Re: Causes and Symptoms of Mold and Dust Induced Respiartory Illness From NIH

[Guest guest]

This is very good work, Sharon!

I will definitely file this for editorial use.

>

>

> Now let me get this straight: If I am a farmer excessively exposed

to mold

> and exhibiting the following symptoms then I have a legitimate

physical

> illness that needs physical treatment. But if I am a housewife,

office worker or

> school teacher excessively exposed to mold and exhibiting these

exact same

> symptoms, then the appropriate treatment for me is psychotherapy

and prozac!

> Huh? From the NIH Website:

>

>

> Causes and Symptoms of Mold and Dust Induced Respiratory Illness

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.pdf)

>

> Glen H. Hetzel, J.

> Virginia ative Extension

> Table of Contents

>

> _Introduction_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l1)

> _What is Farmer's Lung?_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l2)

> _What Are These Mold Spores and Why Are They So Dangerous?_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l3)

> _Symptoms of Lung Disease and State of Illness_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l4)

> _How to Tell If You Have Farmer's Lung_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l5)

> _Medical Treatment_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l6)

> _Measures Farmers Can Take_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l7)

> _More Information About Farmer's Lung_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l8)

>

> ____________________________________

> Introduction

>

> Who Needs to Know About Respiratory Illnesses?

> * those working in dusty fields or buildings

> * those handling moldy hay

> * those working in silos

> * those feeding or working with feedstuffs

> * those working in corn silage

> * those uncapping silos

> * those cleaning grain bins

> * those exposed to bird droppings or feather, hair, or fur dust

> * those exposed to fish meal

> Farmers account for more than 30% of adults disabled by respiratory

illness,

> yet a large percentage of farmers are nonsmokers. If you work in

any one of

> these situations, then you need to be aware of Farmer's Lung as

well as other

> respiratory hazards.

> Farmer's Lung is only one of the respiratory hazards for farmers,

but it is

> a serious one. The number of farmers affected has also been

increasing in

> recent years. This results from a growing awareness among farmers

and that they

> have been seeing their physicians more frequently. The larger size

of silos

> accounts for much of the increase.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> What is Farmer's Lung?

>

> Farmer's Lung is a noninfectious allergic disease caused by

inhaling dust

> from moldy hay, straw or grain. It is a disease because the body

reacts to the

> invading contaminants (mold spores) which the body's immune system

cannot

> counteract.

> The lungs allow oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide

to exit

> the bloodstream. They are the location for a vital process for good

health;

> but they are also the quickest and most direct route for hazardous

contaminants

> to enter the body and the bloodstream. The results from exposure to

mold

> spores can be so debilitating that some farmers are even forced to

leave the

> occupation completely.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> What are These Mold Spores and Why are They so Dangerous?

>

> Mold spores are tiny bacteria less than 4 microns in size -- so

small that

> as many as 250,000 spores can fit on a pin head and a farmer can

inhale as

> many as 750,000 of these spores per minute! They are produced by

microorganisms

> which grow in moist hay and stored grain silage where the moisture

content

> is high (30%) and the area is poorly ventilated.

> When farmers move or work with hay and silage materials in which

mold spores

> have grown, the mold spores attach themselves to airborne dust

particles.

> The farmer not only inhales dust particles which may not be extremely

> hazardous, but he also inhales mold spores which are a serious

hazard. Heavy

> concentrations of mold spores appear as dry, white or grey powder

or clouds.

> The body has natural defense filtering systems (such as mucous lining,

> coughing and sneezing) against dusty air which helps remove some

contaminants, BUT

> most contaminants overpower and pass through these defenses. Mold

spores not

> only bypass defenses because of their number, but also because

they are so

> small.

> Very fine particles, like mold spores, move into, accumulate and

settle into

> the lower lungs. There they produce toxins. Remember that the lungs

transfer

> oxygen to the bloodstream, and most of the actual exchange of

carbon dioxide

> and oxygen takes place in the lower lungs. Now the lungs become a

roadway

> for toxic materials to travel through the bloodstream with the

oxygen. The

> body's reaction to the toxins permanently affects the lungs'

ability to transfer

> oxygen into the bloodstream. The lung tissue becomes permanently

scared and

> each exposure to mold spores increases the damage.

