Antiviral factors found in human milk

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A variety of distinct antiviral factors were found in human colostrum and

milk' " - Sabin and Fieldsteel (1962) Pediatrics 29: 105.

Factor Shown in vitro to be active against Secretory IgA Polio

types, 1,2,3*. sackie types A9, B3, B5, echo types 6,9, Semliki Forest virus,

Ross River virus, rotavirus*, cytomegalovirus, reovirus type 3, rubella

varicella-zoster virus, rhinovirus, herpes simplex virus, mumps virus,

influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis

C virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis E, measles, sin nombre hantavirus, SARS

virus, Norwark and noroviruses. IgG Rubella, cytomegalovirus, respiratory

syncytial virus. rotavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein-Barr virus,

sin nombre hantavirus, West Nile virus. IgM Rubella, cytomegalovirus,

respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, sin nombre

hantavirus, West Nile virus. Bifidobacterium bifidum** Rotavirus (by

increasing mucin) Chondroitin sulphate (-like) Human immunodeficiency virus

& #945; defensins (1-3) Herpes simplex virus,

vesticular stomatitis virus, cytomegalovirus, influenza, human immunodefiency

virus ß-defensin 1 or

& #945;-defensin-5 Adenovirus Haemagglutinin inhibitors Influenza,

mumps. Lactadherin (mucin-associated glycoprotein) Rotavirus*

Histo-blood group carbohydrates Norwalk virus Lactoferrin

Cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus and reverse transcriptase,

respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex

virus type 2, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, poliovirus type 1, adenovirus 2 and

Friend retrovirus. Also binds to the virus receptors, low density

lipoprotein receptor, and heparin sulphate proteoglycans. Hepatitis G***,

rotavirus*** and Seoul hantavirus*** Lipid (unsaturated fatty acids and

monoglycerides) Herpes simplex virus, Semliki Forest virus, influenza, dengue,

Ross River virus, Japanese B encephalitis virus, sindbis, West Nile, Sendai,

Newcastle disease virus, human immunodeficiency virus, respiratory syncytial

virus, Junin virus, vesticular stomatitis virus, cytomegalovirus,

mumps, measles, rubella, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, coronavirus, bovine

enterovirus (C12), poliovirus (C18), African swine fever virus. Lysozyme

Human immunodeficiency virus, ectromelia alpha2-macroglobulin (like) Influenza

haemagglutinin, parainfluenza haemagglutinin. Milk cells Induced

gamma-interferon: virus, PHA, or PMA and ionomycin

Induced cytokine: herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus.

Lymphocyte stimulation: rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes, measles, mumps,

respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus.

Non-immunoglobulin macromolecules Herpes simplex virus, vesicular stomatitis

virus, sackie B4, Semliki Forest virus, reovirus 3, poliotype 2,

cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus*. Neutrophil-derived

& #945;-defensin-1 (HNP-1) Herpes simplex virus 1 Ribonuclease Murine

leukaemia, human immunodeficiency virus Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor

Human immunodeficiency virus, sendai, influenza Sialic acid-glycoproteins

Adenovirus 37 slgA + trypsin inhibitor Rotavirus Soluble

intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) Rhinoviruses (major-group) 3, 14,

54; sackie A13 Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)

Encephalomyocarditis virus Sulphatide (sulphogalactosylceramide) Human

immunodeficiency virus Vitamin A Herpes simplex virus 2, simian

virus 40, cytomegalovirus Factors found at very low levels in human

milk Shown in vitro to be active against Prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha

Parainfluenza 3, measles Prostaglandins E1 Poliovirus,

encephalomyocarditis virus, measles Gangliosides GM1-3 Rotavirus,

respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus 37 Gangliosides GD1a, GT1b, GQ1b

Sendai virus Glycolipid Gb4 Human B19 parvovirus Heparin

Cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, dengue, adenovirus 2 and 5,

human herpesvirus 7 and 8, adeno-associated virus 2, hepatitis C * In vivo

protection also.

** Used with Streptococcus thermophilus. Lactobacillus casei GG has also been

used alone.

*** Only bovine so far, but human is normally identical.

Cytomegalovirus growth in vitro can be enhanced by the milk factors

prostaglandins E1 or E2 or F2-alpha, sialyllactose or interleukin-8.

Rotavirus growth can be activated in vitro by fatty acids (C10, C16).

HIV growth in vitro can be enhanced by (pro)cathepsin D. Prostaglandin E2

or transforming growth factor & #946; can either enhance or inhibit HIV

depending on cell types infected.

Antibodies to CCR5 or lewisX sugar motif in milk can bind to HIV receptors.

HTLV-1 growth and cell infection can be enhanced by prostaglandin E2 or

growth increased by lactoferrin or transforming growth factor-beta.

Based on a table from the Proceedings of Breast Milk and Special Care

Nurseries: Problems and Opportunities Conference. August 1995. Melbourne.

Copyright J.T. May and Australian Lactation Consultants Association

(ACLA) - n Branch, 1995.