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NO vaccines required by law, although they will tell you they are EXCEPT

yellow fever vax to some countries, S. America, some C. America countries &

some African countries when traveling between countries who have yellow

fever endemic. Just wouldn't go to those countries. This means NOT

required traveling from US or back to US

Hepatitis A - primarily a mild disease & just not necessary to vax - see my

webpages

Typhoid - water situation - drink good water, etc.

http://www.vaccineshoppe.com/US_PDF/790-01_4327.pdf

there is also an oral typhoid vax

Malaria - no vaccine yet, working on it and the MALARIA pills are HORRIFIC

- terrible reactions - I can send info on that.

Cholera - again the water situation

Polio - so many lies about polio presence in other countries.....

Yellow fever -

Sebastiana posted the article below in March. Most vaccine reactions are

not specific to any particular type of vaccine (though some tend to cause

certain types of reactions more than others), so you can give this person a

general list of the many documented vaccine reactions. THEN tell him that

all other vaccines you can get from ANY doctor, whilst the yellow fever

vaccine is SO bad that you have to go to special centres to get it, where

you get more closely monitored. So given how bad the others are, such

caution is hardly a good advertisement is it?

Bronwyn

http://www.medscape.com/reuters/prof/2000/03/03.13/ep03130c.html

Brazil to Investigate Possible Link Between

Yellow Fever Vaccine and Meningitis

Reuters Medical News

By , MD

SAO PAOLO, Brazil, Mar 13 (Reuters Health) - A rise in the number of viral

meningitis cases in the city of Campinas, Sao o, has prompted the

National

Health Foundation (FUNASA) to launch an investigation into a possible co

nnection

with a yellow fever vaccination program that is under way in the area.

Eighty-three cases of viral meningitis were reported this month, almost

three times

the expected number. Almost all the patients had received the yellow fever

vaccine

days to weeks beforehand. The investigation, coordinated by FUNASA and the

Secretary of State for Health in the state of Sao o, will include

epidemiologic

studies and analysis of the yellow fever vaccine.

In an interview with Reuters Health, Dr. Jarbas Barbosa, director of the

National

Centre for Epidemiology, the division of FUNASA responsible for the

investigation,

said that a connection between the rise in the numbers of meningitis cases

and the

yellow fever vaccine is unlikely. " It is most probable that we are seeing a

normal

seasonal variation in the numbers of meningitis cases that temporally

coincides with

the vaccination program, but the investigation will serve to rule out the

possibility of

a connection. "

According to Dr. Barbosa, the investigation will not interrupt the planned

extension

of the vaccination program to reach individuals in the interior of the

states

surrounding Maranhao, where the yellow fever virus is endemic.

Since January, the Ministry of Health has stepped up the yellow fever

vaccination

program to include all cities and municipalities in the north and

central-west of Brazil,

in response to a rise in the number of cases of yellow fever in these

regions.

Twenty-three cases of yellow fever have been reported, with nine deaths,

the

majority from the state of Goias.

The city of Campinas, approximately 100 km outside of Sao o, where the

vaccination program was started on February 5, has reported only one case,

a

traveler from the state of Goias. Almost 5 million doses of vaccine have

been made

available for use in Campinas and the surrounding municipalities.

The live attenuated vaccine, manufactured by Fiocruz of the Oswaldo Cruz

Foundation based in Rio, is distributed free by the Ministry of Health, and

is

recommended for all individuals, particularly travelers to and from endemic

regions,

except pregnant women and those with immunodepressive conditions.

Preliminary results of the investigation are expected in the next few

weeks.

There is a book with quite a bit of info

The World Travellers' Manual of Homeopathy - 434 pages

info on diseases, a little on dangers of vaccines, more on each disease and

prevention and treatment - homeopathic and other natural

Amazon.com - US

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN%3D0852072422/wellwithinA/104-8562235-

4777555

Amazon.co.ca CANADA

http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852072422/wellwithin09-20/701-2898648

-7787564

UK amazon.co.uk

http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852072422/wellwithin-21/026-178527

3-3817212

*******

Mosby's GenRx®, 10th ed.

Copyright © 2000 Mosby, Inc.