> The body's last defense against these tiny invaders is to develop

an allergy

> producing cold or pneumonia-like symptoms.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> Symptoms of Lung Disease and State of Illness

>

> The farmer will develop specific symptoms based upon the intensity

of dust

> and spores to which he has been exposed or the intensity of his

body's

> reaction to the dust and spores. He is also likely to develop an

increased

> sensitivity to mold exposure, having more severe reactions with

fewer exposures. In

> all cases, each exposure aggravates the problem.

> Acute State This is the most noticeable condition which typically

begins 4 -

> 8 hours after exposure. Most farmers ignore the symptoms because

they are so

> similar to a common summer cold.

> Typical Symptoms:

> * fatigue

> * chills

> * shortness of breath

> * tightness in the chest

> Subacute State This is a more serious condition because symptoms

will be

> stronger and remain longer even with no further exposure to moldy dust

> particles.

> Typical Symptoms:

> * severe shortness of breath with any exertion

> * headache

> * irritating cough

> Chronic State This is the most serious condition because of its

gradual

> onset and its long-lasting debilitation. At the chronic state, the

disease

> becomes irreversible.

> Typical Symptoms:

> * chronic coughing

> * progressively increasing and severe shortness of breath

with even

> the slightest exertion

> * physical weakness

> * occasional fever and sweating at night

> * appetite depression

> * general aches and pains

> Typically farmers develop chronic Farmer's Lung slowly over time after

> repeated exposure to mold spores because they continue to ignore

the symptoms of

> acute attacks. However, it is possible to develop Chronic Farmer's

Lung even

> after one acute attack.

> A delay in seeking medical help damages the farmer most. Often, by

the time

> a farmer sees a physician, there is already serious, permanent

damage. And in

> some cases scar tissue (pulmonary fibrosis) develops, further

interfering

> with the normal functions of the lungs.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> How to Tell if You Have Farmer's Lung

>

> Self diagnosis is not recommended. Always check with your physician to

> confirm your suspicions. However, here are some ways to tentatively

diagnose

> yourself:

> * Have you experienced a sudden illness that developed a few

hours

> after you handled moldy crop material?

> * Do you have a chronic cough?

> * Do you have a general feeling of tiredness or depression?

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> Medical Treatment

>

> It is not enough to look at the list of symptoms and think that you

may have

> Farmer's Lung. You need to see your family physician. The list only

helps

> you recognize symptoms that might match and it is important not to

ignore

> them.

> When you see your doctor, there are several things you can do to help

> him/her diagnose you correctly. A doctor who is unfamiliar with

farmers' illnesses

> or does not know you are a farmer can mistake the symptoms of

Farmer's Lung

> for a cold, asthma, flu or even pneumonia, and incorrectly diagnose

your

> illness.

> Tell your doctor:

> * you are a farmer and the type of farming you do

> * if you have been exposed to moldy crop material

> * what chemicals and/or dusts you work with

> Then your doctor can do several things to confirm or disprove a

tentative

> diagnosis.

> * take a blood test

> * take a chest x-ray

> * administer a breathing capacity test

> * examine lung tissue

> * administer an inhalation challenge

> * perform an immunological investigation

> * perform lung function testing

> * review clinical history

> Farmer's Lung can be controlled in many ways. One way for your

doctor to

> help control it is to give you symptomatic relief. But Farmer's

Lung cannot be

> cured. Unfortunately, there is no way to determine in advance if

you are

> immune.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> Measures Farmers Can Take Farmers can control or even minimize the

> possibility of getting Farmer's Lung by several preventative

measures:

>

> Preventative Measures

> * identify contaminants and hazards in the work environment

> * minimize the amount and type of contaminants in the work

environment

>

> * avoid exposure to contaminants and mold spores and dust

from decayed

> grains and forages

> * limit exposure to all contaminants

> * operate within a controlled environment whenever possible

(e.g.,

> cab, control room, etc.)

> * depend upon mechanical controls to remove air contaminants

(e.g.,

> fans, exhaust blowers, filters, etc.)

> * have as much ventilation as possible in dusty areas

> * move work outside whenever possible

> * avoid dusty work in confined areas

> * wear respirators, masks or other protective equipment

> Management to Prevent Mold Spore Growth

> * use mold inhibitors

> * bale hay, ensile crops, harvest and store grain at recommended

> moisture contents

> * dry grain properly before storage

> * properly ventilate storage buildings

> * crops should be adequately ventilated to cool them down.

