Re: Interesting implications of the current S Korean bird flu ...

[Guest guest]

temperature doesn't seem to be a major hurdle for H5N1.

We have it in Northern Siberia and in Indonesia or Southern Egypt.

Siberia and Egypt viruses are even directly related - almost no mutations

[Guest guest]

Yes, the virus exists in warmer climes but spreads most efficiently in

the coldest months.

Here is an article on point:

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/05/health/research/05flu.html

Study Shows Why the Flu Likes Winter

By GINA KOLATA

Published: December 5, 2007

Researchers in New York believe they have solved one of the great

mysteries of the flu: Why does the infection spread primarily in the

winter months?

The answer, they say, has to do with the virus itself. It is more

stable and stays in the air longer when air is cold and dry, the exact

conditions for much of the flu season.

" Influenza virus is more likely to be transmitted during winter on the

way to the subway than in a warm room, " said Palese, a flu

researcher who is professor and chairman of the microbiology

department at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York and the lead

author of the flu study.

Dr. Palese published details of his findings in the Oct. 19 issue of

PLoS Pathogens. The crucial hint that allowed him to do his study came

from a paper published in the aftermath of the 1918 flu pandemic, when

doctors were puzzling over why and how the virus had spread so quickly

and been so deadly.

As long as flu has been recognized, people have asked, Why winter? The

very name, " influenza, " is an Italian word that some historians

proposed, originated in the mid-18th century as influenza di freddo,

or " influence of the cold. "

Flu season in northern latitudes is from November to March, the

coldest months. In southern latitudes, it is from May until September.

In the tropics, there is not much flu at all and no real flu season.

There was no shortage of hypotheses. Some said flu came in winter

because people are indoors; and children are in school, crowded

together, getting the flu and passing it on to their families.

Others proposed a diminished immune response because people make less

vitamin D or melatonin when days are shorter. Others pointed to the

direction of air currents in the upper atmosphere. But many scientists

were not convinced.

" We know one of the largest factors is kids in school — most of the

major epidemics are traced to children, " said Dr. McCullers,

a flu researcher at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis.

" But that still does not explain wintertime. We don't see flu in

September and October. "

As for the crowding argument, Dr. McCullers said, " That never made

sense. " People work all year round and crowd into buses and subways

and planes no matter what the season.

" We needed some actual data, " Dr. McCullers added.

But getting data was surprisingly difficult, Dr. Palese said.

The ideal study would expose people to the virus under different

conditions and ask how likely they were to become infected. Such a

study, Dr. Palese said, would not be permitted because there would be

no benefit to the individuals.

There were no suitable test animals. Mice can be infected with the

influenza virus but do not transmit it. Ferrets can be infected and

transmit the virus, but they are somewhat large, they bite and they

are expensive, so researchers would rather not work with them.

To his surprise, Dr. Palese stumbled upon a solution that appeared to

be a good second best.

Reading a paper published in 1919 in the Journal of the American

Medical Association on the flu epidemic at Camp Cody in New Mexico, he

came upon a key passage: " It is interesting to note that very soon

after the epidemic of influenza reached this camp, our laboratory

guinea pigs began to die. " At first, the study's authors wrote, they

thought the animals had died from food poisoning. But, they continued,

" a necropsy on a dead pig revealed unmistakable signs of pneumonia. "

Dr. Palese bought some guinea pigs and exposed them to the flu virus.

Just as the paper suggested, they got the flu and spread it among

themselves. So Dr. Palese and his colleagues began their experiments.

By varying air temperature and humidity in the guinea pigs' quarters,

they discovered that transmission was excellent at 41 degrees. It

declined as the temperature rose until, by 86 degrees, the virus was

not transmitted at all.

The virus was transmitted best at a low humidity, 20 percent, and not

transmitted at all when the humidity reached 80 percent.

The animals also released viruses nearly two days longer at 41 degrees

than at a typical room temperature of 68 degrees.

Flu viruses spread through the air, unlike cold viruses, Dr. Palese

said, which primarily spread by direct contact when people touch

surfaces that had been touched by someone with a cold or shake hands

with someone who is infected, for example.

Flu viruses are more stable in cold air, and low humidity also helps

the virus particles remain in the air. That is because the viruses

float in the air in little respiratory droplets, Dr. Palese said. When

the air is humid, those droplets pick up water, grow larger and fall

to the ground.

But Dr. Palese does not suggest staying in a greenhouse all winter to

avoid the flu. The best strategy, he says, is a flu shot.

It is unclear why infected animals released viruses for a longer time

at lower temperatures. There was no difference in their immune

response, but one possibility is that their upper airways are cooler,

making the virus residing there more stable.

Flu researchers said they were delighted to get some solid data at

last on flu seasonality.

" It was great work, and work that needed to be done, " said Dr.

Terrence Tumpe, a senior microbiologist at the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention.

Dr. McCullers said he was pleased to see something convincing on the

flu season question.

" It was a really interesting paper, the first really scientific

approach, to answer a classic question that we've been debating for

years and years, " he said.

As for Dr. Palese, he was glad he spotted the journal article that

mentioned guinea pigs.

" Sometimes it pays to read the old literature, " he said.

>

> temperature doesn't seem to be a major hurdle for H5N1.

>

> We have it in Northern Siberia and in Indonesia or Southern Egypt.

>

> Siberia and Egypt viruses are even directly related - almost no

mutations

>