Re: The adrenals

[Guest guest]

Thanks for posting this Suzi. I've had problems with my adrenals

since I can remember. When I was in my early twenties, a

chiropractor even had me eating (horrible taste) adrenal supplement

tabs from bovine. The Bach flowers have helped me many times over

but I've never fit the gentian description. And yes excitement (or

having something to look forward to) has also been a healer. I still

am very exhausted, and now with packing and teaching and working I

find I am pushing myself just to get what has to be done every day

before I move. Within the last week or so I have indeed found that I

go to bed very tired and can't fall asleep. My regular habit is to

hit the pillow and...I'm out. In fact, two nights ago I had a beer

just because I thought it would relax me and help me sleep. (I'm

allergic to camomile and a lot of scents.) I had forgotten to

purchase another bottle of B vitamins when I ran out of them at the

end of Spring (silly me.) Your posting came as a much needed call.

Thanks again.

>

> The adrenals are our energy and stress system. When we are under a

great deal of stress, we will usually blow out our B-complex vitamins

which in turn will eventually blow out our adrenal systems, as it is

this system that takes over when we are too tired to function, and

yet we continue to push ourselves. When your B-vitamins and adrenals

have been blown out, symptoms will begin to appear.

[Guest guest]

http://www.lifebalm.com/page.cgi?newsletter/vol2_3

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Dr. 's Newsletter

Volume 2 Number 3

Adrenals As we go through life enjoying a good functioning body, we

oft times forget that each little part of the human system is built

in for a specific reason. Of course we know we would be in severe

trouble if the heart, kidneys, lungs and other commonly known organs

were not doing an efficient job. These organs are quite well known

by all, but there are also numerous " other little workers " that

people are not quite so familiar with, and yet they are very

essential. One of these organs is called the adrenal glands. These

glands are small, but so important to mankind for if they are

ignored and allowed to deteriorate, we are in much trouble. This

has been portrayed plainly by one of our best " Sounding boards " , or

the " opinion " of doctors who are working with people having adrenal

problems. In our monthly seminars with doctors, we are asked

repeatedly - " What can be done for malfunctioning adrenal glands? "

A larger and larger number of their patients are suffering from this

problem.

Because of so many requests for an aid to the adrenals, we

formulated a group of herbs consisting of mullein and lobelia,

Siberian Ginseng, Gotu Kola, Hawthorn berries, cayenne and ginger

(Adrenetone). Later in this article this formula will be explained

in more detail, but here I wish it noted that two of the important

herbs recommended are mullein and lobelia. They are a natural pair

to use in repair and rejuvenation of the glandular system. Also,

the balance of each additional herb added.

This formula for the adrenal glands has done much good, but it is,

as we have explained frequently before, working on the effect. In

addition to this, we must go to the cause--watch the diet, the

liquid intake, remembering to use deep breathing exercises, and

above all, keep a positive and good mental outlook on life.

THE HUMAN ADRENAL GLANDS

The adrenal glands, seated on top of each kidney, are part of the

endocrine system, that is: the internally secreting or ductless

glands which release their secretions directly into the blood

stream. The adrenals, often referred to as the suprarenal, are the

Creator's most intricate chemical factories. " It would take acres

of chemical plant " to synthetically manufacture " the 50 odd hormones

or hormone-like substances " produced by the adrenal glands.

(Ratcliff, 1975, p. 69) Not only do these hormones control all the

oxidation processes of the human body through the anterior pituitary

body, but they regulate growth, mental balance, sexual development

and maintenance, and a host of other phenomena which we shall

describe forthwith. The adrenals, the pituitary, and the thyroid

are functionally united comprising the adrenal system. THE ADRENALS

ARE ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL TO LIFE, so please try to avoid the knife

of some frivolous surgeon on them. We will now go into more detail

on the adrenals and their operations; including information on their

regeneration and preservation through drugless therapy.

ANATOMY

" There are two adrenal glands, one at the upper pole of each

kidney. The right gland is situated between the liver and the

diaphragm and in close proximity to the inferior vena cava. The

left adrenal has behind it the kidney and the left crus of the

diaphragm where as in front there is the stomach and the pancreas.

