Depression and Hypothyroidism

[Guest guest]

For those of you who would like some references to to show your endocrinologist or GP when they tell you that you are suffering depression and there is no connection with thyroid disease, keep these safe and let the doctor know that you are not a dumb cluck ;o)

Luv - Sheila

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Depression: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels

Pop VJ, Maartens LH, Leusink G, van Son MJ, Knottnerus AA, Ward AM, Metcalfe R, Weetman AP. Are autoimmune thyroid dysfunction and depression related? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Sep;83(9):3194-7

Haggerty JJ Jr, Stern RA, Mason GA, Beckwith J, Morey CE, Prange AJ Jr. Subclinical hypothyroidism: a modifiable risk factor for depression? Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;150(3):508-10

Gold MS, Pottash AL, Extein I. "Symptomless" autoimmune thyroiditis in depression. Psychiatry Res. 1982 Jun;6(3):261-

O'Shanick GJ, Ellinwood EH Jr. Persistent elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone in women with bipolar affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1982 Apr;139(4):513-4

Howland RH. Thyroid dysfunction in refractory depression: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;54(2):47-54

Kirkegaard C, Norlem N, Lauridsen UB, Bjorum N, Christiansen C. Protirelin stimulation test and thyroid function during treatment of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1975 Sep;32(9):1115-8

Bauer MS, Whybrow PC, Winokur A. Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. I. Association with grade I hypothyroidism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 May;47(5):427-32

Haggerty JJ Jr, DL, Golden RN, Pedersen CA, Simon JS, Nemeroff CB. The presence of antithyroid antibodies in patients with affective and nonaffective psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 1990 Jan 1;27(1):51-60

Cole DP, Thase ME, Mallinger AG, Soares JC, Luther JF, Kupfer DJ, E. Slower treatment response in bipolar depression predicted by lower pre-treatment thyroid function. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;159(1):116-21

Joffe RT, Marriott M. Thyroid hormone levels and recurrence of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Oct;157(10):1689-91 (“the time to recurrence of major depression was inversely related to T3 levels but not to T4 levels”)

Depression: the improvement with thyroid treatment

Bauer MS, Whybrow PC. Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. II. Treatment of refractory rapid cycling with high-dose levothyroxine: a preliminary study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 May;47(5):435-40

Afflelou S, Auriacombe M, Cazenave M, Chartres JP, Tignol J. Administration of high dose levothyroxine in treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorders. Review of the literature and initial therapeutic application apropos of 6 cases. Encephale. 1997 May-Jun;23(3):209-17

Bauer M, Baur H, Berghofer A, Strohle A, Hellweg R, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Baumgartner A. Effects of supraphysiological thyroxine administration in healthy controls and patients with depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 2002 Apr;68(2-3):285-94

Schwarcz G, Halaris A, Baxter L, Escobar J, M, Young M. Normal thyroid function in desipramine nonresponders converted to responders by the addition of L-triiodothyronine. Am J Psychiatry. 1984 Dec;141(12):1614-6

Prange AJ Jr. Novel uses of thyroid hormones in patients with affective disorders. Thyroid. 1996 Oct;6(5):537-43

Birkenhager TK, Vegt M, Nolen WA. An open study of triiodothyronine augmentation of tricyclic antidepressants in inpatients with refractory depression.Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997 Jan;30(1):23-65

Joffe RT, Singer W, Levitt AJ, Mac C. A placebo-controlled comparison of lithium and triiodothyronine augmentation of tricyclic antidepressants in unipolar refractory depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 May;50(5):387-93

Altshuler LL, Bauer M, Frye MA, Gitlin MJ, Mintz J, Szuba MP, Leight KL, Whybrow PC. Does thyroid supplementation accelerate tricyclic antidepressant response? A review and meta-analysis of the literature. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;158(10):1617-22

Anxiety: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels

Kikuchi M, Komuro R, Oka H, Kidani T, Hanaoka A, Koshino Y. Relationship between anxiety and thyroid function in patients with panic disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;29(1):77-81

Bauer M, Priebe S, Kurten I, Graf KJ, Baumgartner A. Psychological and endocrine abnormalities in refugees from East Germany: Part I. Prolonged stress, psychopathology, and hypothalamicpituitary- thyroid axis activity. Psychiatry Res. 1994 Jan;51(1):61-73

Magliozzi JR, Maddock RJ, Gold AS, Gietzen DW. Relationships between thyroid indices and symptoms of anxiety in depressed outpatients Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Jun;5(2):111-6

Sait Gonen M, Kisakol G, Savas Cilli A, Dikbas O, Gungor K, Inal A, Kaya A. Assessment of anxiety in subclinical thyroid disorders. Endocr J. 2004 Jun;51(3):311-5

