Nightshades

[Guest guest]

Re: rheumatic Significance of diet on AP

>From: Lea Tanner <cocka2@...>

>

>Hi Group - I've tried to adhere to Dr. Mercola's diet and found it difficult

>since we have so many goodies at work. I do have an occasional piece of banana

>nut bread that someone brings in, or maybe a couple of cookies. If we have a

>birthday party I have a piece of cake. All in all, I've cut way down on that

>compared to the old days. I haven't put sugar in or on anything in over a

year.

>I use stevia instead. I've always eaten tons of vegetables and almost no meat.

>Lots of fish - about 4 x week.

>

>I've pretty much cut out coffee. Drink only green or iced tea and lots of

>water. No dairy products unless you count eggs as dairy - I don't.

>

>I cut out all nightshades for 3 weeks and then added them back into my diet. I

>didn't see any change whether I ate them or not. I read (I think it was in

" Arthritis - What Works..... " ) that only 5% of all people with Arthritis(s) have

adverse reactions to the nightshades. I cut them out of my diet for more than a

year, and noticed absolutely no difference. I did have one particularly bad

episode which I attributed to cherry tomatoes...I do avoid

them..............>

>I asked my doctor about going on a special diet to enhance the AP and he said

it

>wasn't necessary. I gather that he puts most of his faith in the antibiotics

and

>mega-bunches of supplements.

>

>Now there's my .02 worth.

>Lea

>

>410@... wrote:

>

>> From: 410@...

>>

>> Hi Group:

>>

>> Yesterday my AP doc strongly advised me to straighten up and fly right and

>> rigidly follow a diet more conducive to alleviating the RA suffering. He

>> said diet was at least as important as the minocycline in the AP regimen.

>>

>> Dr. Mercola says about the same thing at his web site.

>>

>> It seems that most of the postings in our group that relate to nutrition

>> address vitamins and other supplements. Very little seems to be posted on

>> actual diets save for an occasional reference to a food that aggravates the

>> RA.

>>

>> My question to the group is how much importance is YOUR doc attaching to your

>> diet? Did he/she give you some kind of suggested menu? How important do YOU

>> think it is? Can we generate some discussion of this?

>>

>> Good health to all,

>> Harry

>>

>> ---------------------------

[Guest guest]

Gloria,

How do you react to them? I haven't had a problem and I eat tomatoes by

the plateful and right off the vine in season. I would hate to have to

give up tomatoes or potatoes.

Bev

I can't eat night shades since I got arthritis. It is the arthritis that

sensitizes one to the nightshades. I don't believe the nightshades can

cause rheumatoid arthritis.

Gloria

________________________________________________________________

[Guest guest]

----- Original Message -----

From: "Briarwood" <briarwood@...>

Bev said........"How do you react to them? I haven't had a problem and I eat tomatoes by the plateful and right off the vine in season. I would hate to have togive up tomatoes or potatoes."

Your question wasn't put to me, but I'm responding anyway........hope you don't mind. I went of ALL nightshades for two years.......and notice no difference after reintroducing them. However, some time ago, I had a particulary bad flare after eating a basket of cherry tomatoes. (Prior to this I'd never had a problem.) The way I understand it, it is the tomato skins that create the problem. Considering the skin-to-flesh ratio of cherry tomatoes compared to regular tomatoes, I'm not surprised that I had a reaction. These days, I tend to avoid tomatoes in salads etc if they have the skins on. Just chicken s___, I guess! I don't seem to have a problem with tomato sauces, like in spaghetti or on pizza..........go figure!

You might consider giving up your beloved potatoes and tomatoes for a few weeks, then try them again. Or not.......

