Apple antioxidants

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Hi All,

Apples are rather low in goodies, but their peels have more.

See the below pdf-available paper excerpts.

Great Differences in Antioxidant Properties Exist between 56 Apple Cultivars and

Vegetation Seasons

Barbara ata, Marzenna Przeradzka, and Marzena Bikowska

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry in press

Web Release Date: 15-Oct-2005; (Article) DOI: 10.1021/jf051503x

Abstract:

The contents of ascorbate, thiols, and phenolic compounds and antioxidative

enzyme

activity were measured in the apple peel of 56 genotypes after harvest in two

vegetation seasons, 2003 and 2004. The main reason of great interest in these

bioactive compounds is their well-established physiological role in all living

systems. The biggest differences between tested genotypes were noted for

ascorbate

peroxidase and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, followed by total ascorbate,

phenolics, and glutathione concentration; the least difference was observed in

the

case of catalase. A large cultivar variation was noted in the anthocyanins and

flavonols contents. Distinguishing the cultivars with the lowest, highest,

relatively stable or those in which antioxidant content greatly differed

depending

on growing seasons was attempted. The GR activity is proposed as an

environmental

stress marker of apple fruit.

AA, L-ascorbic acid; DHAA, dehydroascorbic acid; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSSG,

oxidized glutathione; CYS, L-cysteine; -GC, -glutamylcysteine; GR, glutathione

reductase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase;

AOS,

active oxygen species.

The concentration and composition of phytochemicals in apples vary greatly

between

the apple peel and the apple flesh (6, 10-13). Depending on variety, the apple

peel

contained from 2 to 6 times more phenolic compounds and from 2 to 3 times more

flavonoids (14).

Table 2. Concentrations of Ascorbate, L-Cysteine, and Glutathione Depending on

Cultivar and Harvest Year a

==============

ascorbate (AA + DHAA) (nmol g -1 of fm) L-cysteine (nmol g -1 of fm)

glutathione (GSH + GSSG) (nmol g -1 of fm)

