Brst Cancer: Supplements Or Whole Foods

[Guest guest]

Food, not supplements!

Jeff

American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access originally published online on

September 28, 2005

American Journal of Epidemiology 2005 162(10):943-952; doi:10.1093/aje/kwi306

Associations between Breast Cancer Risk and the Catalase Genotype, Fruit and

Vegetable Consumption, and Supplement Use

Jiyoung Ahn1,2, Marilie D. Gammon3, Regina M. Santella4, Mia M. Gaudet3,

A. Britton5, L. Teitelbaum5, Beth Terry6, Nowell1, Warren

7, Cutberto Garza2, Alfred I. Neugut6,8 and B. Ambrosone1

observed weak or null associations between fruit and vegetable intake and breast

cancer risk could be due to heterogeneity in endogenous antioxidant

capabilities. The authors evaluated potential relations between a functional

polymorphism in catalase, an antioxidant enzyme, and breast cancer risk,

particularly in relation to fruit and vegetable intake and supplement use. Women

(1,008 cases and 1,056 controls) in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project

(1996-1997) were interviewed, completed a food frequency questionnaire, and

provided blood for genotyping. The high-activity catalase CC genotype was

associated with an overall 17% reduction in risk of breast cancer compared with

having at least one variant T allele (odds ratio = 0.83, 95% confidence

interval: 0.69, 1.00). Vegetable and, particularly, fruit consumption

contributed to the decreased risk associated with the catalase CC genotype.

Associations were more pronounced among women who did not use vitamin

supplements, with a significant multiplicative interaction (pinteraction = 0.02)

for the CC genotype and high fruit intake (odds ratio = 0.59, 95% confidence

interval: 0.38, 0.89), and there was no association among supplement users.

These results indicate the importance of diet, rather than supplement use, in

concert with endogenous antioxidant capabilities, in the reduction of breast

cancer risk. CC genotypes were prevalent in approximately 64% of controls; thus,

the preventive potential for fruit consumption has widespread implications.

[Guest guest]

--- Jeff Novick <jnovick@...> wrote:

> Food, not supplements!

>

Hi All,

The pdf is available for the below.

Ahn J, Gammon MD, Santella RM, Gaudet MM, Britton JA, Teitelbaum SL, Terry MB,

Nowell S, W, Garza C, Neugut AI, Ambrosone CB.

Associations between Breast Cancer Risk and the Catalase Genotype, Fruit and

Vegetable Consumption, and Supplement Use.

Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Sep 28; [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 16192345

Observed weak or null associations between fruit and vegetable intake and breast

cancer risk could be due to heterogeneity in endogenous antioxidant

capabilities.

The authors evaluated potential relations between a functional polymorphism in

catalase, an antioxidant enzyme, and breast cancer risk, particularly in

relation to

fruit and vegetable intake and supplement use. Women (1,008 cases and 1,056

controls) in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (1996-1997) were

interviewed, completed a food frequency questionnaire, and provided blood for

genotyping. The high-activity catalase CC genotype was associated with an

overall

17% reduction in risk of breast cancer compared with having at least one variant

T

allele (odds ratio = 0.83, 95% confidence interval: 0.69, 1.00). Vegetable and,

particularly, fruit consumption contributed to the decreased risk associated

with

the catalase CC genotype. Associations were more pronounced among women who did

not

use vitamin supplements, with a significant multiplicative interaction

(pinteraction

= 0.02) for the CC genotype and high fruit intake (odds ratio = 0.59, 95%

confidence

interval: 0.38, 0.89), and there was no association among supplement users.

These

results indicate the importance of diet, rather than supplement use, in concert

with

endogenous antioxidant capabilities, in the reduction of breast cancer risk. CC

genotypes were prevalent in approximately 64% of controls; thus, the preventive

potential for fruit consumption has widespread implications.

TABLE 2. Risk associated with catalase polymorphisms by low and high intake of

fruits and vegetables and other antioxidants, Long Island Breast Cancer Study

Project, 1996–1997

==========================================

----TT and TC genotypes CC genotype----

----Cases (no.) Controls (no.) Odds ratio * 95% confidence interval----

==========================================

Fruits

10 servings/week 223 211 1.00 365 380 0.87 0.68, 1.11

>10 servings/week 171 166 0.90 0.67, 1.21 249 299 0.71 0.54, 0.92

Vegetables

16 servings/week 233 211 1.00 350 388 0.78 0.61, 0.99

>16 servings/week 157 162 0.88 0.65, 1.18 256 283 0.80 0.61, 1.04

Fruits and vegetables

33 servings/week 244 214 1.00 382 404 0.81 0.64, 1.03

>33 servings/week 150 163 0.80 0.59, 1.08 232 275 0.69 0.53, 0.90

Vitamin C

From food only

133.7 mg/day 236 227 1.00 403 411 0.91 0.72, 1.15

>133.7 mg/day 158 150 1.03 0.76, 1.40 211 268 0.74 0.57, 0.97

From food and supplement

210.1 mg/day 240 221 1.00 383 414 0.82 0.65, 1.04

>210.1 mg/day 154 156 0.93 0.69, 1.25 231 265 0.79 0.61, 1.03

Vitamin E

From food only

7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 251 244 1.00 381 394 0.93 0.73, 1.17