Yellow Fever Vaccine (001292)

CATEGORIES:

Indications: Immunization, yellow fever

WHO Formulary

FDA Pre 1938 Drugs

FDA DRUG CLASS: Vaccines/Antisera

BRAND NAMES: Yf-Vax (US);

DESCRIPTION:

YF-VAX, for subcutaneous use, is prepared by culturing the 17D strain of

yellow fever

virus in living avian leukosis virus-free (ALV-free) chicken embryos. The

vaccine,

containing sorbitol and gelatin as a stabilizer, is lyophilized, and

hermetically sealed

under nitrogen. No preservative is added. The vaccine must be reconstituted

immediately before use with the sterile diluent provided (sodium chloride

injection--contains no preservative). YF-VAX is formulated to contain not

less than

5.04 Log10 Plaque Forming Units (PFU) per 0.5 ml dose. The vaccine appears

slightly

opalescent and light orange in color after reconstitution.

YF-VAX complies with official potency tests and other requirements of the

US Food

and Drug Administration (FDA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:

A clinical study to evaluate the serological responses and adverse

reactions of yellow

fever vaccine was performed on healthy young adults. One group of six received

yellow fever vaccine non-ALV-free and another group of 18 received an

immunization

with yellow fever vaccine.1

Immunologic protection was measured utilizing a serum neutralizing antibody

assay. No

neutralizing antibody was detected prior to immunization. Both groups

demonstrated a

100% conversion in the post-immunization sera. The incidence and severity

of adverse

reactions in each group were comparable.1

In a study involving 101 Nigerian women in various stages of pregnancy, it was

concluded that vaccinating pregnant women with the 17D vaccines was not

associated

with adverse effects on the fetus or with risk of fetal infection. However,

the percentage

of pregnant women without neutralizing antibodies, who sero-converted, was

significantly less than a non-pregnant control group (38.6% vs. 81.5%).2

Following a

mass immunization campaign in Trinidad, congenital infection based on the

observation

of virus specific IgM in the blood of one infant exposed through maternal

immunization

with the 17D strain has been reported.3 This infant appeared normal at

delivery.

One case of fatal vaccine-associated encephalitis occurred after 17D yellow

fever

vaccine was administered to an apparently healthy 39-month-old girl.4

INDICATIONS AND USAGE:

Yellow fever vaccine is recommended for active immunization of all persons 9

months of age traveling to or living in areas of South America and Africa

where yellow

fever infection is officially reported or to countries which require a

certificate of

vaccination against yellow fever.5,6

Vaccination is also recommended for travel outside the urban areas of

countries that do

not officially report the disease but that lie in the yellow fever endemic

zone. In recent

years, fatal cases of yellow fever have occurred among unvaccinated

tourists visiting

rural areas within the yellow fever endemic zone.5

Laboratory personnel who might be exposed to virulent yellow fever virus by

direct or

indirect contact or by aerosols also should be vaccinated.5

For simultaneous administration of other vaccines see DOSAGE AND

ADMINISTRATION.

Infants <9 months of age and pregnant women should be considered for

vaccination if

traveling to areas experiencing ongoing epidemic yellow fever when travel

cannot be

postponed and a high level of prevention against mosquito exposure is not

feasible.

However, in no instance should infants <4 months of age receive yellow fever

vaccine because of the risk of encephalitis. 5 (See CONTRAINDICATIONS,

WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS.)

United States vaccination certificates are valid for a period of 10 years

commencing 10

days after initial vaccination or revaccination.6 (See DOSAGE AND

ADMINISTRATION.)

As with any vaccine, vaccination with yellow fever vaccine may not protect

100%

of susceptible individuals.

CONTRAINDICATIONS:

Since the yellow fever virus is propagated in chicken embryos, it should

not be

administered to an individual with a history of hypersensitivity to egg,

chicken protein, or

to any other component of the vaccine. Generally, persons who are able to

eat eggs or

egg products may receive the vaccine. (See PRECAUTIONS for sensitivity

testing.)5

Infection with yellow fever vaccine virus poses a theoretical risk of

encephalitis to

patients with immunosuppression in association with acquired immunodeficiency

syndrome (AIDS) or other manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

infection, leukemia, lymphoma, generalized malignancy, or to those whose

immunologic

responses are suppressed by corticosteroids, alkylating drugs,

antimetabolites, or

radiation. Such patients should not be vaccinated. If travel to a yellow

fever-infected

zone is necessary, patients should be advised of the risk, instructed in

methods for

avoiding vector mosquitoes, and supplied with vaccination waiver letters by

their

physicians.5,6

Low-dose (10 mg prednisone or equivalent) or short-term (<2 weeks)

corticosteroid

therapy or intra-articular, bursal, or tendon injections with

corticosteroids should not be

immunosuppressive and constitute no increased hazard to recipients of

yellow fever

vaccine. Persons who have had previously diagnosed asymptomatic HIV

infections and

who cannot avoid potential exposure to yellow fever virus should be offered

the choice

of vaccination. Vaccinees should be monitored for possible adverse effects.

