FW: Standard Oil's DDT = Rockefeller's Breast Cancer

[Guest guest]

Standard Oil's DDT = Rockefeller's Breast

Cancer

Intro

-------

1997 - some 180,200 new cases of invasive breast

cancer were diagnosed among

women in the US. about 44,190 deaths from breast

cancer in the US (43,900

women, 290 men). National Cancer Institute, and

the American Cancer Society.

http://www.msnbc.com/news/68245.asp

2000 - There has been an apparent association with

breast cancer, which has

implicated DDT binding with estrogen receptors

(ERs). Estrogen and other

estrogenic compounds compete with DDT by their

estrogenic potential. DDT-ER

interaction in the body has wider implications in

terms of its genotoxic

potential and role in carcinogenesis. PMID:

10791702

DDT

------

Some History

1913 - The Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) begins the

thermal cracking of

petroleum in " Burton Stills " .

http://www.dana.edu/~dwarman/xkv.htm

1920: The Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey) produces

Isopropyl Alcohol, the

first commercial petrochemical.

http://chemeng.yonsei.ac.kr/english/overview/h_tim

e.html

1940: Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) develops

Catalytic Reforming to produce

higher octane gasoline and create toluene for TNT.

http://chemeng.yonsei.ac.kr/english/overview/h_tim

e.html

1943: DDT, a powerful pesticide, first produced in

the U.S.

http://chemeng.yonsei.ac.kr/english/overview/h_tim

e.html

1948 - Standard Oil changes its name to Esso,

which acquires a large

interest in Arabian American Oil Company and Oil

companies in Switzerland.

http://seasilver.threadnet.com/Preventorium/chrono

lo.htm

Note:

1942 - 1952 - ..to trace important facets of the

early history of DDT

testing from 1942 to 1952 through the archives of

the Rockefeller

Foundation, including the records of the Virus

Laboratory that it operated

in New York City, the Malaria Experiment Station

in Tallahassee, Florida

that it funded, the operations of the Rockefeller

Foundation Health

Commission in newly-liberated North Africa and

southern Italy, and a program

of typhus and malaria control in Mexico.

http://www.rockefeller.edu/archive.ctr/ac.confpub.

html

1962: Carson's book, " Silent Spring " ,

presents an emotional plea for

protecting human health and the environment from

chemical pesticides.

http://chemeng.yonsei.ac.kr/english/overview/h_tim

e.html

Note:

1962 - DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane)

controversy that was sparked

by Carson's Silent Spring in 1962. In what

has been considered the

bible for modern environmentalists--Silent Spring

sold over 100,000 copies

within one year--Carson was deeply worried by the

widespread use of this and

other chemicals. In fact, DDT was so universally

used that it took on " the

harmless aspect of the familiar. "

http://sunset-magazine.stanford.edu/html/body_eras

_4.html

Basics

----------

This chlorinated organic insecticide was

discovered by Swiss chemist

Muller in 1939.

DDT has been especially useful in controlling

mosquitos that carry malaria,

but some strains of the insects have become

resistant to it. DDT has

comparatively low acute toxicity in humans (it is

thought to cause cancer),

but it persists for a longtime in the environment

and is disastrously toxic

to birds, especially top-level predators such as

hawks and eagles. The

chemical interferes with the birds ability to

metabolise calcium, and thus

affected birds that lay eggs with fatally thin

shells. DDT has been banned

in most countries, but it is still widely used on

crops in Latin America.

http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?

Industrial Fellowships

The first repellent, developed in 1937, was

" Stay-Way Lotion, " a product at

least twice as effective as oil of citronella and

much more pleasant to use.

Another was Insect Repellent 6-12 (2-ethyl

hexanediol-1,3) which was seven

times as effective as citronella and definitely

superior to it in other

respects. In 1942 Insect Repellent 6-12 was one of

the three chemicals

approved for use of the armed forces in the

prevention of mosquito-borne

diseases. (It is interesting to note that one of

the other chemicals,

dimethyl phthalate, had been discovered by another

Rutgers Fellowship

sponsored by the

Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in the late

30's.