Be well,

[Guest guest]

rheumatic Nightshades

> I haven't tried to eliminate any nightshades yet but I did come the > realization lately that I am definitely worse when I eat oatmeal. Didn't > want to believe it but sure enough, after several test runs I am convinced. > (and it used to my one of my basic breakfasts) Boo :>(> > My "gut" feeling :>) is that I am allergic or "flare" when I eat other foods > as well but haven't pursued investigating.....(add it to the list of things I > should do)!> > Babs

I know exactly what you mean! But - for me - reactions to foods seem to come and go........once I flared so badly after eating lima beans that I swore NEVER AGAIN. Well, I ate them again, and no problem at all! Happened again after eating prawns.....though this flare was so bad I haven't had the guts to go there again! So, I don't know if the flare was food-related or not. Anyway.....I can never know for sure if a food is going to do it to me twice or not! Very frustrating! With oatmeal - I found I flared slightly with quick-oats, and had no problem with old-fashioned oats! Could have been one day I was more susceptible, could be the processing of the oats........who the heck knows!

Be well,

[Guest guest]

Thanks Pat...I would never have thought of that or even suspected it. Would you?

Seems logical if you think about it. But it's not fair...to pick on all the good

stuff except the eggplant. I don't eat eggplant,it's icky...my own personal

opinion.

Thanks for looking it up. Donna

[Guest guest]

FYI All types of PEPPERS are also to be included in the nightshade family,

as well as potatos, tomatos, and eggplant.

-April

[Guest guest]

Diane, you put into words my very thoughts. I for one would probably starve to

death. I love ethnic foods. I am a transplant from the South...you know

Mississippi and Tennessee. I don't know what is really indiginous to Mich. other

than apples,cherrys, blueberries, and????? They eat lots of potatos here and

parsnips (ick).

Russ' Dad made me eat parsnips once. I thought I wasn't going to be able to

swollow it. He said, " wasn't that better than a carrot? " I quickly told him, " No

way. "

Donna

[Guest guest]

Don't peppers contain natural pain killing properties? That's what I've been

told and advised to eat lots of them for the pain and for the high vitamin A

content. The pain reliving rubs on the market now, containing capsaicin are

made from peppers. The creams are used for various things, as a topical pain

relief for shingles for instance.

Just a thought,

Ilene

[Guest guest]

Well, tomatoes are loosely related to plants in the nightshade family, like

Solanum dulcamara - deadly nightshade. As you may have guessed from the name,

it's poisonous. There's a similar plant, can't think of the name right now....

it's also related and also poisonous, but back a hundred years ago or so, ladies

of the evening used to consume small quantities of it because it gave a

'natural' blush to their cheeks.

Tomatoes used to be called 'love apples', presumably because they're red, and

they were thought to be poisonous. There was a doctor to, in trying to dispel

this, stood on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial or some place like that and ate

a basket of them in front of the gathered crowd.

According to the people who wrote 'Fit For Life', you're not supposed to cook

tomatoes as it changes the acid balance or something. Have to talk to the

people in southern Italy about that one as they eat a lot of tomatoes.

Me.

" Horten, Mona " wrote:

> Does anyone know why mushrooms (my favorite), tomatoes and potatoes are

> called nightshade vegetables? I've also read and heard that they are not

> necessarily good for our diet? Thanks, Mona

>

> -

>

>

>

>

>

>

[Guest guest]

thanks for the info!! Mona

Re: nightshades

Well, tomatoes are loosely related to plants in the nightshade family, like

Solanum dulcamara - deadly nightshade. As you may have guessed from the

name,

it's poisonous. There's a similar plant, can't think of the name right

now....

it's also related and also poisonous, but back a hundred years ago or so,

ladies

of the evening used to consume small quantities of it because it gave a

'natural' blush to their cheeks.

Tomatoes used to be called 'love apples', presumably because they're red,

and

they were thought to be poisonous. There was a doctor to, in trying to

dispel

this, stood on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial or some place like that and

ate

a basket of them in front of the gathered crowd.

According to the people who wrote 'Fit For Life', you're not supposed to

cook

tomatoes as it changes the acid balance or something. Have to talk to the

people in southern Italy about that one as they eat a lot of tomatoes.

