Guest guest Posted April 30, 2005 Report Share Posted April 30, 2005 Listmates, Here's a link to an interesting article and study regarding the effects of enzymes on viruses. http://www.enzymestuff.com/conditionviruses.htm The enzyme Purify (now called Virastop) from Enzymedica was effective in helping destroy viruses. It is presumed that it would be even more effective, if used in conjunction with an antiviral, such as Moducare, Larch Arabinex (Arabinogalactan), Olive Leaf Extract, Lauricidin, Klaire's Micel A, etc. The following two vendors offer Enzymedica products at a 20% discount: www.iHerb.com www.Needs.com Here's the link to Enzymedica's Web site: www.enzymedica.com Enzymedica's Web site suggests using its Acid Soothe enzyme with Virastop (Purify) if there is ever any gastrointestinal discomfort from all the bad stuff (viruses and bacteria) that you're killing. It contains marshmallow root which is supposed to: " expel foreign and toxic matter, and have a soothing effect on the inflamed mucosal membrane tissue. " http://www.enzymedica.com/protease_enzyme.php http://www.enzymedica.com/gastroesophageal_reflux.php I'm also wondering if Enzymedica's pH-Basic enzyme wouldn't be helpful to counteract the acidic environment in our kids (I read that this is caused by toxic metals). I really like Enzymedica's Digest Gold enzyme with meals. It seems mild, yet effective and might be a good option for those that can't tolerate other enzymes. A lot of people on the SCD lists rave about Enzymedica's Digest Gold. The Effect of Enzymes on Viruses This link gives a nice basic description of viruses and how they work (the discussion continues over several pages, with pictures). How Stuff Works: Virus www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/ aboutviruses.html Viruses are not technically living things. They are particles made of proteins and DNA or RNA. When talking about viruses, you will see virus treatments referring to viral deactivation, virus inactivation, virus control, and virus suppression as well as 'killing a virus'. All refer to trying to get rid of or stop the harmful spread and effects of virus infection. A reference to virus 'die-off' means what happens while trying to get rid of a virus problem. But this is not in the same literally meaning as bacteria or yeast die-off. Digestive enzymes have excellent history in the treatment of viral diseases. Viruses may enter the body by a variety of paths. An invading virus should be subdued and immobilized by the immune system, lying dormant and harmless in the body. In the gut, certain agents of the immune system in the mucosa lining usually conquer any viruses. However, if the intestinal mucosa is damaged or is deficient this can leave an opening for a virus to be reactivated, get out of control and become industrious in the gut, even spreading to other parts of the body. The same doorway results from having a weakened immune system. What happens now? The viruses may cause direct symptoms and complications. Possibly the virus leads to some gastrointestinal and/or neurological problems. This may force the immune system to work at a higher level constantly. It becomes overburdened on a daily basis, yet cannot completely destroy or subdue the virus. Viruses may include the stealth virus, herpes virus, measles, chicken pox, viral encephalitis among others. Some of these may cause autism-like symptoms in children. Remember, the pervasive developmental disorders are only diagnosed by observable behaviors and not on any specific physiological testing. There are a multitude of biochemical situations that could lead to these expressed behaviors. There is evidence that viruses can cause dysfunction in the brain and damage the protective coating, called myelin, around the nerves. This leaves the nerves exposed and susceptible to damage. Viruses are suspect as agents in many autoimmune diseases. see Autoimmune/Neurological Conditions see PDD/autism see Leaky Gut So what do you do about a virus once it becomes a problem? A basic therapy against such viruses needs to focus on the immune system: improving its ability to function, strengthening it, and enabling it to work at a more typical rate and manner. Some people are seeing improvements with particular antiviral medications. However, because of the nature of viruses, this may be more of a cross-your-fingers-and-hope-for-the-best therapy. Researchers are working to improve this as best they can. Enzymes, particularly the proteases, turn out to be an excellent therapy to use against a virus, working on several levels. Many viruses are surrounded by a protective protein film, something a protease enzyme can digest away. Eliminating this coating leaves the viruses unprotected and vulnerable to antivirals and destruction. Is there any evidence that enzymes are effective in the treatment of viruses? In 1995, Dr Billigmann published the results of a study with enzyme therapy as an alternative in the treatment of the virus Herpes zoster. In a controlled study with 192 patients, one of the objectives was to confirm that enzyme therapy had been effective with this virus in a