The remaining compound, indalone, was originally

tested by the fellowship in

1937). In 1939 the scope of the fellowship was

broadened to include work on

an all-purpose garden insecticide. Henry Menusan,

who attacked the problem

from the viewpoint of finding new chemical

insecticides, predicted the

insecticidal activity of a chemical similar in

structure to DDT.

http://www-rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/indust.htm

Industrialisation of the Third World

The Industrialsation of the Third World is a story

familiar to anyone who

takes even a glance at what is occuring. The

colonial countries are nothing

but a dumping ground and pool of cheap labor for

capitalist corporations.

Obselete technology is shipped there along with

the production of chemicals,

medicines and other products banned in the

developed world. Labor is cheap,

there are few if any safety standards, costs are

cut. But the formula of

cost benifit still stands: the costs are simply

borne by others, the victims

of Union Carbide, Dow, and Standard Oil. Chemicals

found to be dangerous and

banned in Europe and the U.S. are produced instead

overseas - DDT is a well

known example of an enormous number of such

products

http://www.eco-action.org/dt/bhopal.html

Example:

Introduction of DDT to Control Codling Moth [Apple

Industry]

DDT was first discovered and synthesized in 1874.

In 1943 Steiner, Arnold,

and Summerland tested DDT in the laboratory

against codling moth. In

addition they found that DDT was highly effective

after long periods of

weathering. This latter observation is due to the

relatively high chemical

stability of chlorinated hydrocarbons. The

Extension Service in 1950

recommended DDT as the most efficient and

economical material to control

codling moths. The Food and Drug Administration

(FDA) did not raise any

concerns regarding the use of DDT on apples since

it was less toxic than

lead arsenate. Due to the myriad of problems

associated with the use of DDT,

the

organophosphate class of pesticides took its

place.

http://ext.agn.uiuc.edu/piap/gianessi/g14.htm

Note:

1986 - Occupation-related male infertility. Male

infertility is a

significant health problem for which few

aetiological factors have been

identified. Other agents which interfere with

reproductive performance in

experimental animals such as cadmium, manganese,

organophosphates and some

solvents have not been studied sufficiently for

their occupational risks to

be fully known. Some occupational exposures,

extensively studied, appear to

convey little or no risk to male fertility

including radiological exposure,

anaesthetic gases and Agent Orange. PMID: 3527400

Italy - DDT - Lymphomas

-----------------------------------

1946~1951 - RF Sardinia (Italy) - Under the

leadership of the Rockefeller

Foundation, the ERLAAS project used postwar UNRRA

funds to purchase local

labor and imported DDT, oil-suspension, and

war-surplus equipment in an

" all-out " campaign against Anopheles labranchiae,

even in sparsely populated

areas. The original aim was entirely

entomological; species eradication.

PMID: 9653739

1996 - Italy - DDT - Excesses of non-Hodgkin's

lymphomas have been observed

in populations exposed to phenoxy-acetic acid

herbicides, to insecticides

and to organic solvents. Some of these exposures,

in particular TCDD, which

is a contaminant of phenoxy herbicides, DDT and

chlorinated solvents, have

been reported to alter cell-mediated immunity.

PMID: 8642839

Breast Cancer

--------------------

WHAT IS BREAST CANCER?

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that has

developed from cells at that

site. The disease occurs most frequently in women,

and rarely in men. The

breasts are glands protruding from the upper front

chest wall that produce

and release milk in women in association with

pregnancy. They are composed

of milk-secreting glands, ducts and fatty,

connective and lymphatic tissue.

http://www.msnbc.com/news/68245.asp

WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS?

Being a woman is the primary risk factor. The

following are other key risk

factors: Aging; Personal history of breast cancer;

Family history of breast

cancer; Previous breast biopsy; Onset of

menstruation before age 12;

No children or first child after age 30; Menopause

after age 50; Alcohol

abuse; Smoking; Being overweight and/or following

a high-fat diet; Lack of

exercise; Environmental exposures such as

pesticides.

http://www.msnbc.com/news/68245.asp

Research

1975 - DDT may inhibit DMBA-induced mammary tumors

and leukemia by

stimulating hepatic metabolism and excretion of

DMBA so that less carcinogen

is available to peripheral tissues. Malathion may

potentiate DMBA induction

of mammary tumors and leukemia by inhibiting the

same enzyme systems induced

by DDT. PMID: 808643

1981 - DDT acceleration of mammary gland tumors

induced in the male

Sprague-Dawley rat by 2-cetamidophenanthrene.