Me.

" Horten, Mona " wrote:

> Does anyone know why mushrooms (my favorite), tomatoes and potatoes are

> called nightshade vegetables? I've also read and heard that they are not

> necessarily good for our diet? Thanks, Mona

>

> -

>

>

>

>

>

>

[Guest guest]

Thank you soo much for that list...I will eleminate these along with many others that I eat...Do you know if you can take Calcium Pills if Calcium bothers you? If any of you have a full list or know or where I can get a list...Please feel free to email me. God Bless

Allicia

[Guest guest]

Shortly after I was diagnosed with RA I spoke with a Naturopath and asked him what foods were associated with inflammation. He rattled off a list and I eliminated them from my diet--all of them. My arthritis calmed right down.

I started adding them back one at a time and determined it is nightshades that set me off. I can eat tomatoes or potatoes but peppers are my bugaboo. When I'm not in a flare, or close to one, I can eat them without problems.

Usually I can handle spicy foods but when I am coming into a flare, even a mild one, even mildly spicy foods burn my tongue and mouth. I use that as a signal to take very good care of myself.

Here is a list of foods my Naturopath said are connected with inflammation:

nightshades--all of them, including eggplant, white and red potatoes, peppers. (Black pepper is alright)

citrus fruits

dairy--in all forms: cheeses, butter etc.

red meats

chocolate

Aspartame

There may have been more things but that's all I can remember from 3 years ago.

My daughter can't eat tomatoes, peaches, or apricots--they affect her the way that peppers nail me.

By getting rid of all the suspect foods at one time it took me less than two weeks to figure out what foods I need to avoid.

During those early months I bought and ate a lot of supplements, herbs, and vitamins in order to build up my health.

This is my experience and I am not suggesting that this will work for everyone, but it did work for me.

Densie in Oregon

[Guest guest]

> Message: 14

> Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2001 10:02:01 EDT

> From: eson@...

> Subject: Re: nightshades

>

> Someone can correct me if I'm wrong, but doesn't this response to

> nightshades of 5% of RA seem to run in families? (Whether it's

> genetic I don't know.) I know a family where the mother and

> affected adult children share a nightshade problem.

> M.

,

Many things that scientists try to link to a genetic issue are actually

familial communicability issues. For instance, a disease passed from a

mother to her baby through the placental barrier is not " genetic " but

" communicable. " The close quarters of family living gives rise to more

than mere eyelash mites.

FWIW, I think it's more likely that only 5% of the people recognize

and/or associate a symptom with a particular foodstuff, including

nightshades. Elimination diets and limited reintroduction of foods are

so onerous that of the people willing to try them (far less than 10% of

the population) fewer than 5% actually do them in a disciplined fashion.

So even under ideal circumstances, you would be looking at < 5 out of

1000 who would even be able to report on such matters.

The SAD (standard American diet) and even other diets commonly use so

many condiments and spices that people are unable to discern the flavors

of foods properly, much less recognize how any " one " food feels to them.

Regards, -----------------------

Geoff ** Usual Disclaimers **

-----------------------

The Formula:

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Je31.15+Mi5.2=SarShalom HaMoshiach

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[Guest guest]

Hi Kelli,

I eat them and they don't seem to bother me. I gave them up for awhile to

see if it would make a difference. It didn't so I went back to eating them,

but I do know people who are bothered by them.

Dee

[Guest guest]

Group,

Regarding nightshades, Dr. Sherry has written a great deal

about nightshades in her book, " Painfree in Six Weeks " (available

from www.prestigepublishing.com). She said it takes about 48 hours

for the effects to show, and that's the reason most people aren't

aware of what has caused their symptoms (the time lapse).

She further stated that a high percentage of people are sensitive to

them to some degree. (She herself had a serious illness, and she

learned that she was sensitive to them, too, and her pain was pretty

severe.) I believe her figure was possibly 80%, but can't remember

for sure.

bg

> In a message dated 5/1/02 9:26:09 AM Central Daylight Time,

> kpdcpa@y... writes:

>

>

> In re the nightshades, ie potatoes, tomatoes and peppers, I am

> interested in a pros and cons and why, if it is true that they

make

> the RA worse.