Each gland has a hilum on the medial side from which the adrenal

vein emerges. The right vein joins the inferior vena cava directly

but the left drains into the left renal vein. The arteries

supplying the adrenal are very numerous and they anastomose in the

capsule of the gland. The arteries arise from the phrenic (superior

suprarenal artery), from the aorta (middle suprarenal artery) and

from the renal artery (inferior suprarenal artery).

The adrenal glands removed at surgery and cleaned of fat, together

weigh 8 to 10 grams. Those removed as postmortem frequently weigh

more because hypertrophy has occurred during the terminal illness.

Each gland consists of two portions, an outer cortex which on

section appears bright yellow, and an inner medulla which is brown.

The whole gland is only 4 to 6 mm thick. In development and

function the cortex and medulla are like separate glands: the former

is essential to life whereas the latter is not. Almost all the

nerves to the gland end in the medulla and influence the secretion

of its pressor amines. " (Mills, 1964 p. 3)

The adrenals are two different glands encapsulated as one: the

cortex and the medulla. The medulla consists of cords of secretory

and nerve (ganglion) cells. Fibers of the greater splanchnic nerve

(sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system) stimulate the

metabolic rate and the breakdown/mobilization of starch (glycogen)

and lipids (fatty acids), resulting in more available energy. They

elicit the " fight or flight " reaction in response to life

threatening situations: increased nervous system activity, dilated

pupils, increased blood supply to skeletal muscle, blood shunted

away from skin and gastrointestinal tract to more critical areas,

increased respiration rate, and increased heart rate and force of

contractions.

The adrenal cortex is organized into three regions: the zona

glomerulose (secreting hormones dealing with fluid/electrolyte

balance, such as aldosterone and other mineralocorticoid); and the

zona fasciculate and retiicultariis (secreting hormones influencing

carbohydrate metabolism, such as cortisol and other glucocorticoid;

and low levels of sex hormones). ACTH from the anterior lobe of the

pituitary stimulates secretion of the glucocorticoid. Aldosterone

is secreted in response to certain enzymes in the blood (renin-

angiotensin system). All these hormones play roles involving all

aspects of protein, carbohydrate, electrolyte, and water

metabolism ... (Kapit and Elson, 1977)

The adrenal cortex is formed during fetal development from the same

tissue that becomes the gonads and secretes the steroidal hormones.

(, 1979)

HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX

" Cortisol (or Hydrocortisone) is secreted by the zona fasciculate of

the cortex and its rate of secretion is controlled by the pituitary

hormone A.C.T.H. " (Mills, 1964, p. 38) A.C.T.H. is secreted by the

anterior lobe of the pituitary, and is a polypeptide composed of 39

amino acids. A.C.T.H. stands for adrenocorticotrophic hormone or

corticotrophin. The regulator or corticotrophin, known as C.R.F. or

corticotrophin releasing factor, is secreted by the hypothalamus.

The pituitary hormone stimulates the adrenal to produce cortisol,

Then when the level of cortisol rises in the blood it acts upon the

pituitary to decrease the production of A.C.T.H.; except in

conditions of stress, including severe infections, accidents,

operations, emotional outrages, depleting drugs (and this includes

the processed junk foods, salt, and preservatives) the plasma

cortisol rises to high levels to enable the organism to cope with

the induced tension or imbalance. In fact, stress itself has been

known to cause an increased release of corticotrophin.

Corticotrophin has been synthesized in the laboratory. It is

similar to, but not exactly the same as the A.C.T.H. produced in the

healthy human body. However, it is used in various ailments,

because it does, in fact, relieve some of the symptoms of adrenal

hormone imbalance. It cannot, however go to the cause of adrenal

exhaustion and is fraught with possible hideous side effects. We

will discuss some of them shortly, but first we will talk on

Cortisol and its effects.

Cortisol is indispensable in the following functions of the body:

a) Excretion of water - Within four hours, the body should excrete

75% of an ingested load of water. If more than the amount is

retained, or excreted very slowly over a period of many hours, there

is an adrenal deficiency, and a need for cortisol, or a similar

hormone.