previous study. The other objective was to compare the effectiveness of enzymes with that of a standard drug called acyclovir. The high costs of treatment with this drug and others often meant that Herpes zoster patients would not receive medicinal therapy. They concluded that overall the enzyme preparation showed identical efficacy with the drug acyclovir, and thus also confirming the results of the prior study. The Herpes zoster virus has been successfully dealt with since 1968 with enzymes. Enzymes are considered one of the best therapies with very few side-effects while also providing significant pain relief for the patient (Bartsch 1974; Scheef 1987). Bartsch eventually felt it was unethical to treat patients with viral conditions with anything other than enzyme therapy because the enzymes proved far superior as a treatment. In addition, there is research and successful experience gained in the field of treating HIV, another viral-based condition. The Medical Enzyme Research Institute has published the following conclusions regarding the results of controlled studies underway from 1985 to 1994. First, they found that enzyme therapy significantly limits the progression of the early stages of HIV disease and the patients’ symptoms improve appreciably. Next, with people who are HIV positive, enzyme treatment can delay the onset of disease symptoms and, in some cases this delay continues indefinitely. Then, the appearance of infectious disease, and possible malignant disease, has become less common than in the control groups. (1994) gives a complete description of how enzymes assist with HIV/AIDS conditions, how they interact with the immune complexes and other factors in the disease, and scientific references. Several other studies showed that enzyme therapy resulted in less symptoms, slower progression of the HIV viral infection, and greater improvement in the patient’s condition than either controls or groups receiving other standard drug therapy, such as AZT, at times by a significant margin. Another discussion at the following link (scroll about half-way down the page) Understanding the Viral Problem ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Effects of Plant Form Protease’s on Viruses 4 page download including pictures The following link is from the Enzymedica site (a leading company in enzyme formulations and uses in health). They have a really nice 4 page discussion on how enzymes fight viruses. This is similar to how enzymes interact with bacteria, yeast, tumors, fibrin, and other gunk in the body we don't want there. Includes close-up micrograph photos of cells and illustrations. There are many references at the end as well. http://www.enzymedica.com/pdf/ProteasesandViruses.PDF ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Alpha-2-macroglobulin Function Proteases and antiproteases in health and disease a review: Alpha-2-macroglobulin An information trial was done with 20 volunteers who didn't know what enzyme product they were testing, just that it was a protease. All the participants had known virus problems and just about everyone had test results showing a specific virus. Everyone was sent unmarked enzyme capsules and did not know what they were getting. This was so the testing could be more objective. They were told it was a protease product with no fillers or fruity enzymes, so that wouldn't be an issue. In fact, I just opened off the shelf bottles and poured the enzymes from the bottle directly into a ziplock bag and sent them...so these were not even something special from the manufacturer. The participants were told they didn't need to change anything they were currently doing. If they were already taking enzymes, just add these new ones between meals on top of your regular supplement schedule. The idea was to see if these additional enzymes might help in a different way, or over and above, enzymes for digestion. It was a very basic evaluation we were shooting for. Participants sent histories of the person getting the enzymes and told to include any changes at all they observed even if they weren't sure what the cause was. In general, the results showed the enzyme product, which was Purify by Enzymedica, showed noticeable improvements for just about everyone. Now, here are some of the things that came up and to keep in mind. It is worthwhile to pursue this because the preliminary trial showed results significant enough for consideration. 1. The test group was around 20 people (a couple haven't put in results and might not be included in the final analysis). Participants included mostly children and some adults. Most of the children had an autism spectrum diagnosis and everyone did have virus problems. 2. I wanted to see if some viruses responded better to the Purify proteases than others. However, because the list of viruses of the participants was so varied, the sample size of any particular virus was not high enough to say `this virus responded well and that one didn't'. This would be a nice thing to test in the future though. I know some studies get a lot of attention even if they only include 1, 3, or a dozen people, but that isn't enough to get a definite conclusion. 