Larisch R, Kley K, Nikolaus S, Sitte W, Franz M, Hautzel H, Tress W, Muller HW.. Depression and anxiety in different thyroid function states. Horm Metab Res. 2004 Sep;36(9):650-3

Constant EL, Adam S, Seron X, Bruyer R, Seghers A, Daumerie C. Anxiety and depression, attention, and executive functions in hypothyroidism. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005 Sep;11(5):535- 44

Landen M, Baghaei F, Rosmond R, Holm G, Bjorntorp P, sson E. Dyslipidemia and high waisthip ratio in women with self-reported social anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Sep;29(8):1037-46 (Serum levels of free thyroxin (14+/-2 vs. 16+/-4, P=0.04) were lower insubjects confirming social anxiety)

Anxiety: the improvement with thyroid treatment

Saravanan P, DJ, Greenwood R, s TJ, Dayan CM. Partial substitution of thyroxine (T4) with tri-iodothyronine in patients on T4 replacement therapy: results of a large communitybased randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Feb;90(2):805-12

Venero C, Guadano-Ferraz A, Herrero AI, Nordstrom K, Manzano J, de Escobar GM, Bernal J,

Vennstrom B. Anxiety, memory impairment, and locomotor dysfunction caused by a mutant thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 can be ameliorated by T3 treatment. Genes Dev. 2005 Sep 15;19(18):2152-63

Memory loss and Alzheimer’s disease: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels

Nakanishi T. Consideration on serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) concentration and T3/T4 ratio in the patients of senile dementia - is it possible to prevent cerebro-vascular dementia? Igaku Kenkyu. 1990 Feb;60(1):18-25

Ichibangase A, Nishikawa M, Iwasaka T, Kobayashi T, Inada M. Relation between thyroid and cardiac functions and the geriatric rating scale. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990 Jun;81(6):491-8

Molchan SE, Lawlor BA, Hill JL, Mellow AM, CL, ez R, Sunderland T. The TRH stimulation test in Alzheimer's disease and major depression: relationship to clinical and CSFmeasures. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 Sep 15;30(6):567-76

Burmeister LA, Ganguli M, Dodge HH, Toczek T, DeKosky ST, Nebes RD. Hypothyroidism and cognition: preliminary evidence for a specific defect in memory. Thyroid. 2001 Dec;11(12):1177-85

Monzani F, Pruneti CA, De Negri F, Simoncini M, Neri S, Di Bello V, Baracchini Muratorio G

Baschieri L. Preclinical hypothyroidism: early involvement of memory function, behavioral responsiveness and myocardial contractility. Minerva Endocrinol. 1991 Jul-Sep;16(3):113-8

Baldini IM, Vita A, Maura MC, Amodei V, Carrisi M, Bravin S, Cantalamessa L. Psychopathological and cognitive features in subclinical hypothyroidism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Aug;21(6):925-35

Ganguli M, Burmeister LA, Seaberg EC, Belle S, DeKosky ST. Association between dementia and elevated TSH: a community-based study. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Oct 15;40(8):714-25

Memory loss and Alzheimer’s disease: the improvement with thyroid treatment

Monzon Monguilod MJ, -Fraile I. Subclinical hypothyroidism as a cause of reversible cognitive deterioration. Neurologia. 1996 Nov;11(9):353-6

Kinuya S, Michigishi T, Tonami N, Aburano T, Tsuji S, Hashimoto T. Reversible cerebral hypoperfusion observed with Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in reversible dementia caused by hypothyroidism. Clin Nucl Med. 1999 Sep;24(9):666-8

Monzani F, Del Guerra P, Caraccio N, Pruneti CA, Pucci E, i M, Baschieri L. Subclinical hypothyroidism: neurobehavioral features and beneficial effect of L-thyroxine treatment. Clin Investig. 1993 May;71(5):367-71

Baldini IM, Vita A, Maura MC, Amodei V, Carrisi M, Bravin S, Cantalamessa L. Psychopathological and cognitive features in subclinical hypothyroidism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Aug;21(6):925-35

Sleep disorders: the improvement with thyroid treatment

Ruiz-Primo E, Jurado JL, Solis H, Maisterrena JA, Fernandez-Guardiola A, Valverde C. Polysomnographic effects of thyroid hormones primary myxedema. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1982 May;53(5):559-64

Orr WC, Males JL, Imes NK. Myxedema and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Med. 1981 May;70(5):1061-6

Rajagopal KR, Abbrecht PH, Derderian SS, Pickett C, Hofeldt F, Tellis CJ, Zwillich CW. Obstructive sleep apnea in hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Oct;101(4):491-4