Since the

vaccination of such persons may be less effective than that for

non-HIV-infected

persons, their neutralizing antibody response to vaccination may be desired

before

travel. For such determinations, the appropriate state health department or

Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (303-221-6400) may be contacted. Family

members of immunosuppressed persons, who themselves have no contraindications,

may receive yellow fever vaccine.5

Infants <4 months of age should not be immunized because they are more

susceptible to

encephalitis temporally associated with yellow fever vaccination than older

children.5,6,7

(See INDICATIONS AND USAGE and WARNINGS.)

WARNINGS:

This Product Contains Dry Natural Latex Rubber as Follows: The stopper to the

vial contains dry natural latex rubber.

Infants <9 months of age and pregnant women should not be vaccinated. The

decision

to immunize infants between 4 and 9 months of age and pregnant women should

be based upon estimates of the risk of exposure. 5,6,7

Anaphylaxis may occur following the use of yellow fever vaccine, even in

individuals

with no prior history of hypersensitivity to the vaccine components.

The clinical judgment of the responsible physician should prevail.

PRECAUTIONS:

General

Care is to be taken by the health-care provider for the safe and effective

use of yellow

fever vaccine.

EPINEPHRINE INJECTION (1:1000) ALWAYS MUST BE IMMEDIATELY

AVAILABLE TO COMBAT UNEXPECTED ANAPHYLACTIC OR OTHER

ALLERGIC REACTIONS.

Prior to an injection of any vaccine, all known precautions should be taken

to prevent

side reactions. This includes a review of the patient's history with

respect to possible

sensitivity to the vaccine or similar vaccines and to possible sensitivity

to dry natural

latex rubber.

Health-care providers should obtain the previous immunization history of

the vaccinee,

and inquire about the current health status of the vaccinee.

Administration of yellow fever vaccine is not contraindicated in

individuals infected with

HIV.7

A separate, sterile syringe and needle should be used for each patient to

prevent

transmission of hepatitis or other infectious agents from person to person.

Needles

should not be recapped and should be properly disposed (e.g., sterilized or

disposed in

red hazardous waste containers).

Information for the Patient

Patients, parents or guardians should be fully informed of the benefits and

risks of

immunization with yellow fever vaccine.

Prior to administration of yellow fever vaccine, patients, parents or

guardians should be

asked about the recent health status of the patient to be immunized.

The health-care provider, at an approved yellow fever vaccination center,

should inform

the patients, parents or guardians about the significant adverse reactions

that have been

temporally associated with yellow fever vaccine administration and obtain

informed

consent. Patients, parents or guardians should be instructed to report any

serious

adverse reactions to their health-care provider.

As part of the patient's immunization record, the date, lot number and

manufacturer of

the vaccine administered should be recorded.8,9,10

Vaccinees should receive an International Certificate of Vaccination

completed, signed,

and validated with the center's stamp where the vaccine was given.

The US Department of Health and Human Services has established a Vaccine

Adverse

Event Reporting System (VAERS) to accept all reports of suspected adverse

events

after the administration of any vaccine, including but not limited to the

reporting of

events required by the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986.7,8

The VAERS

toll-free number for forms and information is 1-800-822-7967.8

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Since the yellow fever virus is propagated in chicken embryos, it should

not be

administered to an individual with a history of hypersensitivity to egg or

chicken protein.

In some instances, although symptoms appear soon after a vaccine is

administered,

differentiation between allergic reaction to the vaccine and reaction to an

environmental

allergen is impossible.11

Four types of hypersensitivity reactions are:11

1. Allergic reactions to egg or egg-related antigens.

2. Mercury sensitivity in some recipients of immune globulins or

vaccines.

3. Antibiotic-induced allergic reactions.

4. Hypersensitivity to some component of the infectious agent or other

vaccine

components.

Less severe or localized manifestations of allergy to egg or to feathers

are not

contraindications to vaccine administration and do not usually warrant

vaccine skin

testing.11

An egg-sensitive individual can be tested with the vaccine before it is

used in the

following manner:11

1. Scratch, Prick, or Puncture Test: A drop of 1:10 dilution of the

vaccine in

physiologic saline is applied at the site of a superficial scratch,

prick, or puncture

on the volar surface of the forearm. Positive (histamine) and negative

(physiologic

saline) control tests should also be used. The test is read after 15

to 20 minutes.