> * always use a plastic sheet to cap open silos (not plant

material)

> holding down the edges with heavy weight (e.g. tires)

> When You Must Work With Moldy Materials

> * wet down feed before transferring to minimize dust

> * convert to mechanical or automated feeding or feed handling

systems

> * wet down the top of the silo before uncapping ensiled

material

> * use some wetting techniques when cleaning out grain bins or

other

> dusty areas

> * use respiratory protection when handling moldy or dusty

materials.

>

> If you decide to use some form of respiratory protection, then

make sure

> you use the appropriate device for the work task. Most farmers wear

dust masks

> to protect themselves from Farmer's Lung. This is the best and most

> cost-efficient protection unless you know you will be exposed to

extremely high

> levels of moldy dusts or you already have developed Farmer's Lung.

>

> Those who have Farmer's Lung should talk to their doctor about the

type of

> equipment that will offer the most protection because every

exposure increases

> the risk of serious permanent damage.

>

> Also, for any device you choose, make sure it fits well and is

properly

> maintained.

>

> For more information about respiratory equipment, see your local

extension

> office or the publication on " Respiratory Protection. "

>

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

>

> More Information About Farmer's Lung

>

> The chances of acquiring the disease are the greatest in late

winter and

> early spring. This is mainly because farmers feed the hay and grain

materials

> which have had a longer time to develop mold. Also, during those

colder

> months, farmers are likely to feed baled hay inside, and mold

spores stay in the

> air inside a barn much longer. The amounts of mold spores a farmer

will breathe

> in such a confined space are much more concentrated. Unrolling

large round

> hay bales also may release mold spores.

>

> Other times to be more careful about dusts that may contain higher

levels

> of mold spores are:

> In late summer - while cleaning out grain bins before filling with

new grain

> In early winter- opening new silos may release mold spores from the

top

> layer of silage.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> Disclaimer and Reproduction Information: Information in NASD does not

> represent NIOSH policy. Information included in NASD appears by

permission of the

> author and/or copyright holder. _More_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/disclaimer.html)

>

> NASD Review: 04/2002

>

> This publication was developed with funds form the Center for Disease

> Control/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,

Project UCS/CCU

> 306075-03-1.

>

> October 1996

>

> Authors: Glen H. Hetzel and J. , Agricultural Engineering

Department,

> Virginia Tech

>

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>

[Guest guest]

This is very good work, Sharon!

I will definitely file this for editorial use.

>

>

> Now let me get this straight: If I am a farmer excessively exposed

to mold

> and exhibiting the following symptoms then I have a legitimate

physical

> illness that needs physical treatment. But if I am a housewife,

office worker or

> school teacher excessively exposed to mold and exhibiting these

exact same

> symptoms, then the appropriate treatment for me is psychotherapy

and prozac!

> Huh? From the NIH Website:

>

>

> Causes and Symptoms of Mold and Dust Induced Respiratory Illness

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.pdf)

>

> Glen H. Hetzel, J.

> Virginia ative Extension

> Table of Contents

>

> _Introduction_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l1)

> _What is Farmer's Lung?_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l2)

> _What Are These Mold Spores and Why Are They So Dangerous?_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l3)

> _Symptoms of Lung Disease and State of Illness_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l4)

> _How to Tell If You Have Farmer's Lung_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l5)

> _Medical Treatment_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l6)

> _Measures Farmers Can Take_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l7)

> _More Information About Farmer's Lung_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#l8)

>

> ____________________________________

> Introduction

>

> Who Needs to Know About Respiratory Illnesses?

> * those working in dusty fields or buildings

> * those handling moldy hay

> * those working in silos

> * those feeding or working with feedstuffs

> * those working in corn silage

> * those uncapping silos

> * those cleaning grain bins

> * those exposed to bird droppings or feather, hair, or fur dust

> * those exposed to fish meal

> Farmers account for more than 30% of adults disabled by respiratory

illness,

> yet a large percentage of farmers are nonsmokers. If you work in

any one of

> these situations, then you need to be aware of Farmer's Lung as

well as other

> respiratory hazards.

> Farmer's Lung is only one of the respiratory hazards for farmers,

but it is

> a serious one. The number of farmers affected has also been

increasing in

> recent years. This results from a growing awareness among farmers

and that they

> have been seeing their physicians more frequently. The larger size

of silos

> accounts for much of the increase.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> What is Farmer's Lung?

>

> Farmer's Lung is a noninfectious allergic disease caused by

inhaling dust

> from moldy hay, straw or grain. It is a disease because the body

reacts to the

> invading contaminants (mold spores) which the body's immune system

cannot

> counteract.