Sodium-Potassium metabolism - Cortisol usually regulates sodium

retention and potassium excretion, but if artificial cortisol is

administered, the sudden mobilization of the retained water in the

unbalanced body is usually accompanied by quick depletion of

potassium as well as sodium. A further increased dose of cortisol

continues to deplete the potassium, especially if it is administered

in large amounts; an associated side effect is extra-cellular

alkalosis, a raised plasma bicarbonate level.

c) Glucose metabolism - Cortisol is responsible for glycogenesis,

that is, the conversion of protein to glucose in the liver. If

cortisol is given to a normal person intravenously, the liver begins

to trap amino acids at an increased rate, and the blood sugar level

begins to rise after two hours. In people with adrenal imbalance

where the cortisol secretion is very high, or with those individuals

who are on cortisone treatments for some other malady, there is an

interference with the peripheral action of insulin, that is, the

intra-arterial insulin has much less effect upon the glucose uptake

by peripheral tissues. " The prolonged administration of cortisone

or similar steroids may lead to the development of diabetes which is

RESISTANT TO INSULIN and in which ketosis is not usually severe.

It is important, however, that patients who require large doses of

steroids for therapeutic purposes and who develop severe diabetes

should be treated with insulin or else irreversible diabetes may be

found to persist after the withdrawal of the steroid. " (Mills, 1964,

p. 49) Now the poor victim not only has adrenal exhaustion, but the

treatment with inorganic drugs also may serve to throw his pancreas

into a state of disrepair as well!

d) Protein Metabolism - An increase of nitrogen loss through the

urine can occur with cortisol administration. This is associated

with gluconeogenesis and the trapping of amino acids at a rapid rate

by the liver. In extreme adrenal malfunction, Cushing's Disease,

and the use of large doses of cortisone or prednisone, the results

are loss of muscle mass, decrease in thickness of the skin, and

osteoporosis, which is the loss of the ossein network in the bone.

e) Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism - Because of the osteoporosis,

decalcification of the skeleton* occurs with an overproduction of

cortisol in the adrenal gland. In addition, phosphorus is not

reabsorbed by the body, but excreted in the urine. Massive doses of

Vitamin D have no effect upon the decalcification syndrome.

*(Decalcification also discussed by Morton A. Meyers, M.D., 1963)

f) Fat Metabolism - Along with a stimulation of the appetite from

cortisol overproduction, the amount of fat deposits in the body are

more than normal. This may be, in part, due to the conversion of

the excess glucose formed from protein trapping to fat.

g) Uric Acid Metabolism - Cortisone will lower the uric acid level

in the blood plasma, and excrete the uric acid in increased amounts

in the urine. In acute attacks of gout, relief is obtained from the

steroids only when very little rise in uric acid excretion occurs.

h) Blood Cells - Although there have not been any long-term

experiments, it would appear that steroids of the cortisol type tend

to stimulate red blood cell production.

i) Blood Pressure - Cortisol is essential to the maintenance of

normal blood pressure. In cases of overproduction of cortisol, or

the administration (long term) of corticosteroids, hypertension may

develop. In the case of adrenal deficiency, low blood pressure is

one of the common symptoms.

j) Response to inflammation - Inflammatory states, be they from

trauma, infection, or other disorders, are depressed or inhibited by

the presence of cortisol. Cortisol often helps the dissolution of

fibrous tissue (which may enclose an organism such as

tuberculosis). On the other hand, an excess of cortisol affects

cell mitosis which can interfere with the healing of wounds/or

fractures.

k) Suppression of Allergic Reactions -The skin may produce a rash as

a reaction to a foreign protein. Additional symptoms may be local

edema and bronco-spasm. Both cortisol and adrenalin will suppress

these reactions to an extent.

l) Peptic ulceration - Gastric secretion is stimulated by cortisol.

It has been observed that people who are being treated with

synthetic cortisol for arthritis and who are simultaneously

ingesting aspirin, may be contributing to their own delinquency, as

the excess cortisol may delay healing of the ulcers. The steroid in

high concentration in the stomach (without food) may lead to the

development of ulcers. Ulcers of the colon have been reported in

patients being treated with synthetic ACTH.

m) Gonadal Function - Absence of menstruation, or irregular bleeding

have been noted in the instance of long-term artificial

corticosteroid therapy. Cortisol regulates the ovular cycles in

females, and in males, an overdose of cortisol may lead to the

atrophy of the testosterone secreting cells of the testis, and also

adversely affect the seminal vessels.