A positive test is a wheal 3 mm larger than that of the saline

control, usually with

surrounding erythema. The histamine control must be positive for valid

interpretation. If the result of this test is negative, an intradermal

(ID) test is

performed.

2. Intradermal Test: A dose of 0.02 ml of a 1:100 dilution of the

vaccine in

physiologic saline is injected; positive and negative control skin

tests are

performed concurrently. A wheal 5 mm or larger than the negative

control with

surrounding erythema is considered a positive reaction.

EPINEPHRINE INJECTION (1:1000) ALWAYS MUST BE IMMEDIATELY

AVAILABLE TO COMBAT UNEXPECTED ANAPHYLACTIC OR OTHER

ALLERGIC REACTIONS.

Desensitization11

If the individual has a history of severe egg sensitivity and has a

positive skin test to the

vaccine, the individual may be given the vaccine using a " desensitization "

procedure if

immunization is imperative. The following successive doses should be

administered

subcutaneously at 15- to 20-minute intervals:

1. 0.05 ml of 1:10 dilution.

2. 0.05 ml of full strength.

3. 0.10 ml of full strength.

4. 0.15 ml of full strength.

5. 0.20 ml of full strength.

This type of skin testing and " desensitization " should be undertaken only

if supervised by

a physician experienced in the management of anaphylaxis and with necessary

emergency equipment immediately available.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility

Yellow fever vaccine has not been evaluated for its carcinogenic, mutagenic

potentials

or impairment of fertility.

Pregnancy Category C

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with yellow fever

vaccine. It is

also not known whether yellow fever vaccine can cause fetal harm when

administered

to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Yellow fever

vaccine should

be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.

Nursing Mothers

Yellow fever virus is not excreted in breast milk following vaccination,

and there is no

contraindication for vaccinating breast-feeding mothers with yellow fever

vaccine.6

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness of yellow fever vaccine in infants below the age

of 9 months

have not been established. Therefore, yellow fever vaccine is NOT

recommended for

infants <9 months of age unless they live in or are traveling to a

high-risk area. In

NO instance should infants <4 months of age receive yellow fever vaccine

because of the risk of encephalitis. 5 (See INDICATIONS AND USAGE and

WARNINGS.)

DRUG INTERACTIONS:

In a prospective study of persons given yellow fever vaccine and 5 cc of

commercially

available immune globulin, no alteration of the immunologic response to

yellow fever

vaccine was detected when compared with controls.5,11,12

Studies have shown that the serologic response to yellow fever vaccine is

not inhibited

by the administration of certain other vaccines concurrently at separate

sites or at

various intervals of a few days to one month. Measles and yellow fever

vaccines have

been administered in combination with full efficacy of each of the

components; Bacillus

Calmette Guerin (BCG) and yellow fever vaccines have been administered

simultaneously without interference. Additionally, severity of reactions to

vaccination has

not been amplified by the concurrent administration of yellow fever and

other live virus

vaccines. If live virus vaccines are not given concurrently, four weeks

should elapse

between sequential vaccinations.5

Some data have indicated that persons given yellow fever and cholera vaccines

simultaneously or 1 to 3 weeks apart had lower than normal antibody

responses to both

vaccines.5. Unless there are time constraints, cholera and yellow fever

vaccines should

be administered to a minimal interval of 3 weeks. If the vaccines cannot be

administered at least 3 weeks apart, the vaccines can be given

simultaneously at

separate sites or at any time within the 3-week interval.5

Hepatitis B and yellow fever vaccine may be given concurrently at separate

sites.5 No

data exist on possible interference between yellow fever and typhoid,

paratyphoid,

typhus, plague, rabies or Japanese encephalitis vaccines.5

Although chloroquine inhibits replication of yellow fever virus in vitro ,

it does not

adversely affect antibody responses to yellow fever vaccine in humans

receiving

antimalaria prophylaxis.5,13 (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.)

Usually, yellow fever vaccine should be administered at least one month

apart from

other live-virus vaccines. However, field observations and clinical data

indicate that

simultaneous administration of the most widely used live-virus vaccines

have not

resulted in impaired antibody response or increased adverse reactions.7

Thus, if time is a

critical factor for required vaccinations, the clinical judgment of the

responsible physician

should prevail.