Thus, we have found that a

once wide-spread environmental chemical acts as a

tumor accelerator on a

major target for human tumors. PMID: 7326823

1981 - As estrogens have been shown to affect the

development and growth of

these tumors, our experimental findings suggest

that o,p'-DDT may possibly

influence DMBA-induced tumors in an estrogenic

manner. PMID: 6791254

1985 - This is the first demonstration that DDT

can support the growth of an

estrogen-responsive tumor. PMID: 4060181

1992 - Small study implicates PCBs in breast

cancer. PMID: 1593649

1993 - Israel - Through public pressure, court

action, and the threat of

further legal redress--and despite repeated

attacks in the media by the milk

producers, the Ministry, and the Cancer

Association--Consumer Shield forced

the authorities to outlaw the use of alpha-BHC and

lindane (DDT no longer

being in general use). Recent epidemiological and

laboratory findings

suggest that the dramatic drop in breast cancer

mortality rates subsequent

to the pesticide ban could be a direct result of

that ban. PMID: 8375952

1993 - New York - Blood levels of organochlorine

residues and risk of breast

cancer. In this population of New York City women,

breast cancer was

strongly associated with DDE in serum but not with

PCBs. These findings

suggest that environmental chemical contamination

with organochlorine

residues may be an important etiologic factor in

breast cancer. Given the

widespread dissemination of organochlorine

insecticides in the environment

and the food chain, the implications are

far-reaching for public health

intervention worldwide. PMID: 8468722

1994 - Estrogenic pesticides such as DDT and

chlordecone generate

deleterious reproductive effects. PMID: 7925178

1994 - Should DDT continue to be recommended for

malaria vector control? No

abstract available.

PMID: 8025316

1994 - Pesticides and breast cancer: no link?

PMID: 8160007

1994 - Risk factors for breast cancer. Pollutants

and pesticides may be

important. PMID: 7695738

1995 - There is an increasing public and

scientific concern that certain

chlorinated compounds, recognized as environmental

pollutants, may cause

estrogen-related neoplastic disease in humans. The

main hypothesis has been

that certain organochlorines, through their

estrogenic actions, might cause

breast cancer. The epidemiological findings

regarding the association

between organochlorines and breast cancer are

inconclusive. PMID: 8611187

1995 - Pesticides- how research has succeeded and

failed in informing

policy: DDT and the link with breast cancer.

Investigation of chemical

exposures as possible etiologic factors for breast

cancer has not been a

research priority in the United States, which is

surprising given the

evidence from animal studies that environmental

chemicals cause cancer and

reproductive dysfunction. Study of environmental

chemicals has also been

indicated by the failure of traditional

epidemiologic methods to account for

significant proportions of breast cancer incidence

with other risk factors.

The fact that breast cancer risk is strongly

associated with reproductive

hormones is a further clue that environmental

chemicals should be

investigated. PMID: 8549499

1995 - Several reports since 1991 suggest that

organochlorines may be a risk

factor for breast cancer. The data are strongest

for DDT. PMID: 8593861

1995 - Organochlorinated compounds (OCC) DDT and

DDE are xenoestrogens which

influence both normal and neoplastic

estrogen-responsive tissues. Therefore,

it has been hypothesized that OCC contribute to

the risk for breast cancer.

1970 when OCC were banned for use on tobacco.

PMID: 7586177

1995 - Dioxin - The organochlorines, a diverse

group of some 15,000

compounds, have been implicated increasingly as

being harmful to humans.

Some congeners of DDT and PCB elicit very weak

estrogenic responses in

animals, while the dioxin TCDD and related

compounds have antiestrogenic

properties. PMID: 8580305

1996 - Chemical pollutants in the Great Lakes have

found their way through

the food chain into humans because of their

environmental persistence and

lipophilicity. PMID: 8820588

1996 - Is DDT use a public health problem in

Mexico? In spite of the

restrictions on DDT use in antimalaria campaigns

in Mexico, use of DDT is

still higher than in other Latin American

countries. We conclude that DDT

use in Mexico is a public health problem. PMID:

8793339

Note:

1942 - 1952 - Rockefeller Foundation Health

Commission in newly-liberated

North Africa and southern Italy, and a program of

typhus and malaria control

in Mexico.

http://www.rockefeller.edu/archive.ctr/ac.confpub.

html

1996 - The estrogenic action of some persistent

organochlorine pesticide

residues may play a role in the progression of

hormonally responsive tumors

of the breast and uterus. PMID: 8968093

1997 - These findings suggest that DDT can

stimulate breast cancer...