> Nightshades happen to be my favorites, and how are you going to be

a

> vegetarian without nightshades?

> Kelli

>

>

> I've come across a few doctors who say to avoid these particular

> veggies but the reasoning for why seemed a bit shaky to me. A

> throwback to the days when europeans avoided tomatoes cause the

> believed them to be poisonous? Have you personally noted a

negative

> effect from eating them or is it advice someone else gave? If you

> have information on clinical trials to prove they have a worsening

> effect I would sure appreciate a link. Orin

[Guest guest]

That article is very old and outdated. Cayenne is famous for treating

arthritis and other pain related conditions, and it works quite well.

You will ALWAYS find contradicting information on our natural remedies. Most

of it

is propaganda being circulated by our friends in the pharmaceutical industry

because they have a vested interest in our spending money on their chemical

products. Pay attention to who wrote these articles and whose payroll they are

on.

zoe

Sunday, December 17, 2006, 5:20:27 AM, you wrote:

> I was thinking if cayenne helps deaden over active nerves it might be

> good for inflammation/pain anywhere in the body.

> Then i read this in one of my books

> Avoid foods from the nightshade family of foods (tomatoes, potatoes,

> aubergines and peppers)if you are prone to muscular, arthritic, joint

> or bone problems.

> Arthritic sufferers need to especially avoid the nightshades because

> they contain a substance called solamine, which interferes with the

> enzymes in the muscles, often causing pain and discomfort and

> aggravating joint problems.

> If you realy love these foods, the best thing you can do is to roast,

> bake or cook these veggies with a little miso soup. This process will

> neutralize the solamine compound.

[Guest guest]

> > I was thinking if cayenne helps deaden over active nerves it

might be

> > good for inflammation/pain anywhere in the body.

>

> > Then i read this in one of my books

>

> > Avoid foods from the nightshade family of foods (tomatoes,

potatoes,

> > aubergines and peppers)if you are prone to muscular, arthritic,

joint

> > or bone problems.

> > Arthritic sufferers need to especially avoid the nightshades

because

> > they contain a substance called solamine, which interferes with

the

> > enzymes in the muscles, often causing pain and discomfort and

> > aggravating joint problems.

> > If you realy love these foods, the best thing you can do is to

roast,

> > bake or cook these veggies with a little miso soup. This

process will

> > neutralize the solamine compound.

>

>

>

>

>

>

[Guest guest]

> > > I was thinking if cayenne helps deaden over active nerves it

> might be

> > > good for inflammation/pain anywhere in the body.

> >

> > > Then i read this in one of my books

> >

> > > Avoid foods from the nightshade family of foods (tomatoes,

> potatoes,

> > > aubergines and peppers)if you are prone to muscular,

arthritic,

> joint

> > > or bone problems.

> > > Arthritic sufferers need to especially avoid the nightshades

> because

> > > they contain a substance called solamine, which interferes

with

> the

> > > enzymes in the muscles, often causing pain and discomfort and

> > > aggravating joint problems.

> > > If you realy love these foods, the best thing you can do is to

> roast,

> > > bake or cook these veggies with a little miso soup. This

> process will

> > > neutralize the solamine compound.

> >

> >

> >

> >

> >

> >

[Guest guest]

Sally:

Red and green peppers are part of the Nightshade family, so wouldn't Cayenne

Peppers be also?

Bonnie

nightshades

I was thinking if cayenne helps deaden over active nerves it might be

good for inflammation/pain anywhere in the body.

Then i read this in one of my books

Avoid foods from the nightshade family of foods (tomatoes, potatoes,

aubergines and peppers)if you are prone to muscular, arthritic, joint

or bone problems.