>7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 143 133 1.16 0.83, 1.62 233 285 0.81

0.61,

1.08

From food and supplement

25.45 -tocopherol equivalents/day 240 231 1.00 372 415 0.82 0.65, 1.04

>25.45 -tocopherol equivalents/day 154 146 1.00 0.75, 1.25 242 264 0.86

0.66, 1.11

ß-carotene

From food only

2,673 µg/day 250 216 1.00 384 408 0.77 0.61, 0.98

>2,673 µg/day 144 161 0.74 0.55, 1.00 230 271 0.69 0.53, 0.91

From food and supplement

3,152.48 µg/day 260 211 1.00 375 412 0.71 0.56, 0.89

>3,152.48 µg/day

==========================================

* Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals calculated by unconditional logistic

regression, adjusted for age, family history, body mass index, and total

calories.

Fruit and vegetable and other antioxidant consumption based on the lowest

three-fifth and the highest two-fifth values of the control group.

TABLE 3. Risk associated with catalase polymorphisms among vitamin supplement

users

and non-supplement users consuming diets low and high in fruits and vegetables

and

other antioxidants, Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project, 1996–1997

==========================================

----TT and TC genotypes CC genotype----

----Cases (no.) Controls (no.) Odds ratio * 95% confidence interval----

==========================================

Fruits

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 406/406)

10 servings/week 99 92 1.00 167 153 0.94 0.65, 1.37 0.02

>10 servings/week 61 49 1.06 0.66, 1.73 79 112 0.59 0.38, 0.89

Supplement user (cases/controls = 602/650)

10 servings/week 124 119 0.97 0.66, 1.44 198 227 0.80 0.56, 1.13 0.62

>10 servings/week 110 117 0.81 0.54, 1.21 170 187 0.76 0.53, 1.10

Vegetables

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 406/406)

16 servings/week 103 89 1.00 157 165 0.74 0.51, 1.07 0.69

>16 servings/week 57 52 0.84 0.52, 1.38 89 100 0.70 0.46, 1.06

Supplement user (case/controls = 602/650)

16 servings/week 134 126 0.85 0.58, 1.25 201 231 0.69 0.48, 0.98 0.58

>16 servings/week 100 110 0.78 0.52, 1.17 167 183 0.74 0.52, 1.07

Fruits and vegetables

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 406/406)

33 servings/week 109 94 1.00 177 172 0.81 0.57, 1.16 0.22

>33 servings/week 51 47 0.81 0.49, 1.34 69 93 0.55 0.35, 0.85

Supplement user (cases/controls = 602/650)

33 servings/week 135 120 0.90 0.62, 1.31 205 232 0.73 0.52, 1.02 0.85

>33 servings/week 99 116 0.72 0.48, 1.08 163 182 0.70 0.49, 1.01

Vitamin C

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 418/421)

133.7 mg/day 108 98 1.00 187 179 0.90 0.63, 1.27 0.03

>133.7 mg/day 55 46 1.12 0.68, 1.84 68 98 0.62 0.40, 0.95

Supplement user (cases/controls = 590/635)

133.7 mg/day 128 129 0.90 0.61, 1.33 216 232 0.83 0.59, 1.18 0.66

>133.7 mg/day 103 104 0.91 0.60, 1.38 143 170 0.75 0.51, 1.09

Vitamin E

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 419/420)

7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 108 98 1.00 167 156 0.92 0.65, 1.32

0.05

>7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 60 49 1.24 0.75, 2.05 84 117 0.66

0.43,

1.00

Supplement user (cases/controls = 589/636)

7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 143 146 0.84 0.58, 1.24 214 238 0.78

0.55,

1.12 0.56

>7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 83 84 0.93 0.59, 1.47 149 168 0.79

0.53,

1.17

ß-carotene

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 493/493)

2,673 µg/day 133 102 1.00 200 200 0.72 0.52, 1.00 0.87

>2,673 µg/day 65 65 0.78 0.50, 1.22 95 126 0.56 0.38, 0.82

Supplement user (cases/controls = 515/563)

2,673 µg/day 117 114 0.79 0.54, 1.16 184 208 0.66 0.47, 0.92 0.09

>2,673 µg/day

==========================================

* To test multiplicative interactions, a cross-product term of the ordinal score

for

each genotype and dietary antioxidant intake was included in multivariate

models.

