to Alzheimer's Of course, there was no mention of the aluminum that we're being dusted with daily from chemtrails. Aluminum, barium and bromines. Barth TOXIC MOLD SURVEY: www.presenting.net/sbs/sbssurvey.html Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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