cultivar 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004

==============

Alwa 1421.8a-c 1832.8a-c 7.60b-h 6.17b-h 85.9h-k 59.8d-l

Arlet 2673.3a-i 4255.5i-o 7.47b-h 6.00b-h 53.5a-g 41.8a-f

Auralia 2823.6b-i 2622.1a-h 7.53b-h 8.43d-j 50.6a-g 78.8k-m

Britemac 1366.1a-c 1299.8a 6.23a-g 5.77b-h 55.2a-h 47.0a-h

Cortland 1823.9a-g 2519.1a-g 9.07f-h 9.03g-j 73.4e-j 63.4e-m

’s Orange Pippin 4492.5j-l 2921.7a-j 8.47c-h 8.53e-j 87.2i-k 76.8i-m

Egeria 1693.8a-f 2114.0a-e 6.90b-h 5.53b-h 46.0a-g 46.1a-h

Elstar 4255.0i-l 2564.1a-g 7.57b-h 5.57b-h 48.3a-g 32.5a-c

Fiesta 2905.4b-i 5537.0o 7.17b-h 9.10g-j 69.5c-j 65.4f-m

Freedom 2795.8b-i 2734.3a-i 5.63a-g 5.67b-h 49.2a-g 41.5a-f

Fuji 1401.4a-c 2045.6a-e 4.70a-d 5.13b-f 56.2a-i 58.4c-l

Gala 1292.2a-c 2158.1a-e 6.53b-g 7.00b-j 53.2a-g 41.6a-f

Gloster 1638.6a-e 2015.0a-e 5.13a-f 8.57e-j 43.7a-f 64.4f-m

Golden Delicious 3302.1d-j 4377.7j-o 5.03a-f 8.30c-j 35.5a-c 55.3b-k

Gorjaczkowski Seedling 1582.6a-e 2724.7a-i 4.90a-e 8.37d-j 104.8k 109.9n

Granny 1850.9a-g 4092.7g-n 7.50b-h 9.23h-j 79.4g-j 84.7m

Haralson 2250.6a-g 3545.1c-m 5.57a-f 4.93b-e 68.3c-j 63.4e-m

Honeygold 3268.6d-j 2265.8a-f 4.87a-e 6.53b-j 47.7a-g 50.3a-h

Jester 1839.2a-g 3344.1b-m 5.07a-f 5.83b-h 46.5a-g 49.5a-h

Jonamac 2036.6a-g 1808.9ab 7.07b-h 6.57b-j 70.3d-j 59.8d-l

King of the Pippins 3003.1c-i 2972.0a-k 6.70b-h 8.97f-j 37.2a-d 61.9e-m

Liberty 1486.1a-c 2137.5a-e 8.00c-h 8.10b-j 55.2a-h 46.3a-h

Ligol 3513.6g-k 3647.5e-m 7.83c-h 6.77b-j 65.8a-j 45.8a-h

Ligolina 1984.5a-g 3187.5b-m 7.73c-h 6.30b-i 46.9a-g 42.3a-f

McIntosh 926.6a 1666.3ab 4.43a-c 4.87b-e 42.6a-f 37.1a-d

Melodie 3955.0h-l 5398.8no 10.40h 8.53e-j 76.3f-j 82.6lm

Melrose 1132.4ab 3652.6e-m 5.13a-f 5.40b-h 54.3a-h 70.0g-m

Monroe 2428.3a-h 2807.4a-j 7.30b-h 5.80b-h 68.7c-j 41.8a-f

Mutsu 2438.0a-h 3879.6f-m 6.23a-g 6.80b-j 66.3b-j 54.5a-k

Nova Easygro 1417.3a-c 2091.6a-e 3.60ab 7.20b-j 52.9a-g 77.0j-m