The log-likelihood statistic for models that included a multiplicative

interaction

term was compared with the statistic for those that did not.

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals calculated by unconditional logistic

regression, adjusted for age, family history, body mass index, and total

calories.

Fruit and vegetable and other antioxidant consumption based on the lowest

three-fifth and the highest two-fifth values of the control group.

Supplement user: For fruit, vegetable, and fruit and vegetable groups, a

supplement

user was a woman taking any vitamin C, vitamin E, or ß-carotene supplement. For

vitamin C, vitamin E, and ß-carotene, a supplement user was a woman taking only

that

specific vitamin supplement. Thus, the numbers in the cells are not the same.

Al Pater, PhD; email: old542000@...

__________________________________

- PC Magazine Editors' Choice 2005

http://mail.

[Guest guest]

--- Jeff Novick <jnovick@...> wrote:

> Food, not supplements!

>

Hi All,

The pdf is available for the below.

Ahn J, Gammon MD, Santella RM, Gaudet MM, Britton JA, Teitelbaum SL, Terry MB,

Nowell S, W, Garza C, Neugut AI, Ambrosone CB.

Associations between Breast Cancer Risk and the Catalase Genotype, Fruit and

Vegetable Consumption, and Supplement Use.

Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Sep 28; [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 16192345

Observed weak or null associations between fruit and vegetable intake and breast

cancer risk could be due to heterogeneity in endogenous antioxidant

capabilities.

The authors evaluated potential relations between a functional polymorphism in

catalase, an antioxidant enzyme, and breast cancer risk, particularly in

relation to

fruit and vegetable intake and supplement use. Women (1,008 cases and 1,056

controls) in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (1996-1997) were

interviewed, completed a food frequency questionnaire, and provided blood for

genotyping. The high-activity catalase CC genotype was associated with an

overall

17% reduction in risk of breast cancer compared with having at least one variant

T

allele (odds ratio = 0.83, 95% confidence interval: 0.69, 1.00). Vegetable and,

particularly, fruit consumption contributed to the decreased risk associated

with

the catalase CC genotype. Associations were more pronounced among women who did

not

use vitamin supplements, with a significant multiplicative interaction

(pinteraction

= 0.02) for the CC genotype and high fruit intake (odds ratio = 0.59, 95%

confidence

interval: 0.38, 0.89), and there was no association among supplement users.

These

results indicate the importance of diet, rather than supplement use, in concert

with

endogenous antioxidant capabilities, in the reduction of breast cancer risk. CC

genotypes were prevalent in approximately 64% of controls; thus, the preventive

potential for fruit consumption has widespread implications.

TABLE 2. Risk associated with catalase polymorphisms by low and high intake of

fruits and vegetables and other antioxidants, Long Island Breast Cancer Study

Project, 1996–1997

==========================================

----TT and TC genotypes CC genotype----

----Cases (no.) Controls (no.) Odds ratio * 95% confidence interval----

==========================================

Fruits

10 servings/week 223 211 1.00 365 380 0.87 0.68, 1.11

>10 servings/week 171 166 0.90 0.67, 1.21 249 299 0.71 0.54, 0.92

Vegetables

16 servings/week 233 211 1.00 350 388 0.78 0.61, 0.99

>16 servings/week 157 162 0.88 0.65, 1.18 256 283 0.80 0.61, 1.04

Fruits and vegetables

33 servings/week 244 214 1.00 382 404 0.81 0.64, 1.03

>33 servings/week 150 163 0.80 0.59, 1.08 232 275 0.69 0.53, 0.90

Vitamin C

From food only

133.7 mg/day 236 227 1.00 403 411 0.91 0.72, 1.15

>133.7 mg/day 158 150 1.03 0.76, 1.40 211 268 0.74 0.57, 0.97

From food and supplement

210.1 mg/day 240 221 1.00 383 414 0.82 0.65, 1.04

>210.1 mg/day 154 156 0.93 0.69, 1.25 231 265 0.79 0.61, 1.03

Vitamin E

From food only

7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 251 244 1.00 381 394 0.93 0.73, 1.17

>7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 143 133 1.16 0.83, 1.62 233 285 0.81

0.61,

1.08

From food and supplement

25.45 -tocopherol equivalents/day 240 231 1.00 372 415 0.82 0.65, 1.04

>25.45 -tocopherol equivalents/day 154 146 1.00 0.75, 1.25 242 264 0.86

0.66, 1.11

ß-carotene

From food only

2,673 µg/day 250 216 1.00 384 408 0.77 0.61, 0.98

>2,673 µg/day 144 161 0.74 0.55, 1.00 230 271 0.69 0.53, 0.91

From food and supplement

3,152.48 µg/day 260 211 1.00 375 412 0.71 0.56, 0.89

>3,152.48 µg/day

==========================================

* Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals calculated by unconditional logistic

regression, adjusted for age, family history, body mass index, and total

calories.