3. The number of participants in any particular age group was not high enough to definitely say `this age responds wonderfully but that one doesn't'. There were individuals in each age group that did respond well though. People tested from 1 month to 2 months in this trial depending on if they wanted to and what else was going on in their life. 4. Previous enzyme use didn't appear to make any difference. One person had been on a 3 capsules of enzymes at all meals regularly for over a year and saw improvement. Another person had never taken enzymes regularly and saw improvement. Most participants had used enzymes fairly regularly for awhile. Keep in mind that these are two different reasons for taking enzymes and selecting different enzyme formulations. This trial was not about food digestion. It was specific for systemic use of certain enzymes on viruses, although there is some cross-over between the two areas. 5. Question to be considered: Would any strong protease product produce such good results (Peptizyde, Wobenzym, etc) or is it just the particular blend in Purify? (just as Peptizyde can be used instead of GFCF for most but `copy-cat' products of Peptizyde have not been effective enough to do this). 6. Wobenzym has clinical testing on some of their products and various viruses. This does show that digestive enzymes can help with viruses, and in particular, at least of the ingredients or particular proteases in Wobenzym products are effective on viruses. see Enzymes and Virus Research for some studies 7. One of the objectives was to see if higher doses of enzymes would be more effective than lower doses. 'Higher doses' was meant to be more than the 3-4 protease capsules typically given of 'good' brands of enzymes for food digestion. Participants were encouraged to shoot for 20 capsules a day. To put this in perspective, people with fibromyalgia or cancer may take as many as 45-90 capsules a day...or more! So 20 capsules was still much lower as a therapeutic dose. In our trial, higher doses of 9-15 capsules seemed to make a bigger difference than just a few capsules throughout the day. Some people saw improvement from the very beginning with just a few capsules while others did not see improvement until they reached 9-12 capsules a day. Then the effectiveness was noticeable. This dose is over and above any enzymes taken for food digestion (if the person was taking enzymes for food digestion). Either pattern is possible. 8. Question to be considered: Are proteases more effective when used with other anti-viral products or treatments rather than used alone for viruses? This was not an objective of this trial. Some of the test participants had been doing other measures to treat for viruses. Others had not. My guess would be that anti-viral enzymes would be more effective when used with other anti-viral measures because both bacteria and yeast problems have responded this way. Proteases given with an anti-biotic or anti-fungal made the entire treatment more effective than just doing the protease or anti-biotic or anti-fungal alone. I would think there would be a similar synergistic effect with viruses. An anti-viral product could be something over-the-counter like monolaurin or a prescription med. And any other viral control measures available would also likely work toward the common goal of improving health against viral infection. 9. Question to be considered: What is the effect of having papain or bromelain or any other fruit derived enzyme in the product? Papain and bromelain are known to have properties different than the microbe derived proteases so having them in the mix might produce even better results or worse results…or maybe it doesn't even matter. The fruit derived enzymes are a particular sensitivity to some people so it would be a good point to find out. 10. I asked the people who know the technical side of their products at Enzymedica why they felt Purify was more effective on viruses? Was it a special enzyme in the mix? Was it any strong protease product would do and this just happened to be theirs? Would any other protease product produce similar effects? Why do they put `Virastop Formulation' on the Purify label to point out virus action and not bacteria or yeast action? Basically, where did this idea that Purify helps with viruses in particular come from and what is it based on? The answer was that the science on proteases, in general, strongly supports virus control in many clinical studies. This is a known ability of digestive enzyme proteases. Enzymedica makes more than one strong protease product. They have several. After thousands and thousands of people were using their products for all sorts of things, it kept coming up that the Purify was significantly better on cases of viral problems. After time after time after time of people continually saying " WOW, this product was AWESOME for helping my virus problem, " the company started really looking at it more closely. They were getting consistent feedback which in general was saying, `yea, Purify helped with bacteria and with yeast when I put it in