Arthritic sufferers need to especially avoid the nightshades because

they contain a substance called solamine, which interferes with the

enzymes in the muscles, often causing pain and discomfort and

aggravating joint problems.

If you realy love these foods, the best thing you can do is to roast,

bake or cook these veggies with a little miso soup. This process will

neutralize the solamine compound.

[Guest guest]

What are nightshades and in which foods are they found? Overview - the basics about nightshade foods Potatoes, tomatoes, sweet and hot peppers, eggplant, tomatillos, tamarios, pepinos, pimentos, paprika, cayenne, and Tabasco sauce are classified as nightshade foods. A particular group of substances in these foods, called alkaloids, can impact nerve-muscle function and digestive function in animals and humans, and may also be able to compromise joint function. Because the amount of alkaloids is very low in nightshade foods when compared with other nightshade plants, health problems from nightshade foods may only occur in individuals who are especially sensitive to these alkaloid substances. Since cooking only lowers alkaloid content of nightshade foods by about 40-50%, highly sensitive individuals may want to avoid this category of food

altogether, while non-sensitive individuals may be able to eat these foods, especially in cooked form, without problem. Green and sprouted spots on potatoes usually reflect high alkaloid content, even though the green itself involves the presence of chlorophyll, not alkaloids. For this reason, sprouted areas should always be thoroughly removed before potato cooking, or the potatoes should be discarded altogether. Nightshades - a description Nightshades are a diverse group of foods, herbs, shrubs, and trees that have fascinated scientists, doctors, and nutritionists for centuries. "Nightshade" is actually the common name used to describe over 2,800 species of plants, many with very different properties and constituents. All of the plants, however, belong to a scientific order called Polemoniales, and to a scientific family called Solanaceae. To give you an idea of the diversity associated with this group of plants, consider the fact

that tobacco, morning glory, potato, and tomato are all classified as nightshades. Pharmaceutical nightshades Nightshades are actually more famous as drugs than as foods. The best-known nightshades when it comes to pharmacy include mandrake (Mandragora officinum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and belladonna, also called deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna). What has interested scientists most about nightshades in a pharmacological sense is a group of compounds in them called alkaloids. The alkaloids found in nightshades are not only the basis for consideration of nightshades as drugs, but also for understanding adverse reactions to nightshades when they are eaten as food. Adverse reactions to nightshade alkaloids are discussed further in the health effects section of this nightshade profile. Foods considered to be nightshades Nightshade vegetables

and fruit The most famous food members of the nightshade family include potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), many species of sweet and hot peppers (all species of Capsicum, including Capsicum annum), and eggplant (Solanum melongena). Less well know, but equally genuine nightshade foods include ground cherries (all species of Physalis), tomatillos (Physallis ixocapra), garden huckleberry (Solanum melanocerasum), tamarillos (Cyphomandra betacea), pepinos (Solanum muricatum), and naranjillas (Solanum quitoense). Pimentos (also called pimientos) belong to the nightshade family, and usually come from the pepper plant Capsicum annum. Pimento cheese and pimento-stuffed olives are therefore examples of foods that should be classified as containing nightshade components. Although the sweet potato, whose scientific name is Ipomoea batatas, belongs to

the same plant order as the nightshades (Polemoniales), it does not belong to the Solanaceae family found in this order, but to a different plant family called Convolvulaceae. Nightshade spices The seasoning paprika is also derived from Capsicum annum, the common red pepper, and the seasoning cayenne comes from another nightshade, Capsicum frutenscens. Tabasco sauce, which contains large amounts of Capsicum annum, should also be considered as a nightshade food. It may be helpful to note here that black pepper, which belongs to the Piperaceae family, is not a member of the nightshade foods. Ways in which nightshades may affect health Alkaloids - The chemistry of nightshades Most of the health research on nightshades has focused on a special group of substances found in all nightshades called alkaloids. In chemical

