RE: Re: 10%CR (was Peanuts vs. other nuts) >> Jeff

[Guest guest]

>>I have not read the high fat Kwiterovich study. However, such studies seem to

regard 40% carbohydrates as low or normal. 5% to 10% carbohydrates may be a

very different context for such a study. (a new ballgame)

Total Cholesterol Increased 58 mg/dl

LDL increased 50 mg/dL

VLDL increased 8 mg/dL

non-HDL cholesterol increased 63 mg/dL

triglycerides increased 58 mg/dL

total apoB increased 49 mg/dL

And HDL decreased significantly. There are not good results.

Jeff

Effect of a high-fat ketogenic diet on plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins,

and apolipoproteins in children. Kwiterovich PO Jr, Vining EP, Pyzik P, Skolasky

R Jr, Freeman JM

JAMA. 2003 Aug 20;290(7):912-20.

PMID: 12928468 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

CONTEXT: Little prospective long-term information is available on the effect of

a ketogenic diet on plasma lipoproteins in children with difficult-to-control

seizures. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect in children with intractable

seizures of a high-fat ketogenic diet on plasma levels of the major

apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

and very LDL (VLDL); and the major apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-containing

lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: A 6-month prospective cohort study of 141

children (mean [sD] age, 5.2 [3.8] years for 70 boys and 6.1 [4.4] years for 71

girls) with difficult-to-treat seizures who were hospitalized for initiation of

a high-fat ketogenic diet and followed up as outpatients. This cohort

constituted a subgroup of the 371 patients accepted into the ketogenic diet

program between 1994 and 2001. A subset of the cohort was also studied after 12

(n = 59) and 24 (n = 27) months.

INTERVENTION: A ketogenic diet consisting of a high ratio of fat to carbohydrate

and protein combined (4:1 [n = 102], 3.5:1 [n = 7], or 3:1 [n = 32]). After diet

initiation, the calories and ratio were adjusted to maintain ideal body weight

for height and maximal urinary ketosis for seizure control.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences at baseline and 6-month follow-up for levels

of total, VLDL, LDL, HDL, and non-HDL cholesterol; triglycerides; total apoB;

and apoA-I.

RESULTS: At 6 months, the high-fat ketogenic diet significantly increased the

mean plasma levels of total (58 mg/dL [1.50 mmol/L]), LDL (50 mg/dL [1.30

mmol/L]), VLDL (8 mg/dL [0.21 mmol/L]), and non-HDL cholesterol (63 mg/dL [1.63

mmol/L]) (P<.001 vs baseline for each); triglycerides (58 mg/dL [0.66 mmol/L])

(P<.001); and total apoB (49 mg/dL) (P<.001). Mean HDL cholesterol decreased

significantly (P<.001), although apoA-I increased (4 mg/dL) (P =.23).

Significant but less marked changes persisted in children observed after 12 and

24 months.

CONCLUSIONS: A high-fat ketogenic diet produced significant increases in the

atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins and a decrease in the antiatherogenic

HDL cholesterol. Further studies are necessary to determine if such a diet

adversely affects endothelial vascular function and promotes inflammation and

formation of atherosclerotic lesions.

[Guest guest]

>>I have not read the high fat Kwiterovich study. However, such studies seem to

regard 40% carbohydrates as low or normal. 5% to 10% carbohydrates may be a

very different context for such a study. (a new ballgame)

Total Cholesterol Increased 58 mg/dl

LDL increased 50 mg/dL

VLDL increased 8 mg/dL

non-HDL cholesterol increased 63 mg/dL

triglycerides increased 58 mg/dL

total apoB increased 49 mg/dL

And HDL decreased significantly. There are not good results.

Jeff

Effect of a high-fat ketogenic diet on plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins,

and apolipoproteins in children. Kwiterovich PO Jr, Vining EP, Pyzik P, Skolasky

R Jr, Freeman JM

JAMA. 2003 Aug 20;290(7):912-20.

PMID: 12928468 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

CONTEXT: Little prospective long-term information is available on the effect of

a ketogenic diet on plasma lipoproteins in children with difficult-to-control

seizures. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect in children with intractable

seizures of a high-fat ketogenic diet on plasma levels of the major

apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

and very LDL (VLDL); and the major apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-containing

lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: A 6-month prospective cohort study of 141

children (mean [sD] age, 5.2 [3.8] years for 70 boys and 6.1 [4.4] years for 71

girls) with difficult-to-treat seizures who were hospitalized for initiation of

a high-fat ketogenic diet and followed up as outpatients. This cohort

constituted a subgroup of the 371 patients accepted into the ketogenic diet

program between 1994 and 2001. A subset of the cohort was also studied after 12

(n = 59) and 24 (n = 27) months.

INTERVENTION: A ketogenic diet consisting of a high ratio of fat to carbohydrate

and protein combined (4:1 [n = 102], 3.5:1 [n = 7], or 3:1 [n = 32]). After diet

initiation, the calories and ratio were adjusted to maintain ideal body weight

for height and maximal urinary ketosis for seizure control.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences at baseline and 6-month follow-up for levels

of total, VLDL, LDL, HDL, and non-HDL cholesterol; triglycerides; total apoB;

and apoA-I.