Odra 2829.5b-i 3219.1b-m 5.20a-f 4.93b-e 42.0a-f 51.8a-i

Pilot 4242.7i-l 4083.0g-n 8.70d-h 10.07j 72.3e-j 82.0lm

Pinova 2427.8a-h 3192.8b-m 5.37a-f 6.63b-j 32.1a 42.5a-f

Priam 1890.1a-g 2415.8a-f 8.90e-h 5.47b-h 61.5a-j 43.7a-f

Prima 1861.2a-g 1927.6a-d 6.83b-h 5.10b-f 42.6a-f 35.1a-d

Priscilla 2140.1a-g 2310.5a-f 9.53gh 8.43d-j 60.9a-j 58.7d-l

Rajka 3455.8g-k 4184.3h-n 8.20c-h 5.93b-h 73.6e-j 61.8e-m

Redgold 2009.8a-g 1990.1a-e 6.57b-g 4.90b-e 62.3a-j 54.2a-k

na 1909.4a-g 2634.7a-h 6.20a-g 4.60b-d 46.9a-g 44.2a-g

Rubin 5202.2l 3852.0f-m 6.27a-g 5.50b-h 46.9a-g 42.6a-f

Rubinette 2921.2b-i 2907.0a-j 5.97a-g 8.83f-j 52.7a-g 81.9lm

Ruby 1992.7a-g 2063.2a-e 5.07a-f 5.73b-h 89.5jk 58.1c-l

Sÿ ampion 4769.4kl 4522.6k-o 7.10b-h 4.60b-d 63.0a-j 66.1f-m

Sawa 2011.0a-g 2200.7a-e 7.10b-h 4.53b-d 46.3a-g 31.2ab

Selena 2194.3a-g 2105.0a-e 6.10a-g 9.90ij 44.9a-f 70.1h-m

S & #322;awa Pobieditieliam 1526.9a-d 2174.0a-e 5.33a-f 6.20b-h 41.3a-e 41.3a-f

Spartan 1613.7a-e 1343.4a 4.97a-e 4.46bc 68.8c-j 44.3a-g

Spencer 1567.6a-e 2541.6a-g 4.47a-c 4.93b-e 56.1a-i 41.9a-f

Topaz 3402.9f-k 4596.9l-o 5.67a-g 5.33b-g 50.8a-g 64.9f-m

U 1065 1595.9a-e 2130.2a-e 2.67a 4.27b 36.1a-d 52.9a-j

U 1165 2917.7b-i 3598.0d-m 6.70b-h 4.37b 71.8e-j 63.7f-m

U 633 1856.5a-g 2461.5a-g 4.47a-c 1.27a 33.9ab 29.3a

Undine 3326.7e-j 3043.3b-l 5.07a-f 5.17b-f 37.5a-d 34.6a-d

Vanda 2521.7a-h 3159.0b-m 7.50b-h 6.70b-j 55.0a-h 63.1e-m

Wealthy 2920.0b-i 4683.2m-o 5.07a-f 5.67b-h 40.1a-e 42.5a-f

Witos 1862.8a-g 1879.4a-c 5.03a-f 6.63b-j 50.8a-g 57.9c-l

av 2428.0 2918.5 6.40 6.40 56.6 55.5

=====================

a Means followed by the same letters do not differ significantly. Bold type

indicates the highest and lowest values

Table 3. Concentrations of Some Subgroups of Phenolics Depending on Cultivar and

Harvest Year a

=====================

phenolics b (íg g -1 of fm) flavonols c (íg g -1 of fm) anthocyanins d (íg

g

-1 of fm)