terms, alkaloids are easy to identify because they all have at least one ring-like structure that contains the element nitrogen. Plants produce alkaloids as a regular part of their biochemical activity, and these alkaloids are primarily designed to help protect the plants from insects that would otherwise eat them. Four basic types of alkaloids are found in nightshade plants. These types are: (1) the steroid alkaloids, which contain a fairly complicated fused ring structure and are found in most food nightshades including potato and tomato; (to compare the value of one of the most notable steroid alkaloid -solanine-in the foods in which it is most concentrated, please refer to Table 1)(2) the tropane alkaloids, all originating from the simple amino acid ornithine and found in fewer of the overall nightshades, but more extensively researched due to their strong drug-like properties; (3) the pyrrolizidine alkaloid and (4) the indole alkaloids, both important groups

from a drug standpoint. Table 1 Vegetable Solanine contentmilligrams per 100 gram serving Common peppers 7.7-9.2 Eggplant 6.1-11.33 Potatoes 2-13 Effect of steroid alkaloids on the nervous system The steroid alkaloids in potato - primarily solanine and chaonine - have been studied for their health effects in two areas. First is their ability to block activity of an enzyme in nerve cells called cholintesterase. Many of the alkaloids found in nightshades possess this kind of activity, called cholinesterase inhibition.

If the activity of cholinesterase is too strongly blocked, the nervous system control of muscle movement becomes disrupted, and muscle twitching, trembling, paralyzed breathing, or convulsions can result. The steroid alkaloids found in potato have clearly been shown to block cholinesterase activity, but this block does not usually appear strong enough to produce nerve-muscle disruptions like twitching or trembling. Effect of steroid alkaloids on joint health A second type of problem potentially related to the potato alkaloids involves damage to the joints caused by inflammation and altered mineral status. Whether alkaloids can contribute to joint damage of this kind is not clear from current levels of research. Some researchers have speculated that nightshade alkaloids can contribute to excessive loss of calcium from bone and excessive depositing of calcium in soft tissue. For this reason, these researchers have recommended

elimination of nightshade foods from the meal plans of all individuals with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or other joint problems like gout. Effect of nicotine alkaloid on health Just as there is no firm research evidence for the impact of the steroid alkaloids in nightshade foods on the nervous system or joints, there is also no solid research evidence for impact of the more drug-like alkaloids in nightshade foods on body systems. But to the surprise of many people, nightshade foods do contain very small amounts of drug-like alkaloids that have long been fascinating to medical and drug researchers. Consider, for example, the most famous of the one-ring type alkaloids (monocyclic alkaloids) found in the highest concentrations in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum): nicotine. This alkaloid is found not only in non-food nightshades like tobacco, but also in the food nightshades including eggplant and tomato. But

there is one important difference here: while alkaloids like nicotine are definitely found in nightshade foods, the amount involved is dramatically less. Even in the case of eggplant, which is the food nightshade that appears to have the highest nicotine content after tobacco, the amount of nicotine is far lower than the amount found in tobacco. In the case of green tomatoes, which also contain nicotine, the amount is even less. The levels of nicotine in all nightshade foods are so low that most healthcare practitioners have simply ignored the presence of nicotine in these foods as a potential compromising factor in our health. At the World's Healthiest Foods, we both agree and disagree with this conclusion. While we agree that the amount of nicotine in nightshade foods is very, very small, it still seems possible to us that some individuals might be particularly sensitive to the alkaloids found in nightshades, and that even very small amounts might compromise function in

the bodies of these individuals. Increased alkaloid content of green and sprouting potatoes It's important to point out that green spots on potatoes, or sprouting on potatoes, usually correspond to an increased alkaloid content, and this increased alkaloid content is one of the main reasons for avoiding consumption of green or sprouted potatoes. (The green color itself is chlorophyll, and helpful to our health, but unfortunately, it's also accompanied by the increased alkaloids that we can't see). Interestingly, in one study conducted with hamsters who were fed the sprouted portions of potatoes, increased alkaloid content did not seem to impact the nerves or joints nearly as much as the digestive system itself. The researchers focused on damage to the stomach and intestines when trying to understand the problems caused by ingestion of potato sprout material, and concluded that there were reasons to avoid this material based on