Bleeding and Bruising

n) Bleeding and Bruising - In Cushing's Syndrome, an overproduction

of Cortisol by the adrenal gland in addition to dysfunction of the

pituitary, and possibly an adrenal tumor or disorder of the

hypothalamus and the central nervous system, the sufferers bruise

easily.

o) Mental changes - Hallucinations and delusions may be observed

either with overproduction or underproduction of cortisol.

Overdosage with cortisol may produce initial euphoria or difficulty

in sleeping. Severe depression has been noted in people who have

been on corticosteroid therapy for some time. Withdrawal of

steroids alone will not usually cure the depression, and the person

must be given antidepressant drugs with their attendant side

effects.

p) Withstanding Stress - During stress or trauma, cortisol is

absolutely essential for a person to be able to withstand the

circumstances. In Adrenalectomy and 's Disease, artificial

cortisol is necessary when a person undergoes trauma or stress, or

often all of the symptoms of adrenal depletion will occur. (Mills,

1964, p. 46-57)

In the light of the above information, doesn't it make more sense to

care for and maintain healthy adrenals? And that's only half of it.

Let's go into the symptoms of 's Disease or adrenal

insufficiency, and see if we don't agree that a majority of folks

around us are suffering from adrenal exhaustion in one form or

another.

ADDISON'S DISEASE

In 1855, described a disorder of the suprarenal

capsules, or the adrenal glands. He had the dubious honor of having

the disease bear his name to this day in history. Herewith shall be

presented a capsulation of the symptoms of chronic adrenal

deficiency according to Ivor H. Mills, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., and

F.R.C.P. and one of Great Britain's experts on adrenal function:

" The adrenal in this disease suffers from destruction by

tuberculosis or progressive atrophy or, very rarely, destruction by

secondary carcinoma [cancer] ... most common presenting symptom is

tiredness. . . " worn out " but healthy people... loss of weight ...

slowly and is not usually gross. . . gastrointestinal upset is not

uncommon ... severity depends upon the degree of steroid

deficiency... may have no such symptoms of gastrointestinal upset

until he gets acute infection ... anorexia, vomiting and occasional

diarrhoea... vague abdominal pain ... steatorrhoea [increase fecal

fat excretion] to the extent of 30 gm. fat per day, without

diarrhea...

Pigmentation is a striking feature of the patient with advanced

's disease ... widespread on trunk, face, arms, and extends

to the creases of the hands and the mucous membranes of the

mouth ... tan of a previous summer did not fade during the

winter ... even in Negroes. . palmar pigmentation has increased...

tendency for the blood pressure to be low .... vascular reflex

responses to the fall in pressure are impaired. The periphery

(hands, nose, ears) of such a patient may be warm when the systolic

pressure has fallen below 100 mm Hg whereas a person with normal

adrenals would usually show peripheral constriction with a fall in

arterial pressure .... Hypoglycemia... does occasionally occur...

They may suffer hypoglycemic symptoms some hours after a large

carbohydrate meal but usually their anorexia prevents them from

consuming sufficient carbohydrate to do this ...

In women of child-bearing age, some disturbance of the menstrual

rhythm is occasionally seen .... loss of pubic and axillary hair is

a very useful physical sign ... Impotence is rare but loss of

interest in sexual activity is not uncommon ... Nocturia (night

urination) is common in patients with chronic adrenal deficiency,

because of the impairment of their handling of a water load ....

mild neurotic traits to gross psychosis ... depression,

schizophrenia, and hallucinations .... severe headache ...

resemble/s/ patients with raised intra cranial pressure, but the

blood pressure remains low and the pulse rate does not slow .... An

X-Ray of the chest may reveal the small heart frequently seen in

chronic adrenal deficiency .... A straight X-ray of the abdomen may

reveal calcification above the kidneys if the adrenals have been

destroyed by tuberculosis ... sodium and chloride are low or in the

lower half of the normal range.... blood urea frequently raised... a

low fasting blood sugar.... Low adrenal steroid excretion... [ACTH

test is usually used to confirm adrenal deficiency: if no increase

of steroid hormone is noted in the urine after two to four days of

intravenous administration of ACTH, then adrenal deficiency is

suspected rather than other diseases such as Steatorrhoea, Crohn's

disease (regional ileitis), Cirrhosis of the liver, Slat losing

renal disease, Leukemia, Anorexia nervosa, and chronic

thyrotoxicosis.] " (Mills, 1964, pp. 88-100)