ADVERSE REACTIONS:

Adverse reactions to 17D yellow fever vaccine are generally mild. After

vaccination,

2% to 5% of vaccinees have mild headaches, myalgia, low-grade fevers, or other

minor symptoms for 5 to 10 days. Fewer than 0.2% of the vaccinees curtail

regular

activities. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, characterized by rash,

urticaria, and/or

asthma, are uncommon (incidence <1/1,000,000) and occur principally among

persons

with histories of egg allergy.5

Two cases of encephalitis temporally associated with vaccinations have been

reported in

the United States; in one fatal case, 17D virus was isolated from the

brain.4,5

Anaphylaxis may occur following the use of yellow fever vaccine, even in

individuals

with no prior history of hypersensitivity to the vaccine components.

EPINEPHRINE INJECTION (1:1000) ALWAYS MUST BE IMMEDIATELY

AVAILABLE TO COMBAT UNEXPECTED ANAPHYLACTIC OR OTHER

ALLERGIC REACTIONS.

Reporting of Adverse Events

Reporting by patients, parents or guardians of all adverse events occurring

after vaccine

administration should be encouraged. Adverse events following immunization

with

vaccine should be reported by the health-care provider to the US Department of

Health and Human Services (DHHS) Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

(VAERS). Reporting forms and information about reporting requirements or

completion

of the form can be obtained from VAERS through a toll-free number

1-800-822-7967.8

Health-care providers also should report these events to the Director of

Medical Affairs, Connaught Laboratories, Inc., a Pasteur Merieux Connaught

Company, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370-0187 or call 1-800-822-2463.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION:

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for extraneous

particulate matter

and/or discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and

container permit. If

these conditions exist, the vaccine should not be administered.

Reconstitute the vaccine using only the diluent supplied (sodium chloride

injection). The

vaccine appears slightly opalescent and light orange in color after

reconstitution. Draw

the volume of the diluent, shown on the diluent label, into a suitable size

syringe and

inject into the vial containing the vaccine. Slowly add diluent to vaccine,

let set for one

to two minutes and then carefully swirl mixture until a uniform suspension

is achieved.

Avoid vigorous shaking as this tends to cause foaming of the suspension.

Use vaccine

within 60 minutes following reconstitution. All reconstituted vaccine and

containers

which remain unused after one hour must be properly disposed (e.g.,

sterilized or

disposed in red hazardous waste containers). 5 Do not dilute reconstituted

vaccine.

SWIRL VACCINE WELL before withdrawing each dose. Administer the single

immunizing dose of 0.5 ml subcutaneously at once.

If immunization is imperative to an individual with a history of severe egg

sensitivity and a

positive skin test to the vaccine, see PRECAUTIONS, Desensitization.

Primary vaccination. For persons of all ages, a single subcutaneous

injection of 0.5 ml of

reconstituted vaccine (formulated to contain not less than 5.04 Log10

Plaque Forming

Units [PFU]) is administered.5 Immunity develops by the 10th day after primary

vaccination.6

Booster doses. The International Health Regulations require revaccination

at intervals of

10 years. Revaccination boosts antibody titer; however, evidence from

several studies

suggests that yellow fever vaccine immunity persists for at least 30 to 35

years and

probably for life.5

Simultaneous Administration of Other Vaccines

Studies have shown that the serologic response to yellow fever vaccine is

not inhibited

by the administration of certain other vaccines concurrently at separate

sites or at

various intervals of a few days to one month. Measles and yellow fever

vaccines have

been administered in combination with full efficacy of each of the

components; Bacillus

Calmette Guerin (BCG) and yellow fever vaccines have been administered

simultaneously without interference. Additionally, severity of reactions to

vaccination has

not been amplified by the concurrent administration of yellow fever and

other live virus

vaccines. If live virus vaccines are not given concurrently, four weeks

should elapse

between sequential vaccinations.5

Some data have indicated that persons given yellow fever and cholera vaccines

simultaneously or 1 to 3 weeks apart had lower than normal antibody

responses to both

vaccines.5 Unless there are time constraints, cholera and yellow fever

vaccines should

be administered at a minimal interval of 3 weeks. If the vaccines cannot be

administered at least 3 weeks apart, the vaccines can be given

simultaneously at

separate sites or at any time within the 3-week interval.5

Hepatitis B and yellow fever vaccine may be given concurrently at separate

sites.5 No

data exist on possible interference between yellow fever and typhoid,

paratyphoid,

typhus, plague, rabies or Japanese encephalitis vaccines.5

REFERENCES:

1. Unpublished data available from Connaught Laboratories, Inc.

2. Nasidi A, et al. Yellow fever vaccination and pregnancy: a four-year

prospective

study. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87:

337-339, 1993.