cultivar 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004

=====================

Alwa 1581.5f-m 1049.4a-d 222.3ab 314.0a-c 256.3l-u 183.8b-i

Arlet 1458.4c-m 1270.7b-g 667.4g-k 694.9b-g 195.0e-p 155.4a-h

Auralia 1019.7a-i 672.1ab 348.0a-g 340.5a-d 92.9a-g nd e a

Britemac 1549.7e-m 964.6a-d 350.1a-g 325.1a-c 100.4a-h 100.4a-h

Cortland 1408.8b-m 878.7a-d 404.1a-h 296.5a-c 183.0e-p 229.8g-j

’s Orange Pippin 1512.8e-m 1120.0a-d 699.0h-k 599.1a-g 71.6a-e 144.7a-h

Egeria 1265.1a-m 1317.8b-g 371.1a-g 698.4b-g 263.5m-u 144.4a-h

Elstar 927.8a-e 1055.0a-d 262.3a-c 492.8a-f 114.5a-j 165.7a-i

Fiesta 880.4a-d 826.0a-d 256.6a-c 398.1a-e 149.3b-m 150.0a-h

Freedom 1207.1a-l 1949.1hi 462.4a-k 976.7g 129.0a-k 235.4g-j

Fuji 1630.2h-m 1029.5ad 765.1k 398.7a-e 94.9a-g 148.8a-h

Gala 875.0a-d 944.1a-d 177.2a 362.7a-d 37.5a-c 138.1a-h

Gloster 1503.6e-m 1243.9a-f 513.1b-k 789.4d-g 340.9t-w 458.3k

Golden Delicious 1130.9a-k 962.7a-d 293.0a-d 349.2a-d 41.5a-d nda

Gorjaczkowski Seedling 1465.3c-m 1194.0a-f 628.9e-k 674.3a-g 248.6k-u 141.2a-h

Granny 1697.1k-m 1843.5f-i 530.1b-k 1525.1h 36.4a-c 58.1a-e

Haralson 1842.9m 2349.5i 614.5d-k 976.2g 168.3e-o 234.8g-j

Honeygold 961.7a-f 1028.2a-d 289.0a-d 484.3a-f 9.9a nda

Jester 983.9a-g 1242.9a-f 283.3a-d 629.5a-g 27.9ab 58.4a-e

Jonamac 1132.8a-k 799.3a-d 487.2a-k 358.6a-d 379.9w 224.1e-j

King of the Pippins 1666.6k-m 1910.0g-i 597.3d-k 727.5c-g 176.1e-p 56.6a-e

Liberty 1662.9j-m 2286.6i 744.7jk 655.5a-g 516.7y 501.5k

Ligol 812.9ab 997.5a-d 302.0a-d 524.6a-f 112.3a-j 168.3a-i

Ligolina 1034.7a-i 707.2ac 287.9a-d 289.8a-c 106.0a-i 51.9a-d

McIntosh 1489.9d-m 1073.9a-d 566.6c-k 630.5a-g 183.8e-p 136.4a-h

Melodie 1622.2h-m 939.0a-d 575.6c-k 431.8a-f 345.2t-w 137.4a-h

Melrose 1510.4e-m 1486.2c-h 510.8b-k 503.4a-f 281.2n-w 344.5j

Monroe 1543.9e-m 962.8a-d 773.5k 553.0a-f 335.8s-w 272.8h-j

Mutsu 1438.9c-m 774.0a-d 466.5a-k 215.6a 30.6ab nd a

Nova Easygro 1524.4e-m 1050.3a-d 429.7a-i 359.3a-d 165.2d-n 63.0a-g

Odra 1384.7a-m 1798.6e-i 508.4b-k 668.2a-g 357.1uw 560.2k

Pilot 1024.2a-i 743.7a-d 255.8a-c 301.9a-c 77.0a-f 37.4a-c

Pinova 1024.5a-i 761.1a-d 319.8a-e 379.8a-d 118.8a-j 37.6a-c

Priam 1305.4a-m 957.6a-d 334.4a-f 343.9a-d 194.7e-p 186.0b-i

Prima 1164.1a-l 1204.3a-f 444.6a-j 340.7a-d 232.4i-t 267.5h-j

Priscilla 1755.1lm 798.4a-d 656.8f-k 325.8a-c 295.1p-w 113.9a-h

Rajka 999.4a-h 710.9a-c 554.5c-k 391.9a-e 167.5e-o 169.0a-i

Redgold 1508.6e-m 1094.6a-d 603.2d-k 516.5a-f 317.8r-w 310.8ij

na 1151.8a-l 1314.7b-g 475.8a-k 606.9a-g 193.0e-p 197.5c-j

Rubin 1026.7a-i 476.2a 355.7a-g 257.3ab 226.2h-s 111.1a-h

Rubinette 1091.2a-k 984.9a-d 350.5a-g 562.6a-f 122.0a-j 56.1a-e

Ruby 1688.9k-m 929.7a-d 379.6a-g 225.3a 160.7c-n 22.5ab

Sÿ ampion 1001.6a-h 1149.6a-e 438.1a-j 404.9a-e 117.2a-j 114.8a-h

Sawa 1446.1c-m 1354.2b-g 552.0b-k 529.6a-f 286.9o-w 272.0h-j

Selena 1375.8a-m 1280.9b-g 594.3d-k 632.8a-g 212.2g-r 118.6a-h

S & #322;awa Pobieditieliam 1611.3g-m 950.9a-d 399.2a-h 362.2a-d 139.5b-l 90.5a-g

Spartan 1266.8a-m 1113.6a-d 506.4b-k 446.2a-f 236.0j-t 317.5ij

Spencer 1381.9a-m 731.9a-c 522.8b-k 444.7a-f 149.0b-m nda

Topaz 919.7a-e 1040.5a-d 301.0a-e 395.4a-e 108.9a-j 174.0b-i

U 1065 1030.0a-i 832.6a-d 291.5a-d 354.6a-d 205.6f-r 228.1f-j

U 1165 1020.7a-i 1384.5b-h 356.9a-g 396.7a-e 138.5b-l 272.6h-j

U 633 1087.9a-k 1076.8a-d 311.8a-e 471.9a-f 316.7r-w 216.4d-j

Undine 1645.7i-m 835.1a-d 724.8i-k 419.5a-f 133.4a-l 86.8a-g

Vanda 777.8a 1287.2b-g 387.8a-h 826.7e-g 126.6a-k 147.6a-h

Wealthy 1046.9a-j 1521.7d-h 374.6a-g 846.0fg 40.8a-d 141.0a-h

Witos 851.5a-c 782.5a-d 285.1a-d 305.8a-c 86.1a-g 86.6a-g

av 1284.1 1137.6 447.4 509.9 177.4 172.2

===================

a Means followed by the same letters do not differ significantly. Bold type

indicates the highest and lowest values

b Expressed as equivalent of gallic acid.

c Expressed as equivalent of quercetin.

d Expressed as equivalent of cyanidin-3,5-di-glucoside.

e Not detected.

Table 4. Antioxidative Enzyme Activity Depending on Cultivar and Harvest Year

==================

GR (nkat g -1 of fm) APX (nkat g -1 of fm) CAT (nkat g -1 of fm)