The special requirements of pregnancy, surgery, diabetes, and

hypoparathyroidism complicate 's disease even more. In

addition to 's disease there is hypopituitarism which is a

deficiency of pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone, and can result

in loss of pigmentation, and also in water intoxication because of

the prevention of the steady drain of sodium into the urine. This

may exhibit itself as confusion and disorientation, epileptic fits,

hypothermia, and even coma. There is also depressed thyroid

function: sensitivity to cold, slowness in mental and physical

activities, loss of sexual libido, absence of menstruation in women

and impotence in men. " In children, arrest of growth hormone

occurs. " (Mills, 1964, p. 133)

ALDOSTERONE

Aldosterone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the cortex of the

adrenal gland, and is the main mineralocorticoid. Aldersterone has

a similar electrolytic effect as cortisol. (Mills, 1964 p. 8)

In Hypopituitarism, there is less secretion of aldosterone than in

the normal person. Some other symptoms of this ailment are anemia

and tiredness. Also the victim can be very thin. There is

decreased body hair. The true disease may go undiagnosed for years,

while the person is given various inorganic iron compounds for the

treatment of anemia.

An increased of secretion of aldosterone occurs after hemorrhage, on

a low salt diet, when a person is loaded with potassium salts,

during pregnancy, and during the first few days of A.C.T.H.

administration. (Mills, 1964, p. 140) For an abnormal excessive

increase of aldosterone and its accompanying syndrome, an

adrenalectomy (removal of part of the adrenal gland which bears the

aldosterone secreting tumor) is advised by the standard

practitioners.

ANDROGENS

The androgens, which are three substances produced by the adrenals

are the " main precursors of the urinary-17-ketosteroid. The other

tissues contributing to these urinary steroids are the testes and

the ovaries. (Mills, 1964, p. 79) These androgens affect puberty

changes, the sebaceous (oil) glands in the skin, the nitrogen

balance in the body, and the fusion of the ends of the long bones in

forming the adult skeleton. Androgen plays and important role in

the fetal sexual development. Any imbalance in this important

hormone group could display disastrous results in the form of

genital abnormalities at birth, development of hirsutism (excess

facial and body hair) in the female accompanied by deepening of the

voice and loss of female fat distribution often associated with

ovarian tumors. Adrenal tumors may also be responsible for

feminization of males, with fat deposits on the hips of males and

changes in the function of the reproductive organs.

OBSERVATIONS

As we have observed, the proper functioning of the adrenals are

quite a blessing as the complications of adrenal hormone imbalance

hormone insufficiency, as well as synthesized hormone therapy are

extremely risky.

We note, too, that it is of the utmost importance to maintain the

health of several other interrelated organs or systems such as the

pituitary, the thyroid, the nervous system, the kidneys, the

pancreas ... we could go on indefinitely, but it will suffice to say

that instead of provoking the aforementioned syndromes of exhausted

adrenals or use of synthetic (and this includes animal gland

extracts, as they are also a crutch and they are not the same as

human hormones) steroid therapy, we can rebuild the adrenal tissues

through cleansing, mucusless diet, and non-toxic, wholesome herbs.

For example, licorice root contains a cortisone-like substance which

actually feeds the adrenals. During the 1950's successful medical

experiments were done with licorice root. As one looks through the

more modern medical literature the idea seems to have been given up

in favor of more " sophisticated " inorganic drugs. The body, being

the wonderful computer that it is, can select what it needs in the

amount it needs for regaining normalcy in adrenal function.

According to Le Sassier, " The body has certain organs that store

energy--especially the liver, spleen, and adrenal system... When any

one of them becomes to weak, it borrows on other organs and

interrelates these imbalances perfectly so the system does not, on

the whole, suffer too much. it really pays to do several things when

the system is weak: sleep, stay warm, and eat lightly but of

nourishing things, preferably with complete amino acid balances.

Remember, when the body does not sleep at night the nervous system,

lungs, adrenals, and liver all suffer. In order to avoid this we

must first understand the healthy immune reaction--what I call

atunement.... Overuse of stimulants, coffee and others weaken the

adrenals. A good way to tell how much vitality is present in the

adrenals and the kidneys is to look under eyes. Those dark circles

are sometimes called adrenal ruts.