my yeast treatment or detox overall but it TOTALLY ROCKS on my virus problem! I haven't had such relief in YEARS. " This came up over and over and over. This reminded me greatly of how Peptizyde was found to be effective for leaving a GFCF diet. Or how No-Fenol was found to be killer on yeast particularly when used with some kind of anti-yeast product. And how many of the other really useful guidelines used in enzymes and other supplements came about. In this case, there does not seem to be any one particular item to point out. The proteases in Purify are a blend and not one particular protease or activity. =================== Enzymes and Virus: Interesting form of activity A very interesting part of digestive enzyme action particularly with viruses is in the research literature. At first, the research and discussions seemed to say that sometimes proteases were helpful and sometimes they weren't. But what was going on is that sometimes a study or discussion would be talking about proteases meaning from the added digestive enzymes, and sometimes they were referring to the proteases the viruses themselves produce (I will call these virus-proteases to help keep it straight). Viruses, bacteria, and yeast also make proteases to tear into our bodies. So if you are reading in this area, remember to look to see if the proteases under discussion are referring to the ones from the enzyme supplement (the beneficial proteases) or if they are the ones produced by the viruses (the harmful proteases). Our bodies produce some enzyme inhibitors anyway. De-activating harmful proteases is one of the ways our bodies deal with pathogens and things going wrong in the body. I noticed this in particular on articles and studies concerning HIV virus. One of the common treatments for HIV is to give a `protease inhibitor.' This is a compound designed to inhibit or de-active the proteases from the HIV virus. Not referring to proteases produced in your gut or from supplements. Proteases are very specific. So an inhibitor that de-actives a harmful protease from a virus may not have any effect on any other protease in the body. It gets a little confusing at time but it is a very important distinction. Reminds me of the concept that bacteria can be beneficial or harmful. So think of protease discussions similarly especially when reading about pathogens. Proteases (the beneficial digestive enzyme kind) can enter the blood stream and go about doing useful work. One of the ways they can act is to be preferentially connected to a component of the immune system called Alpha-2-macroglobulin (I will write it as A2M for short). The digestive enzyme protease and the A2M have an attraction for each other. The protease connects to the A2M molecule and the A2M wraps around it and protects it from being indiscriminately deactivated. The way this attachment between the A2M and the beneficial protease works is that the protease connects to a point in the A2M molecule just as it is attracted to any other substrate it can function on. But instead of breaking down the A2M molecule (digesting it), this action `springs the trap' and the protease enzyme is caught. When the protease `bites' the A2M molecule, the configuration of the A2M is physically changed, and A2M wraps around the protease. It sounds similar to an animal going for bait, springing a trap, and having a cage fall down on it. In this cage, the beneficial enzyme is still functional. The protease is protected by the A2M yet still retains its activity. Similar to a caged animal still being very much able to eat, make noise, roam around and be active, yet it cannot escape nor can other animals get to it to harm or destroy it. In addition, the A2M molecule appears to shuttle the beneficial protease to any part in the body that requires it. A2M sort of whisks the protease away to a site in the body that needs healing or is under attack. Similar to an emergency breaking out, an ambulance is told to get any medical people they can find, goes to the houses and places where there are medical people, and once the people get in, the ambulance speeds them off to wherever they are needed. Then the medical people go to work. Research shows that when the protease connects to the A2M molecule, the A2M is switched from a 'slow' form to a 'fast' form. The fast form quickly mops up various compounds shown to be hazardous to health and disposes of them appropriately. This takes the harmful compounds out of circulation. [see selected studies 1,2,3,4 at http://www.enzymestuff.com/discussionimmunesystem.htm] So the beneficial protease becomes part of the immune system to work with it and facilitate function. Viruses consist of proteins and have protein coats. Since the protease does not lose activity when combined with the A2M it can still be effective. Many of the measures or medications used for auto-immune conditions aim to suppress the immune system because it is the immune system that is attacking the body. However, suppressing the immune system leaves the person open to more infections and problems as well as not fighting off the virus. Because proteases do not stimulate