RESULTS: At 6 months, the high-fat ketogenic diet significantly increased the

mean plasma levels of total (58 mg/dL [1.50 mmol/L]), LDL (50 mg/dL [1.30

mmol/L]), VLDL (8 mg/dL [0.21 mmol/L]), and non-HDL cholesterol (63 mg/dL [1.63

mmol/L]) (P<.001 vs baseline for each); triglycerides (58 mg/dL [0.66 mmol/L])

(P<.001); and total apoB (49 mg/dL) (P<.001). Mean HDL cholesterol decreased

significantly (P<.001), although apoA-I increased (4 mg/dL) (P =.23).

Significant but less marked changes persisted in children observed after 12 and

24 months.

CONCLUSIONS: A high-fat ketogenic diet produced significant increases in the

atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins and a decrease in the antiatherogenic

HDL cholesterol. Further studies are necessary to determine if such a diet

adversely affects endothelial vascular function and promotes inflammation and

formation of atherosclerotic lesions.

[Guest guest]

Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 5, 578-590 (2000)

Published by the American College of Nutrition

Original Research

Health Advantages and Disadvantages of Weight-

Reducing Diets: A Computer Analysis and

Critical Review

W. , MD, FACN, C. Konz, MS, RD, J. A. ,

PhD, MD, FACN

Metabolic Research Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of

Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and

Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington,

Kentucky (J.W.A., E.C.K.), Clinical Nutrition &

Risk Factor Modification Center, St. 's Hospital, Department of

Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of

Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA, (D.J.A.J.)

Key words: diet fads, diet, weight loss, obesity, cardiovascular disease,

coronary disease

Background: Some weight-loss diets are nutritionally sound and consistent with

recommendations for

healthy eating while others are " fad " diets encouraging irrational and,

sometimes, unsafe practices.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare several weight loss diets and

assess their potential

long-term effects.

Design: Eight popular weight-loss diets were selected (Atkins, Protein Power,

Sugar Busters, Zone, ADA

Exchange, High-Fiber Fitness, Pritikin and Ornish) to be non-clinically analyzed

by means of a computer to

predict their relative benefits/potential harm. A summary description, menu plan

and recommended snacks were

developed for each diet. The nutrient composition of each diet was determined

using computer software, and a

Food Pyramid Score was calculated to compare diets. The Mensink, Hegsted and

other formulae were applied

to estimate coronary heart disease risk factors.

Results: Higher fat diets are higher in saturated fats and cholesterol than

current dietary guidelines and their

long-term use would increase serum cholesterol levels and risk for CHD. Diets

restricted in sugar intake would

lower serum cholesterol levels and long-term risk for CHD; however, higher

carbohydrate, higher fiber, lower

fat diets would have the greatest effect in decreasing serum cholesterol

concentrations and risk of CHD.

Conclusions: While high fat diets may promote short-term weight loss, the

potential hazards for worsening

risk for progression of atherosclerosis override the short-term benefits.

Individuals derive the greatest health

benefits from diets low in saturated fat and high in carbohydrate and fiber;

these increase sensitivity to insulin

and lower risk for CHD.

[Guest guest]

Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 5, 578-590 (2000)

Published by the American College of Nutrition

Original Research

Health Advantages and Disadvantages of Weight-

Reducing Diets: A Computer Analysis and

Critical Review

W. , MD, FACN, C. Konz, MS, RD, J. A. ,

PhD, MD, FACN

Metabolic Research Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of

Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and

Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington,

Kentucky (J.W.A., E.C.K.), Clinical Nutrition &

Risk Factor Modification Center, St. 's Hospital, Department of

Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of

Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA, (D.J.A.J.)

Key words: diet fads, diet, weight loss, obesity, cardiovascular disease,

coronary disease

Background: Some weight-loss diets are nutritionally sound and consistent with

recommendations for

healthy eating while others are " fad " diets encouraging irrational and,

sometimes, unsafe practices.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare several weight loss diets and

assess their potential

long-term effects.

Design: Eight popular weight-loss diets were selected (Atkins, Protein Power,

Sugar Busters, Zone, ADA

Exchange, High-Fiber Fitness, Pritikin and Ornish) to be non-clinically analyzed

by means of a computer to

predict their relative benefits/potential harm. A summary description, menu plan

and recommended snacks were

developed for each diet. The nutrient composition of each diet was determined

using computer software, and a

Food Pyramid Score was calculated to compare diets. The Mensink, Hegsted and

other formulae were applied

to estimate coronary heart disease risk factors.

Results: Higher fat diets are higher in saturated fats and cholesterol than

current dietary guidelines and their

long-term use would increase serum cholesterol levels and risk for CHD. Diets

restricted in sugar intake would

lower serum cholesterol levels and long-term risk for CHD; however, higher

carbohydrate, higher fiber, lower

fat diets would have the greatest effect in decreasing serum cholesterol

concentrations and risk of CHD.

Conclusions: While high fat diets may promote short-term weight loss, the

potential hazards for worsening

risk for progression of atherosclerosis override the short-term benefits.

Individuals derive the greatest health

benefits from diets low in saturated fat and high in carbohydrate and fiber;

these increase sensitivity to insulin

and lower risk for CHD.