Fruit and vegetable and other antioxidant consumption based on the lowest

three-fifth and the highest two-fifth values of the control group.

TABLE 3. Risk associated with catalase polymorphisms among vitamin supplement

users

and non-supplement users consuming diets low and high in fruits and vegetables

and

other antioxidants, Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project, 1996–1997

==========================================

----TT and TC genotypes CC genotype----

----Cases (no.) Controls (no.) Odds ratio * 95% confidence interval----

==========================================

Fruits

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 406/406)

10 servings/week 99 92 1.00 167 153 0.94 0.65, 1.37 0.02

>10 servings/week 61 49 1.06 0.66, 1.73 79 112 0.59 0.38, 0.89

Supplement user (cases/controls = 602/650)

10 servings/week 124 119 0.97 0.66, 1.44 198 227 0.80 0.56, 1.13 0.62

>10 servings/week 110 117 0.81 0.54, 1.21 170 187 0.76 0.53, 1.10

Vegetables

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 406/406)

16 servings/week 103 89 1.00 157 165 0.74 0.51, 1.07 0.69

>16 servings/week 57 52 0.84 0.52, 1.38 89 100 0.70 0.46, 1.06

Supplement user (case/controls = 602/650)

16 servings/week 134 126 0.85 0.58, 1.25 201 231 0.69 0.48, 0.98 0.58

>16 servings/week 100 110 0.78 0.52, 1.17 167 183 0.74 0.52, 1.07

Fruits and vegetables

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 406/406)

33 servings/week 109 94 1.00 177 172 0.81 0.57, 1.16 0.22

>33 servings/week 51 47 0.81 0.49, 1.34 69 93 0.55 0.35, 0.85

Supplement user (cases/controls = 602/650)

33 servings/week 135 120 0.90 0.62, 1.31 205 232 0.73 0.52, 1.02 0.85

>33 servings/week 99 116 0.72 0.48, 1.08 163 182 0.70 0.49, 1.01

Vitamin C

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 418/421)

133.7 mg/day 108 98 1.00 187 179 0.90 0.63, 1.27 0.03

>133.7 mg/day 55 46 1.12 0.68, 1.84 68 98 0.62 0.40, 0.95

Supplement user (cases/controls = 590/635)

133.7 mg/day 128 129 0.90 0.61, 1.33 216 232 0.83 0.59, 1.18 0.66

>133.7 mg/day 103 104 0.91 0.60, 1.38 143 170 0.75 0.51, 1.09

Vitamin E

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 419/420)

7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 108 98 1.00 167 156 0.92 0.65, 1.32

0.05

>7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 60 49 1.24 0.75, 2.05 84 117 0.66

0.43,

1.00

Supplement user (cases/controls = 589/636)

7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 143 146 0.84 0.58, 1.24 214 238 0.78

0.55,

1.12 0.56

>7.87 -tocopherol equivalents/day 83 84 0.93 0.59, 1.47 149 168 0.79

0.53,

1.17

ß-carotene

Non-supplement user (cases/controls = 493/493)

2,673 µg/day 133 102 1.00 200 200 0.72 0.52, 1.00 0.87

>2,673 µg/day 65 65 0.78 0.50, 1.22 95 126 0.56 0.38, 0.82

Supplement user (cases/controls = 515/563)

2,673 µg/day 117 114 0.79 0.54, 1.16 184 208 0.66 0.47, 0.92 0.09

>2,673 µg/day

==========================================

* To test multiplicative interactions, a cross-product term of the ordinal score

for

each genotype and dietary antioxidant intake was included in multivariate

models.

The log-likelihood statistic for models that included a multiplicative

interaction

term was compared with the statistic for those that did not.

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals calculated by unconditional logistic

regression, adjusted for age, family history, body mass index, and total

calories.

Fruit and vegetable and other antioxidant consumption based on the lowest

three-fifth and the highest two-fifth values of the control group.

Supplement user: For fruit, vegetable, and fruit and vegetable groups, a

supplement

user was a woman taking any vitamin C, vitamin E, or ß-carotene supplement. For

vitamin C, vitamin E, and ß-carotene, a supplement user was a woman taking only

that

specific vitamin supplement. Thus, the numbers in the cells are not the same.

Al Pater, PhD; email: old542000@...

__________________________________

- PC Magazine Editors' Choice 2005

http://mail.