the immune system, protease can be used safely by those with auto-immune disorders. The following link contains an in-depth description of A2M function in human health including references. Alpha-2-macroglobulin You might also want to read over some of the discussions on the multiple ways enzymes help in human health and support the immune system (incorporated in the following sections): http://www.enzymestuff.com/conditioncancer.htm http://www.enzymestuff.com/conditionautoimmune.htm (the serrapeptidase info here is interesting) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Virus Symptoms: Cycling Patterns One pattern that came up during this was the stair-step pattern of taking a dose of the Purify and seeing improvement for a few days and then see it wane, then upping the dose by a capsule or two and seeing more improvement for a few days and then seeing it wane. Then upping the dose again and seeing more improvement and then again it wanes. The overall level of improvement stayed above the starting point. I asked about this stair-step pattern. It was immediately explained to me that this is the pattern of viral action because it follows the pattern of viral growth and activity. This is what to expect when it is working. Viruses are elements that infect a cell. They are not true living organisms that are self-sustaining. They insert their DNA or RNA and replicate inside the cell making many more copies of itself using the cell's resources. This replication can happen in a short time or over a long period of time. The virus may even hibernate or hide-out quietly in a cell for a pro-longed time (over many many years). At some point, the cell is burst opened, the cell is killed, and all the virus copies are free to go out and infect other cells. And the cycle continues. Viruses can show a cycling of illness followed by improvement. I remember that several times in the past on various message boards, a parent would say their child would be really good for about 6 weeks at a time then be really down and ill for no apparent reason. Then the child would just get better for another period of 6 weeks. And this cycle would go on and on. Several people would reply that this can indicate a virus. The period might not be 6 weeks, but 3 months, 4 months, 6 months at a time. It was just the repeating pattern with no apparent reason of getting ill or getting better that stood out. In some information on malaria, it mentions `fever that goes in cycles' as a symptom and goes on to say that a prime natural alternative in the prevention and treatment of malaria is proteolytic enzymes. " Proteolytic enzymes are valuable in the case of malaria, because the invading parasite is a protein. Through the proteolytic activity of the digestive proteases they will find the parasite and kill it. Enzymes, even though they are proteins, are able to pass through the digestive juices, transit the digestive tract, be absorbed into the blood stream, coat themselves with an alpha 2 macroglobuline produced by the host to avoid eliciting an immune response by the host fagocites and then, finally, arrive to the site where they are needed crossing every barrier, with what would appear as just 'instinct'. " http://www.subud-health.org/page37-malariaindepth.html The cycling pattern is there due to the cycling nature of virus growth (infect a cell for some time, explodes out in mass, infects more cells, latent period while virus grows inside of cells, burst out in mass, and so on). The recommended pattern of dosing enzymes is to keep increasing the enzymes until this cycling stair-step pattern stabilizes. At that point continue the current dose of enzymes for about 3 weeks. Then decrease the enzymes. The improvements should continue. If a point is reached where there is regression, then continue the enzymes at a slightly higher dose for a week or so, and then try to decrease enzymes again. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Other Possible Viral 'Die-off' Effects or Side-effects can be: - a fever or pains that run in cycles - very characteristic of viruses because of how they multiply. The virus infects a cell, multiplies internally where there wouldn't be any external disruption. Then after some time, the virus bursts out of the cell releasing many more copies of the virus. The cycle time can be a period of days, weeks, or even months. - a very localized rash on different parts of the body; this may show up right away or after a week or two of treatment - particularly if you work up to higher doses that begin seriously impacting the virus. The virus may harbor inside nerve cells within the body. When activate or being 'killed', the virus travels along the nervous system until it reaches the 'surface' of your body, or the skin layer. At that point, it can cause a painful rash. This is often at one spot or one side on the upper arms, torso, neck or face. - muscle or joint pain - your son might not be able to say he has this. If you can communicate the question to him, see if he has this. Teeth grinding might be a way to deal with discomfort. If there is a 'viral rash', the rash might even go away but the muscle or joint pain can linger past that. With a child, keep this in mind when treating a virus because he may be having physical pains and can't express it. The child might be extra fussy, resist physical activities, or have outbursts that are different than before. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ My Experience with Purify I had some left over test enzymes and so decided to take them myself at higher doses. I did not think I had a virus nor have I been feeling bad, so I just wanted to try higher doses of proteases. I took 50 capsules a day. 10 at a time, 5 times a day between meals. Other people using enzymes for fibromyalgia or cancer were taking 45-90 capsules a day of proteases so I wasn't usually high for therapeutic use. Shortly after, about 48 hours later, I had a really painful rash on the top of my right shoulder. My entire right arm HURT. It wasn't just an ouchy surface pain at the skin level. I mean it really HURT completely to the bone, much like I had seriously pulled every muscle all down my arm. I could hardly lift a fork without it hurting. It was really odd. I didn't connect this to the enzymes right away because I didn't think I had a virus. And I wasn't hurting or in discomfort in any other way - no headaches, stomachache, unusual fatigue. I stopped the enzymes because I didn't want to mess up my high dose experiment and thought that after a few days the rash would go away and I would try again. I thought maybe I had been exposed to poison ivy or poison oak somehow. The rash and pain stayed all week. Didn't get one bit better even though I tried an array of topical creams that were supposed to help. It also didn't spread and get worse (which is very usual for typical skin rashes like poison ivy/oak). So then I thought about the enzymes and started them again (at 50 capsules a day). The rash started to go away quicker and the pain lessened by half in about 3-4 days. So then I stopped the enzymes to see if the rash would just finally go away on its own (I was still not convinced it was viral). The rash didn't get any better on its own for another week. It stayed at the very same level. After a week, I started the enzymes again (at 50 capsules a day), and then the rash healed up completely. A mild lingering pain persisted for another 2 weeks before finally going away. When researching this, I found out this is typical of how a virus or anti-viral works. The virus gets into certain nerves and when it is treated, whereever that nerve `connects' to the skin surface can develop a rash. The nerves under attack also cause pain in the part of the body they connect to. So you don't get an overall body rash or pain. You get highly localized pains or just on one side of the body (one side of face, or one arm, or one leg, etc). The joint or muscle pain lingers longer than the surface rash. Or you might just have milder muscle pain and no rash. I was inadvertantly hitting some virus really hard, but if you start with much lower doses of enzymes (purify) the reaction would be not be that severe. I still have little dot scars-marks on my shoulder. I don't know what virus it might have been...perhaps some latent cold sore virus or flu virus from long ago. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Research Enzymes and Viruses click link for studies A compound called MCT, Lauricidin, or monolaurin and found in coconut oil, mother's milk, and diary is effective in killing viruses. Thanks to several parents reporting a decrease in hearing sensitivity with Houston enzymes containing MCT . . and some other parents reporting with specific details, some new information on MCT has come up. Viruses can be hard to treat. Enzymes can be effective. The following compounds can also be effective. Combined together digestive enzymes and these compounds might work together very synergistically and be effective in a viral treatment program. see MCT, Lauricidin, and Monolaurin see Antiviral/antimicrobial Components in Dairy Virus Groups by Type see Pictures of these virus types DNA Enveloped Viruses: * Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (herpes labialis) * Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (herpes genitalis) * Hepatitis B virus * Smallpox Virus + DNA Non-enveloped Viruses: * Parvovirus B19 RNA Enveloped Viruses: * Influenza Virus * Measles Virus * Mumps Virus * Rubella Virus * Parainfluenza Virus ( Bronchiolitis in infants, croup in young children, common cold in adults) * Rabies Virus * HIV * Hepatitis C Virus * Respiratory Syncytial virus * Hepatitis D virus * Ebola/Marburg ( filovirus family) h.f. viruses * Lassa Fever Virus (arenavirus family) h.f * Coronaviruses * Hantaviruse {(Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (1993 in the Western US: influenza like symptoms + respiratory failure due to inhalation of aerosols of the rodent’s urine and feces)} * Japanese encephalitis virus RNA Non-enveloped Viruses: * Poliovirus * sackie viruses * Hepatitis A Virus * Reoviruses * Astroviruses Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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