> The lungs allow oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide

to exit

> the bloodstream. They are the location for a vital process for good

health;

> but they are also the quickest and most direct route for hazardous

contaminants

> to enter the body and the bloodstream. The results from exposure to

mold

> spores can be so debilitating that some farmers are even forced to

leave the

> occupation completely.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> What are These Mold Spores and Why are They so Dangerous?

>

> Mold spores are tiny bacteria less than 4 microns in size -- so

small that

> as many as 250,000 spores can fit on a pin head and a farmer can

inhale as

> many as 750,000 of these spores per minute! They are produced by

microorganisms

> which grow in moist hay and stored grain silage where the moisture

content

> is high (30%) and the area is poorly ventilated.

> When farmers move or work with hay and silage materials in which

mold spores

> have grown, the mold spores attach themselves to airborne dust

particles.

> The farmer not only inhales dust particles which may not be extremely

> hazardous, but he also inhales mold spores which are a serious

hazard. Heavy

> concentrations of mold spores appear as dry, white or grey powder

or clouds.

> The body has natural defense filtering systems (such as mucous lining,

> coughing and sneezing) against dusty air which helps remove some

contaminants, BUT

> most contaminants overpower and pass through these defenses. Mold

spores not

> only bypass defenses because of their number, but also because

they are so

> small.

> Very fine particles, like mold spores, move into, accumulate and

settle into

> the lower lungs. There they produce toxins. Remember that the lungs

transfer

> oxygen to the bloodstream, and most of the actual exchange of

carbon dioxide

> and oxygen takes place in the lower lungs. Now the lungs become a

roadway

> for toxic materials to travel through the bloodstream with the

oxygen. The

> body's reaction to the toxins permanently affects the lungs'

ability to transfer

> oxygen into the bloodstream. The lung tissue becomes permanently

scared and

> each exposure to mold spores increases the damage.

> The body's last defense against these tiny invaders is to develop

an allergy

> producing cold or pneumonia-like symptoms.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> Symptoms of Lung Disease and State of Illness

>

> The farmer will develop specific symptoms based upon the intensity

of dust

> and spores to which he has been exposed or the intensity of his

body's

> reaction to the dust and spores. He is also likely to develop an

increased

> sensitivity to mold exposure, having more severe reactions with

fewer exposures. In

> all cases, each exposure aggravates the problem.

> Acute State This is the most noticeable condition which typically

begins 4 -

> 8 hours after exposure. Most farmers ignore the symptoms because

they are so

> similar to a common summer cold.

> Typical Symptoms:

> * fatigue

> * chills

> * shortness of breath

> * tightness in the chest

> Subacute State This is a more serious condition because symptoms

will be

> stronger and remain longer even with no further exposure to moldy dust

> particles.

> Typical Symptoms:

> * severe shortness of breath with any exertion

> * headache

> * irritating cough

> Chronic State This is the most serious condition because of its

gradual

> onset and its long-lasting debilitation. At the chronic state, the

disease

> becomes irreversible.

> Typical Symptoms:

> * chronic coughing

> * progressively increasing and severe shortness of breath

with even

> the slightest exertion

> * physical weakness

> * occasional fever and sweating at night

> * appetite depression

> * general aches and pains

> Typically farmers develop chronic Farmer's Lung slowly over time after

> repeated exposure to mold spores because they continue to ignore

the symptoms of

> acute attacks. However, it is possible to develop Chronic Farmer's

Lung even

> after one acute attack.

> A delay in seeking medical help damages the farmer most. Often, by

the time

> a farmer sees a physician, there is already serious, permanent

damage. And in

> some cases scar tissue (pulmonary fibrosis) develops, further

interfering

> with the normal functions of the lungs.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> How to Tell if You Have Farmer's Lung

>

> Self diagnosis is not recommended. Always check with your physician to

> confirm your suspicions. However, here are some ways to tentatively

diagnose

> yourself:

> * Have you experienced a sudden illness that developed a few

hours

> after you handled moldy crop material?

> * Do you have a chronic cough?

> * Do you have a general feeling of tiredness or depression?

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> Medical Treatment

>

> It is not enough to look at the list of symptoms and think that you

may have

> Farmer's Lung. You need to see your family physician. The list only

helps

> you recognize symptoms that might match and it is important not to

ignore

> them.