Therefore, the cancer risks associated with DDT

exposure may be greater than

first thought, especially when additional

mitogenic stimuli are present.

PMID: 9049186

1997 - Dietary estrogens at low concentrations do

not act as antiestrogens,

but act like DDT and estradiol to stimulate human

breast cancer cells to

enter the cell cycle. PMID: 9168007

1997 - It has been hypothesized that environmental

estrogens may play a role

in the increasing incidence of breast cancer,

testicular cancer, and other

problems of the reproductive system. wildlife

showing signs of reproductive

damage have usually been exposed to a combination

of endocrine disruptors

that may act cumulatively. PMID: 9168009

1997 - Our results and previous reports of DDT

metabolites interacting with

estrogen and androgen receptors suggests that this

class of environmental

chemicals may interact with numerous hormone

receptor signaling pathways.

PMID: 9175630

1997 - Recent studies have implicated exposure to

organochlorines including

DDT as a risk factor for breast cancer in the

United States, Finland,

Mexico, and Canada. PMID: 9255576

1997 - NHL - Organochlorine insecticides are

linked with STS, non-Hodgkin's

lymphoma (NHL), leukemia, and, less consistently,

with cancers of the lung

and breast; organophosphorous compounds are linked

with NHL and leukemia;

and triazine herbicides with ovarian cancer. PMID:

9498903

1998 - Risk of breast cancer is also increased

among retired US female

airline cabin attendants. PMID: 9632420

Note:

1976 - Yellow fever - Vector spraying of

Aircraft - Prevention of diseases

transmissible by airlines. PMID: 951060

1998 - For the last 40 years, substantial evidence

has surfaced on the

hormone-like effects of environmental chemicals

such as pesticides and

industrial chemicals in wildlife and humans. The

discovery of hormone-like

activity of these chemicals occurred long after

they were released into the

environment. It has been hypothesized that

endocrine disruptors may play a

role in the decrease in the quantity and quality

of human semen during the

last 50 y, as well as in the increased incidence

of testicular cancer and

cryptorchidism in males and breast cancer

incidence in both females and

males in the industrialized word. PMID: 9699867

1998 - Risk for breast cancer during growth and

adolescence. We hypothesize

that during periods of high growth rates and

during breast development the

sensitivity of breast cells to estrogenic

compounds is sufficiently great

for xenoestrogens to significantly enhance risk

for breast cancer. PMID:

9710315

1998 - These data suggest that combinations of

natural plant compounds may

have preventive and therapeutic applications

against the growth of breast

tumors induced by environmental estrogens. PMID:

9831541

Note:

1984 - Rockefeller Foundation launches a new

program involving a major,

long-term commitment to plant genetic engineering.

http://www.rockfound.org/frameset2.html

1999 - Pesticide exposure: human cancers on the

horizon. With the

persistence of DDT and DDE in the environment, the

potential risk to the

health of man, animals, and the environment

remains. PMID: 10372419

1999 - Worldwide threat to health and reproduction

related to endocrine

disruptors (by-products of the chemical industry).

Endocrine disruptors

(derived from organochlorines and persistent

organic pollutants such as

PCBs, dioxins and furans, and pesticides such as

aldrin, chlordane and DDT),

are prime suspects in the deterioration of

fertility and intellectual

faculties and possibly a key factor in

endometriosis, breast cancer and

prostate cancer. PMID: 10718712

2000 - Cancer mortality and environmental exposure

to DDE in the United

States. To explore the role of DDE, the major and

most persistent DDT

derivative, in cancer etiology, we examined the

association of the 1968

adipose DDE levels of population samples from 22

U.S. states with

age-adjusted mortality rates between 1975 and 1994

for multiple myeloma;

non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); and cancer of the

breast, corpus uteri, liver,

and pancreas. Breast cancer mortality was

inversely correlated with adipose

DDE levels among both white and African American

women. PMID: 10620518

2000 - A high serum concentration of p,p'-DDT over

the course of the two

examinations was associated with a more than

three-fold significantly

increased risk of breast cancer, and a

dose-response relationship was

apparent. This study provides new evidence of the

adverse effect of some

organochlorines on breast cancer risk. PMID:

10710203

2000 - The results support the hypothesis that

exposure to oestrogenic

organochlorines may increase the risk of breast

cancer. PMID: 10740433

2000 - There has been an apparent association with

breast cancer, which has

implicated DDT binding with estrogen receptors

(ERs). Estrogen and other

estrogenic compounds compete with DDT by their

estrogenic potential. DDT-ER

interaction in the body has wider implications in

terms of its genotoxic

potential and role in carcinogenesis. PMID:

10791702

2000 - Organochlorines and endometrial cancer

risk. There is concern that

persistent environmental pollutants such as

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

(DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

increase breast cancer risk, at

least partially through estrogenic effects.

Because the endometrium is more

sensitive to estrogenic stimulation than the

breast, such a carcinogenic

effect should be more pronounced in the

endometrium than the breast. Our

data do not support the hypothesis that the

organochlorine exposure studied

increases the risk for endometrial cancer. PMID:

10815693

Rockefeller/Standard Oil Interests

----------------------------------------------

NCI

1994 - National Cancer Institute - DDT and breast

cancer: the verdict isn't

in. PMID: 7702645

1999 - National Cancer Institute - Results of this

study do not support a

role for organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in

breast cancer etiology. PMID:

10334636

Note:

1913 - The American Cancer Society was founded

with the support of the

Rockefeller family in 1913. Members of the

chemical and pharmaceutical

industry have long had a place on its board.

http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/199909/cancer.htm

Note:

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York

City, which is a

Rockefeller-related institution because of the

massive funding it has

received from D. Rockefeller Jr. and his son

nce Rockefeller.

http://www.rockefeller.edu/archive.ctr/ac.confpub.

html

Note:

1986 - Rockefeller influence remains entrenched in

its Medical Monopoly.

They control the cancer industry through the Sloan

Kettering Cancer Center.

http://www.afn.org./~govern/rockfeller.html

Harvard

1997 - Harvard - Our data do not support the

hypothesis that exposure to DDT

and PCBs increases the risk of breast cancer.

PMID: 9345073

Note:

1913 - Harvard - Jerome D. Greene, secretary of

Rockefeller Foundation and

former secretary of Harvard.

http://www.rockfound.org/frameset2.html

s Hopkins

1998 - s Hopkins University - exposure to

pesticides or PCBs and breast

cancer have generally not shown enhanced breast

cancer risk with higher

levels of xenoestrogen exposure. PMID: 9800120

Note:

1913 - s Hopkins - Rockefeller Foundation

makes a grant to s Hopkins

University to extend its model " full-time " system

of basic medical education

to clinical departments of medicine, surgery, and

pediatrics. Other

specialties are added later.

http://www.rockfound.org/frameset2.html

Yale

1999 - Yale - These results do not support an

association between adipose

tissue levels of DDE and DDT and breast cancer

risk. PMID: 10472944

Note:

1964 - Yale - Rockefeller Foundation's virus

research program (successor to

the yellow fever vaccine campaign) is transferred

to Yale University as the

Yale Arbovirus Research Unit.

http://www.rockfound.org/frameset2.html

Note:

1911 - US Supreme Court - US vs. Standard Oil (221

U. S. 1, 1911) - Mr.

Chief Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the

court: Standard Oil

Company of New Jersey, owned by D.

Rockefeller, ruled a monopoly by the

courts and broken into 7 companies- known as the

Seven Sisters. Exxon, Gulf,

Texaco, Mobil, Socal, BP and Shell.

http://www.ripon.edu/faculty/bowenj/antitrust/stdo

ilnj.htm

Note:

1999 - Exxon and Mobil Confirm Federal Trade

Commission Approval of Merger.

http://www.exxon.com/em_newsrelease/index.html

To get [Pub Med] PMID: Study citations listed as

references above just enter

only the PMID 'numbers' at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/

National Center for Biotechnology Information

National Library of Medicine -

National Institutes of Health, PubMed.