Fat, diabetes and obesity + my health + sucralose

[Guest guest]

Hi All,

I assume this abstract (1) is obvious from Medline, so I thought

some parts of the Introduction, Materials and Methods, Discussion and

References from the full paper that is pdf-available would be of

interest.

Regarding " + my health " , after a particularly hard yesterday with

low energy although I ate more to recover from anxiety-producing

events, I feel much better today. I slept longer and better (more

relaxed). I felt more energetic and more appreciative of the beauty

of the scenery of the Dike " , a paved walking trail along walkway on

both sides of a Kitsuksis Creek (a salmon stream that attracts bears

in the September salmon season. is ~ 5 km, flows between green

pastures, along a forest floor covered with moss, fallen ex-majestic

trees and fern, features majestic tall trees, has several minor

waterfalls and edible berries between the sizes of raspberries and

cherries and similarly sized salmon berries 20-30 minutes walk.

Today was an, as usual, walk and " jog and run " . Yesterday I did eat

more, but only overnight I was rejuvenated. I had three bowel

movements.

For the issue of sucralose, I have not seen others post on my

method of taking it. I have a mini-meal and then drink dilute coffee

or tea without sweetener and then, after rinsing my mouth with these,

I take sucralose as a few crystals from a peppershaker. This leaves

my mouth with a pleasant clean and sweet taste between mini-meals.

Metabolism. 2004 Apr;53(4):454-7.

Fat, carbohydrate, and calories in the development of diabetes and

obesity in

the C57BL/6J mouse.

Petro AE, Cotter J, DA, s JC, Surwit SJ, Surwit RS.

...low-fat diet (LF group) diet, high-fat diet (HF group)

diet, or high-fat-restricted diet (HFR group), .....

PMID: 15045691 [PubMed - in process]

..... Oscai et al 6 found no difference in total caloric intake

over 60 weeks

between rats were fed a high-fat diet (42% to 60% kcal fat)

versus Purina Rat Chow (Purina Mills, St Louis, MO). Yet the

body weight of the animals fed the high-fat diet was 128% that

of the low-fat group and carcass analysis showed that most of

this weight difference was due to excess body fat in the high-fat–

fed group. Boozer et al 7 found a positive relationship be-tween

percent kilocalories from fat in the diet and percent body

fat when rats were fed isocaloric diets. Furthermore, this in-crease

in body fat was disproportional to the increased caloric

intake in animals prone to develop obesity.8

It is also known that high-fat diets disregulate glucose me-

tabolism.

Level of dietary fat is associated with the conversion

from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in hu-mans.

9,10 Early work by Ip et al 11 and Olefsky and Saekow 12

showed the number of adipocyte insulin receptors was de-creased

in rats eating a high-fat diet (67% lard) when compared

to those fed a diet high in simple carbohydrates. In addition,

insulin resistance is increased 13 and insulin sensitivity de-creased.

14,15

6. Oscai LB, Brown MM, WC: Effect of dietary fat on food

intake, growth and body composition in rats. Growth 48:415-424, 1984

7. Boozer CN, Schoenbach G, Atkinson RL: Dietary fat and adi-posity:

A dose-relationship in adult male rats fed isocalorically. Am J

Physiol 268:E546-E550, 1995

8. Commerford SR, Pagliassotti MJ, Melby CL, et al: Fat oxidation,

lipolysis, and free fatty acid cycling in obesity-prone and obesity-

resistant

rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 249:E875-E885, 2000

9. Marshall JA, Hamman RF, Baxter J: High-fat, low-carbohydrate

diet and the etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: The

San Valley Diabetes Study. Am J Epidemiol 134:590-603, 1991

10. Marshall JA, Hoag S, Shetterly S, et al: Dietary fat predicts

conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM: The San

Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 17:50-56, 1994

11. Ip C, Tepperman HM, Holohan P, et al: Insulin binding and

insulin response of adipocytes from rats adapted to fat feeding. J

Lipid

Res 17:588-599, 1976

12. Olefsky JM, Saekow M: The effects of dietary carbohydrate

content on insulin binding and glucose metabolism by isolated rat

adipoctyes. Endocrinology 103:2252-2263, 1978

13. Storlien LH, DE, Burleigh KM, et al: Fat feeding causes

widespread in vivo insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure,

and obesity in rats. Am J Physiol 251:E576-E583, 1986

14. Lovejoy JC, Windhauser MM, Rood JC, et al: Effect of a

controlled high-fat versus low-fat diet on insulin sensitivity and

leptin

levels in African-American and Caucasian women. Metabolism 47:

1520-1524, 1998

15. Vessby B, Unsitupa M, Hermansen K, et al: Substituting dietary

saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in

healthy

men and women: The KANWU Study. Diabetologia 44:312-319, 2001...