cultivar 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004

==================

Alwa 2.49a-k 2.67ab 67.1a-g 152.1f-k 5.46a-g 7.97b-m

Arlet 3.05a-n 8.42g-m 94.6a-g 148.4f-k 5.91a-h 8.81f-m

Auralia 4.04i-o 9.62j-n 133.3c-h 113.9b-k 5.22a-g 6.37a-i

Britemac 1.57a-e 4.48a-f 53.4a-e 124.8c-k 5.58a-g 5.76a-g

Cortland 2.79a-l 6.91c-m 105.9a-g 74.6a-g 4.63a-e 8.50e-m

’s Orange Pippin 3.26b-n 6.51c-k 82.5a-g 87.8a-i 6.75a-j 7.62a-l

Egeria 1.51a-e 5.96b-j 147.0f-h 137.5d-k 8.62ij 8.22d-m

Elstar 3.57e-n 3.76a-d 86.4a-g 122.6c-k 4.10ab 6.50a-j

Fiesta 2.19a-j 10.35k-n 44.5a-c 171.4i-k 4.96a-g 9.93k-m

Freedom 3.96i-o 7.30d-m 81.1a-g 87.6a-i 5.41a-g 7.60a-l

Fuji 2.35a-k 9.82k-n 128.0c-h 75.0a-g 7.65g-j 7.82a-l

Gala 4.22j-p 4.05a-e 84.3a-g 26.9a 4.30a-c 5.13a-d

Gloster 5.78p-t 9.01i-m 126.9c-h 75.9a-g 7.38e-j 7.64a-l

Golden Delicious 5.91p-t 10.28k-n 156.5gh 143.7e-k 5.91a-h 5.45a-e

Gorjaczkowski Seedling 2.80a-l 12.83no 100.9a-g 156.0f-k 5.79a-g 8.98f-m

Granny 1.71a-g 10.73mn 53.1a-e 150.0f-k 5.30a-g 8.34d-m

Haralson 2.88a-m 6.84c-l 90.0a-g 41.9ab 6.38a-j 9.06g-m

Honeygold 2.00a-i 7.18d-m 137.5d-h 125.8c-k 5.80a-g 5.66a-f

Jester 1.71a-g 4.45a-f 74.8a-g 116.3b-k 5.18a-g 7.79a-l

Jonamac 6.01r-t 7.88f-m 149.9f-h 158.1g-k 6.59a-j 9.12h-m

King of the Pippins 6.86s-u 8.08f-m 81.9a-g 65.2a-e 6.82b-j 8.96f-m

Liberty 3.84g-o 9.02i-m 102.5a-g 99.8a-j 4.82a-f 7.74a-l

Ligol 4.42k-r 8.77h-m 142.3e-h 149.9f-k 7.57f-j 11.05m

Ligolina 1.30a-d 7.93f-m 93.9a-g 108.4b-j 6.79a-j 8.04b-m

McIntosh 1.80a-h 3.42a-c 42.3a-c 104.8b-j 4.76a-e 6.16a-h

Melodie 3.37d-n 12.56no 107.6a-g 107.4b-j 5.43a-g 11.13m

Melrose 1.91a-i 10.33k-n 122.1b-h 158.3g-k 5.92a-h 8.75f-m

Monroe 1.64a-f 4.75a-g 31.4ab 169.1i-k 4.38a-d 6.16a-h

Mutsu 1.89a-i 10.53l-n 47.8a-d 58.3a-d 5.02a-g 5.20a-d

Nova Easygro 1.07a 5.23a-h 145.9e-h 79.5a-h 6.42a-j 6.86a-l

Odra 5.53o-s 5.11a-h 134.5c-h 54.7a-c 7.37e-j 7.86a-l

Pilot 2.94a-n 6.88c-m 144.8e-h 109.4b-j 5.33a-g 6.99a-l

Pinova 2.75a-l 7.00c-m 154.2f-h 162.2h-k 5.56a-g 7.80a-l

Priam 1.45a-e 5.33a-i 138.7d-h 141.0e-k 6.56a-j 8.35d-m

Prima 2.54a-k 3.61a-d 74.5a-g 113.6b-k 3.97a 4.9a-c

Priscilla 3.48d-n 8.30g-m 74.7a-g 136.9d-k 4.50a-d 6.62a-k

Rajka 6.19r-u 6.75c-l 32.2ab 116.5b-k 8.51h-j 6.75a-l

Redgold 4.94n-r 10.15k-n 88.9a-g 139.2d-k 6.39a-j 9.77j-m

na 3.76f-o 7.65e-m 119.4b-h 178.3jk 5.19a-g 9.08g-m

Rubin 6.14r-u 5.63a-i 120.1b-h 136.7d-k 5.96a-h 7.51a-l

Rubinette 7.77u 14.54o 85.3a-g 156.8g-k 7.04c-j 9.34h-m

Ruby 1.60a-f 7.04c-m 106.6a-g 158.3g-k 3.99a 6.33a-i

Sÿ ampion 7.34tu 9.88k-n 200.7h 143.3e-k 8.87j 10.01lm

Sawa 3.09a-n 2.23a 124.7c-h 71.9a-f 5.73a-g 4.85a-c

Selena 7.19s-u 6.04b-j 87.2a-g 154.2f-k 8.76ij 7.08a-l

S & #322;awa Pobieditieliam 1.15a-c 2.76ab 155.5gh 98.7a-j 5.34a-g 4.64a

Spartan 2.95a-n 3.73a-d 91.8a-g 103.9c-j 4.26a-c 5.34a-e

Spencer 2.85a-l 9.02i-m 53.7a-e 145.7e-k 6.76a-j 7.04a-l

Topaz 2.70a-k 10.16k-n 25.6a 105.2b-j 4.95a-g 8.79f-m

U1065 1.66a-f 7.06c-m 93.8a-g 109.5b-j 6.26a-i 9.68i-m

U1165 2.70a-k 9.97k-n 148.8f-h 77.4a-g 7.59f-j 4.81ab

U633 3.32c-n 9.63j-n 63.3a-g 192.6k 4.71a-e 10.00lm