digestive system evidence alone. A bitter taste in potatoes after the potatoes have been cooked is usually a good indication that excessive amounts of alkaloids are present. The effect of cooking on the alkaloid content in nightshade foods Steaming, boiling, and baking all help reduce the alkaloid content of nightshades. Alkaloids are only reduced, however, by about 40-50% from cooking. For non-sensitive individuals, the cooking of nightshade foods will often be sufficient to make the alkaloid risk from nightshade intake insignificant. However, for sensitive individuals, the remaining alkaloid concentration may be enough to cause problems. Practical tips First, if you are an individual with existing joint problems like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout, temporary 2-3 week elimination of nightshade foods from your meal plan may be a worthwhile step to determine if these foods could be

contributing to your joint problems. This same recommendation would apply to individuals with existing nervous system problems, particularly nerve-muscle related problems. Second, even if you are an individual with no existing health problems potentially related to nightshade intake, you will want to take precautions to avoid excessive intake of alkaloids from these foods. Handling of potatoes is especially important in this regard, and the following practices will help you avoid excessive intake of potato alkaloids: Store your potatoes for 1-3 weeks only in a dark cupboard, preferably in a cool and dry part of the house such as a basement (if your basement is dry). It's important not to keep potatoes in a lighted area; the exposure to light will increase alkaloid formation. Wash all potatoes before cooking so you'll be better able to spot the green areas, if any. Thoroughly cut out all green areas, especially green areas on the peel, before

cooking. and cook the rest for safe eating. If you're sensitive to nightshades in the first place, it's best to discard the whole potato. After cooking, if the potato tastes bitter, do not eat it. Do not purchased potatoes that have been waxed, or apply wax to potatoes yourself. Waxes do not help reduce greening and can increase potato decay by cutting down on gas exchange in and out of the potato. References Beier, R. C. Natural pesticides and bioactive components in foods. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 1990; 113:47-137. Childers N.F. A relationship of arthritis to the Solanaceae (nightshades). J Intern Acad Prev Med 1979; 7:31-37 Dalvi, R. R. and Bowie, W. C. Toxicology of solanine: an overview. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1983 Feb; 25(1):13-5. Hopkins, J. The glycoalkaloids: naturally of interest (but a hot potato?).

Food Chem Toxicol. 1995 Apr; 33(4):323-8. Kubo, I. and Fukuhara, K. Steroidal glycoalkaloids in Andean potatoes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1996; 405:405-17. Maga, J. A. Potato glycoalkaloids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1980; 12(4):371-405. McGehee, D. S.; Krasowski, M. D.; Fung, D. L.; , B.; Gronert, G. A., and Moss, J. Cholinesterase inhibition by potato glycoalkaloids slows mivacurium metabolism. Anesthesiology. 2000 Aug; 93(2):510-9. Reit-Correa F, Schild AL, Mendez MC, Wasserman R, Krook L. Enzootic calcinosis in sheep caused by the ingestion of Nierembergia veitchii (Solanaceae). Pesq Vet Brazil 1987; 7:3:85-95 , P. M. and Lawrence, G. A. Losses of ergot alkaloids during making of bread and pancakes. J Agric Food Chem. 1982 May-1982 Jun 30; 30(3):445-50. Sheen SJ. (1988). Detection of nicotine in foods and

plant mateials. J Food Sci 53(5):1572-3. Slanina, P. Solanine (glycoalkaloids) in potatoes: toxicological evaluation. Food Chem Toxicol. 1990 Nov; 28(11):759-61. Stankiewicz JN, JL. Potato diet influences on tissue mineral composition in the growing rat. J Animal Sci Abstr 1980; 51:223 Suzi List Owner health/ http://360./suziesgoats What is a weed? A plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered.

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