....Research Diets (New Brunswick, NJ) manufactured the diets.

....DISCUSSION

The present study clearly shows that fat has an effect on the

development of obesity and diabetes in the B6 mouse that is

independent of increased caloric intake. Our results support

previous studies that have shown that other animals gain more

weight when pair-fed a high-fat diet. In addition, we show that

high fat feeding has an effect on plasma glucose that is also

independent of caloric intake in this animal model.

The differences in body weight and body composition found

in these 2 studies are predicted by the research of Flatt 24 and

Horton et al 25 who found differences in energy storage and

nutrient oxidation when subjects were overfed fat or carbohy-drate

in isocaloric amounts relative to the individual's baseline

intake. When overfed fat, carbohydrate oxidation was de-creased

and there was no change in fat oxidation. Yet when the

same subjects were overfed carbohydrate, carbohydrate oxida-tion

was increased and fat oxidation was decreased. In this

report the high-fat calorically restricted animals weighed more

and accumulated significantly more body fat than mice con-suming

equal energy of the low-fat diet.

To the extent that we can generalize from mice to humans,

the data in these studies provide important considerations for

weight management. Energy restriction without restriction of

percent kilocalories from fat is likely to be unsuccessful. Ani-mals

fed a high-fat diet but calorically restricted to the con-sumption

of animals fed low fat were heavier within 2 weeks

and by the end of the study had significantly increased percent

body fat. A study by Toubro and Astrup 26 supports these data.

They found that subjects who had participated in a weight

reduction program were better able to maintain the weight loss

for at least 1 year when the maintenance diet was low fat/high

carbohydrate ad libitum compared to a more conventional diet

that was calorically restricted. Although complete details of the

maintenance diets were not given, food diaries indicated there

was no difference in energy content between the 2 diets but the

calorie-controlled group consumed more fat. Increased fat mass

contributed a larger portion of the regained weight in the

energy-restricted group compared to the ad libitum low-fat/

high-carbohydrate group (75% v 67%).

In summary, data from this study show that fat, and not

caloric intake, is the crucial stimulus for obesity and diabetes in

the B6 mouse. While one should be careful extrapolating these

findings to humans, there are numerous human studies that

support the notion that fat, and not carbohydrate, is the critical

factor in the development and maintenance of obesity and type

2 diabetes.

.....24. Flatt JP: Body composition, respiratory quotient, and

weight

maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr 62:1107S-1117S, 1995 (suppl)

25. Horton TJ, Drougas H, Brachey A, et al: Fat and carbohydrate

overfeeding in humans: Different effects on energy storage. Am J Clin

Nutr 62:19-29, 1995

26. Toubro S, Astrup A: Randomised comparison of diets for main-

taining

obese subjects' weight after major weight loss: Ad lib, low fat,

high carbohydrate diet v fixed energy intake. BMJ 314:29-34, 1997...

Cheers, Alan Pater

[Guest guest]

Al, so glad to read you are feeling well ... and the natural beauty of

the Dike sounds incredible!

These days, I only use sucralose in my coffee, tea & lemon water.

old542000 wrote:

Regarding " + my health " , after a particularly hard yesterday with low

energy although I ate more to recover from anxiety-producing events, I

feel much better today. I slept longer and better (more relaxed). I felt

more energetic and more appreciative of the beauty of the scenery of the

Dike " , a paved walking trail along walkway on both sides of a Kitsuksis

Creek (a salmon stream that attracts bears in the September salmon

season. is ~ 5 km, flows between green pastures, along a forest floor

covered with moss, fallen ex-majestic trees and fern, features majestic

tall trees, has several minor waterfalls and edible berries between the

sizes of raspberries and cherries and similarly sized salmon berries

20-30 minutes walk.

>Today was an, as usual, walk and " jog and run " . Yesterday I did eat more, but

only overnight I was rejuvenated. I had three bowel movements.

>

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