Undine 4.81l-r 7.45e-m 61.2a-f 137.9d-k 7.18d-j 8.11c-m

Vanda 4.90m-r 9.65j-n 85.2a-g 80.2a-h 6.51a-j 9.39h-m

Wealthy 1.10ab 8.64h-m 128.6c-h 112.6b-k 6.27a-i 8.24d-m

Witos 3.92h-o 5.97b-j 130.9c-h 129.0c-k 7.61f-j 8.76f-m

av 3.40 7.50 100.0 118.9 6.00 7.69

========================

a Means followed by the same letters do not differ significantly. Bold type

indicates the highest and lowest values

The distinct differences between apple cultivars in phytochemical content were

found

in relation to smaller (4, 6, 14) and greater numbers of cultivars (7-9). Also,

this

study shows the significant differences between examined genotypes of apple in

antioxidant content. Mean contents of total ascorbate, glutathione, and

phenolics

represented 5.6-4.3-, 3.3-3.7-, and 2.4-4.9-fold variations, respectively, in

their

concentration depending on the year, whereas GR, APX, and CAT activities

exhibited

7.3-6.5-, 7.8-7.2-, and 2.2-2.4-fold variations, respectively. Davey and

Keulemans

(8) testing 31 cultivars of apple noted 3.6- and 4.6-fold variations for total

ascorbate and total glutathione, respectively. However, they analyzed a whole

apple

fruit. In the case of phenolics, 5.4-fold variation in total phenolics

concentration

was recorded (7). The years 2003 and 2004 considerably differed with regard to

mean

temperature and rainfall; therefore, it could also be noted which compounds and

cultivars exhibited the highest intensity of responses to changing weather

conditions. We tried to distinguish the cultivars with the lowest, highest, and

relatively stable concentrations or those in which antioxidant concentrations

greatly differed depending on the growing seasons. Irrespective of the year,

high

contents of ascorbate were obtained for Rajka, Topaz, Pilot, ampion, and

Melodie;

for glutathione, Gorjaczkowski Seedling, Granny , 's Orange Pippin,

Melodie,

and Pilot; and in the case of phenolics, Haralson, Liberty, King of the Pippins,

and

Granny . Simultaneously, among these cultivars the differences in the given

compound content in a successive year were rather small, especially for

glutathione

and, in general, they did not exceed 30%. It was noted that it is difficult to

find

cultivars " rich " or " poor " in all of the tested phytochemicals and additionally

in

both years. Pilot and Melodie had the highest ascorbate and glutathione contents

and

McIntosh the lowest, irrespective of growing season. Granny was in the

group

of the highest contents of glutathione and phenolics. Compared to phenolics,

there

were more cultivars described as " stable " in relation to the concentration of

ascorbate and glutathione despite tested year. It is interesting that, in the

case

of ascorbate, in this group there were rather cultivars with low or medium

levels of

this compound. As opposed to this, the " stable " cultivars with respect to

glutathione concentration were predominantly those with the content of over the

mean

value or rather high.

Al Pater, PhD; email: old542000@...

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