Anti-CR tasty foods

[Guest guest]

Hi All,

See the pdf-available below for a lesson in how strong may be the anti-CR forces

of

tasty foods.

First, to help possibly explain the significance of fos, it is defined as:

An oncogene, identified in a mouse osteosarcoma, encoding a transcription

factor.

The product of this oncogene works with the product of another oncogene, the jun

oncogene, to abnormally change the rate of transcription of certain other genes.

Genes are activated by this protein.

Also, related, may be:

Mendoza J, Angeles-Castellanos M, Escobar C.

Entrainment by a palatable meal induces food-anticipatory activity and c-Fos

expression in reward-related areas of the brain.

Neuroscience. 2005;133(1):293-303.

PMID: 15893651

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve & db=pubmed & dopt=Abstra\

ct & list_uids=15893651 & query_hl=21

Kawasaki M, Yamaguchi K, Saito J, Ozaki Y, Mera T, Hashimoto H, Fujihara H,

Okimoto

N, Ohnishi H, Nakamura T, Ueta Y.

Expression of immediate early genes and vasopressin heteronuclear RNA in the

paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of rats after acute osmotic stimulus.

J Neuroendocrinol. 2005 Apr;17(4):227-37.

PMID: 15842234

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve & db=pubmed & dopt=Abstra\

ct & list_uids=15842234 & query_hl=23

How does our longing for food compare with those for opioid and cocaine?

Such is the power of Lucky Charms (cereal) used for reward in the paper:

" Food conditioned animals were not food deprived and were pre-exposed to the

sweet

flavoured cereal [http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/L/Lucky-Charms-(cereal).htm] "

Note, that pathways that are involved also seem to regulate our sleep.

Next, are excerpts of the paper.

GC, Wimmer M, GA.

A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking.

Nature. 2005 Aug 14; [Epub ahead of print] [Nature 437, 556-559]

PMID: 16100511

The lateral hypothalamus is a brain region historically implicated in reward and

motivation1, 2, 3, 4, but the identity of the neurotransmitters involved are

unknown. The orexins (or hypocretins) are neuropeptides recently identified as

neurotransmitters in lateral hypothalamus neurons5, 6. Although knockout and

transgenic overexpression studies have implicated orexin neurons in arousal and

sleep7, these cells also project to reward-associated brain regions, including

the

nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area8, 9. This indicates a possible role

for

these neurons in reward function and motivation3, 10, consistent with previous

studies implicating these neurons in feeding6. Here we show that activation of

lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons is strongly linked to preferences for cues

associated with drug and food reward. In addition, we show that chemical

activation

of lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons reinstates an extinguished drug-seeking

behaviour. This reinstatement effect was completely blocked by prior

administration

of an orexin A antagonist. Moreover, administration of the orexin A peptide

directly

into the ventral tegmental area also reinstated drug-seeking. These data reveal

a

new role for lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons in reward-seeking, drug relapse

and

addiction.

.... Orexin-expressing neurons are located in three contiguous hypothalamic

regions:

lateral hypothalamus, perifornical area (PFA) and dorsomedial hypothalamus

(DMH)14.

To determine whether orexin neurons were stimulated during the expression of

preference for different rewards, we used double-label immunohistochemistry for

both

orexin and the immediate early gene protein, Fos (a marker of neuronal

stimulation15). Conditioned animals displayed reward-seeking by spending

significantly more time in the reward-paired chamber than non-conditioned

animals

(Fig. 1a). Only conditioned animals that exhibited a preference for the

reward-paired chamber showed increased Fos activation in lateral hypothalamus

orexin

cells. Significant percentages (48-52%) of orexin neurons in the lateral

hypothalamus were Fos-activated in these animals after preference testing for

morphine, cocaine or food reward, when compared to non-conditioned animals (17%,

P <

0.01) (Table 1; Fig. 1b, see also Supplementary Fig. 1). The percentage of Fos

activation in lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons in non-conditioned animals was

not

statistically different from that found in naïve untreated animals (15%, P =

0.10).

Our findings in naïve animals are similar to baseline levels of Fos activation

reported previously in awake rats16.

Table 1 | Orexin and Fos double labelling

................................

Groups Cell types Percentage Fos-positive Correlations R

................................

Morphine-conditioned n=12

Orx LH 48±2* 0.72, P<0.01*

NonOrx LH 55±6

Orx PFA 62±2

Orx DMH 67±4

Food-conditioned n=8

Orx LH 50±3* 0.87, P<0.01*

NonOrx LH 47±5

Orx PFA 42±3

Orx DMH 47±6

Cocaine-conditioned n=8

Orx LH 52±5* 0.90, P<0.01*

NonOrx LH 78±7

Orx PFA 67±3

Orx DMH 74±3

Non-conditioned n=15

Orx LH 17±2

NonOrx LH 43±6

Orx PFA 52±4

Orx DMH 59±4

Naïve n=6

Orx LH 15±1

NonOrx LH 29±8

Orx PFA 52±3

Orx DMH 57±6

Novelty-conditioned n=6

Orx LH 18±2

NonOrx LH 50±1

Orx PFA 56±3

Orx DMH 63±5

...................................

The percentages of orexin-positive cells that were also Fos-positive are

indicated. Correlation coefficients for the comparisons between these

percentages

and the corresponding preference score in each animal.

Abbreviations used: Orx, orexin-positive neurons; NonOrx, orexin-negative

neurons; LH, lateral hypothalamus; PFA, perifornical area; and DMH, dorsomedial

hypothalamus. The non-orexin Fos-positive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

are

given as total counts not percentages. Lateral hypothalamus by group ANOVA

F3,39=33, P<0.01.

* Significantly different from other groups, P<0.05.

Al Pater, PhD; email: old542000@...

______________________________________________________

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