3. Tsai TF, et al. Congenital yellow fever virus infection after

immunization in

pregnancy. J Infect Dis 168: 1520-1523, 1993.

4. Jennings AD, et al. Analysis of a yellow fever virus isolated from a

fatal case of

vaccine-associated human encephalitis. J Infect Dis 169: 512-518, 1994.

5. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

Yellow Fever Vaccine. MMWR 39: No. RR-6, 1990.

6. Vaccination Certificate Requirements. Health information for

international travel. US

Department of Health and Human Services. June 1991.

7. ACIP. General recommendations on immunization. MMWR 38: 205-227, 1989.

8. CDC. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System - United States. MMWR 39:

730-733, 1990.

9. CDC. National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act: requirements for permanent

vaccination records and for reporting of selected events after vaccination.

MMWR 37:

197-200, 1988.

10. Food and Drug Administration. New reporting requirements for vaccine

adverse

events. FDA Drug Bull 18 (2), 16-18, 1988.

11. American Academy of Pediatrics. Report of the Committee on Infectious

Diseases.

23rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL, 1994.

12. Kaplan JE, et al. The effect of immune globulin on the response to

trivalent oral

poliovirus and yellow fever vaccinations. Bull WHO Vol 62: 585-590, 1984.

13. Tsai TF, et al. Chloroquine does not adversely affect the antibody

response to

yellow fever vaccine. J Infect Dis 154: 726, 1986.

14. Requirements for yellow fever vaccine. WHO Technical Report Series 594,

1976.

HOW SUPPLIED:

YF-VAX in the United States is supplied only to designated Yellow Fever

Vaccination

Centers authorized to issue valid certificates of Yellow Fever Vaccination.

Location of

the nearest Yellow Fever Vaccination Centers may be obtained from the

Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, state or local health

departments,

or the USPHS booklet " Immunization Information for International Travel "

(obtainable

from the Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office,

Washington,

DC 20402).

Storage

Storage Temperature: Freeze-dried vaccine must be maintained continuously at a

temperature between 0-5°C (32- 41°F).

YF-VAX does not contain a preservative, therefore all reconstituted vaccine

and

containers which remain unused after one hour must be properly disposed (e.g.,

sterilized or disposed in red hazardous waste containers). 5

Shipping Temperatures: YF-VAX is shipped in a container with solid carbon

dioxide; use is not recommended unless the shipping case contains some dry

ice upon

arrival.

Stability Studies

The information in TABLE 1 is provided for those countries or areas of the

world where

an adequate cold chain is a problem and inadvertent exposure to abnormal

temperatures

has occurred.

TABLE 1 Stability of Yellow Fever Vaccine (Freeze-Dried) at Elevated

Temperatures1

Temperature °C

Test

Number of Lots

Tested

Computed

Half-Life (Days)

35-37°C

Mouse Assay

3

14.0

35-37°C

Vero Cell Assay

3

13.9

45-47°C

Mouse Assay

3

3.3

45-47°C

Vero Cell Assay

3

4.5

YF-VAX is formulated to satisfy the current US potency requirements of not

less than

5.04 Log10 Plaque Forming Units (PFU) per 0.5 ml dose and meets the minimum

requirements of WHO.14

MD Consult L.L.C. http://www.mdconsult.com

Bookmark URL: /das/drug/view/1/1292/top

--------------------------------------------------------

Sheri Nakken, former R.N., MA, Hahnemannian Homeopath

Vaccination Information & Choice Network, Nevada City CA & Wales UK

$$ Donations to help in the work - accepted by Paypal account

Voicemail US 530-740-0561

Vaccines - http://www.nccn.net/~wwithin/vaccine.htm or

http://www.wellwithin1.com/vaccine.htm

Vaccine Dangers On-Line courses - http://www.wellwithin1.com/vaccineclass.htm

Reality of the Diseases & Treatment -

http://www.nccn.net/~wwithin/vaccineclass.htm

Homeopathy On-Line courses - http://www.wellwithin1.com/homeo.htm

NEXT CLASSES start by email January 9 & 10

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