REBUILDING GLANDS

To rebuild weak glands, B vitamins, sarsaparilla, licorice, and

ginseng can be used. These contain plant ingredients that support

adrenal functions. These can be made into a formula such as this:

1 part sarsaparilla

1/2 part licorice

1 part ginseng

1 part astragalus (or burdock root)

Two cups a day for about a week and a good conscious diet ....

Unless the system is seriously depleted or seriously diseased it is

not necessary to fill yourself with hundreds of vitamins. Let your

system develop its own natural resistance to disease. (LeSassier in

Salat and Copperfield, 1979, pp. 51-53)

HERBAL AIDS

Because licorice root acts as desoxycorticosterone when administered

orally, and sodium retention are present along with some potassium

loss (in experiments done in the Netherlands on human subjects)

there may exist a slight caution in administering large amounts of

the herb to those persons suffering from hypertension or high blood

pressure. In these cases, we must seek to remove the causes high

blood pressure through diet, including herbs. Herbs and foods high

in potassium, elder for example, or grape juice, would be indicated

here.

The adrenal formula (Adrentone) which we recommend consists of:

Mullein and lobelia: the perfect glandular foods

Siberian Ginseng: Successfully used in the Soviet Union to ease

stress in everyday situations and tend endurance to athletes under

great strain during training

Gotu Kola: Known to stimulate the brain and relieve fatigue when

given in small amounts. Wonderful for the functioning of the

pituitary in disorders of the adrenal system when used in

conjunction with other herbs.

Hawthorn Berries: A celebrated cardiac tonic for many centuries.

Under conditions of stress, the heart often " works overtime. "

Hawthorn berries can help in treatment of high or low blood

pressure, tachycardia, and arrhythmia. It is also anti-spasmodic,

sedative, and soothing to nerves, especially in nervous insomnia.

Cayenne: Nature's finest stimulant; source of calcium and vitamin A.

Aids in circulation of blood which brings oxygen and other

nutriments to cells in need of repair.

Ginger: A stimulant and a 'lead sheep' herb, bringing the other

herbs in the formula into the abdominal area. Ginger differs from

cayenne as a stimulant, in that the cayenne stimulates the heart,

arteries, veins and then the capillaries. Ginger starts its

stimulating effect in the capillary, flushing out the " constipated "

capillary, driving these wastes into the veins for disposal.

This formula may be taken as capsules or as a tea. It may safely be

given to a person suffering from hypertension. For those who wish

to rebuild the adrenals and do not have the sodium retention

problem, licorice root can be used as a supplement the above formula

in tablets, capsules, extract, or as a tea. The suggested dosage is

one #0 capsule daily - six days each week.

Relaxation, meditation, recreation, or some form of stress reducing

activity will certainly help the cause of exhausted adrenals. We

should wish to eliminate hate, anger, fear, and other negative

emotions as they take their toll on the physical body. Listening to

relaxing music has proven to be wonderful in easing hostile

attitudes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Groen, J., M.D., H. Pelser, M.D., A.F. Willebrands, Ph.D., and C.E.

Kamminga, Ph.D.. " Extract of Licorice for the Treatment of 's

Disease. " New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 244, No. 13. March

29, 1951, pp. 471-475.

Kapit, Wynn and Lawrence M. Elson. The Anatomy Coloring Book.

New York, San Francisco, London: Canfield Press/ and Noble

Book, A Department of Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc., 1977.

LeSassier, . " Are You Immune? Natural Ways to Build Your

Resistance. " Well-Being. edited by Barbara Salat and

Copperfield. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1979.

Meyers, Morton A., M.D. Diseases of the Adrenal Glands.

Springfield, Illinois: C. , Publisher, 1963.

Mills, Ivor H., M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.R.C.P., Clinical Aspects of

Adrenal Function. Philadelphia: F.A. Co.; Blackwell

Scientific Publications, Ltd., Adlard and Sons, Ltd., Bartholomew

Press, Dorking, Great Britain, 1964.

, . Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West. Santa Fe:

The Museum of New Mexico Press, 1979.

Ratcliff, J.D. I Am Joe's Body. New York: Berkeley Books, 1975.

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