> When you see your doctor, there are several things you can do to help

> him/her diagnose you correctly. A doctor who is unfamiliar with

farmers' illnesses

> or does not know you are a farmer can mistake the symptoms of

Farmer's Lung

> for a cold, asthma, flu or even pneumonia, and incorrectly diagnose

your

> illness.

> Tell your doctor:

> * you are a farmer and the type of farming you do

> * if you have been exposed to moldy crop material

> * what chemicals and/or dusts you work with

> Then your doctor can do several things to confirm or disprove a

tentative

> diagnosis.

> * take a blood test

> * take a chest x-ray

> * administer a breathing capacity test

> * examine lung tissue

> * administer an inhalation challenge

> * perform an immunological investigation

> * perform lung function testing

> * review clinical history

> Farmer's Lung can be controlled in many ways. One way for your

doctor to

> help control it is to give you symptomatic relief. But Farmer's

Lung cannot be

> cured. Unfortunately, there is no way to determine in advance if

you are

> immune.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

> Measures Farmers Can Take Farmers can control or even minimize the

> possibility of getting Farmer's Lung by several preventative

measures:

>

> Preventative Measures

> * identify contaminants and hazards in the work environment

> * minimize the amount and type of contaminants in the work

environment

>

> * avoid exposure to contaminants and mold spores and dust

from decayed

> grains and forages

> * limit exposure to all contaminants

> * operate within a controlled environment whenever possible

(e.g.,

> cab, control room, etc.)

> * depend upon mechanical controls to remove air contaminants

(e.g.,

> fans, exhaust blowers, filters, etc.)

> * have as much ventilation as possible in dusty areas

> * move work outside whenever possible

> * avoid dusty work in confined areas

> * wear respirators, masks or other protective equipment

> Management to Prevent Mold Spore Growth

> * use mold inhibitors

> * bale hay, ensile crops, harvest and store grain at recommended

> moisture contents

> * dry grain properly before storage

> * properly ventilate storage buildings

> * crops should be adequately ventilated to cool them down.

> * always use a plastic sheet to cap open silos (not plant

material)

> holding down the edges with heavy weight (e.g. tires)

> When You Must Work With Moldy Materials

> * wet down feed before transferring to minimize dust

> * convert to mechanical or automated feeding or feed handling

systems

> * wet down the top of the silo before uncapping ensiled

material

> * use some wetting techniques when cleaning out grain bins or

other

> dusty areas

> * use respiratory protection when handling moldy or dusty

materials.

>

> If you decide to use some form of respiratory protection, then

make sure

> you use the appropriate device for the work task. Most farmers wear

dust masks

> to protect themselves from Farmer's Lung. This is the best and most

> cost-efficient protection unless you know you will be exposed to

extremely high

> levels of moldy dusts or you already have developed Farmer's Lung.

>

> Those who have Farmer's Lung should talk to their doctor about the

type of

> equipment that will offer the most protection because every

exposure increases

> the risk of serious permanent damage.

>

> Also, for any device you choose, make sure it fits well and is

properly

> maintained.

>

> For more information about respiratory equipment, see your local

extension

> office or the publication on " Respiratory Protection. "

>

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> ____________________________________

>

> More Information About Farmer's Lung

>

> The chances of acquiring the disease are the greatest in late

winter and

> early spring. This is mainly because farmers feed the hay and grain

materials

> which have had a longer time to develop mold. Also, during those

colder

> months, farmers are likely to feed baled hay inside, and mold

spores stay in the

> air inside a barn much longer. The amounts of mold spores a farmer

will breathe

> in such a confined space are much more concentrated. Unrolling

large round

> hay bales also may release mold spores.

>

> Other times to be more careful about dusts that may contain higher

levels

> of mold spores are:

> In late summer - while cleaning out grain bins before filling with

new grain

> In early winter- opening new silos may release mold spores from the

top

> layer of silage.

> Return to _Table of Contents_

>

(http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001270/d001270.html#toc)

>

> Disclaimer and Reproduction Information: Information in NASD does not

> represent NIOSH policy. Information included in NASD appears by

permission of the

> author and/or copyright holder. _More_

> (http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/disclaimer.html)

>

> NASD Review: 04/2002

>

> This publication was developed with funds form the Center for Disease

> Control/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,

Project UCS/CCU

> 306075-03-1.

>

> October 1996

>

> Authors: Glen H. Hetzel and J. , Agricultural Engineering

Department,

> Virginia Tech

>

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