omega 3's- research pubMed- neural rebuilding

[Guest guest]

I have been doing some homework on this topic by request; especially pay

attention to the

last few sentences of the abstracts for a summary. The abstract itself is a

summary of the

research, and the last sentence or two is supposed to recap the main point. I am

posting

several on this. I found many areas of the brain and body that are benefitted by

fatty acid

supplementation, according to the research. There were many on cardio health,

for

example, and peripheral neuroapathy, esp in diabetics. Also some on the benefits

for

reducing the damage to the brain by alcohol. Hope you all enjoy the reading. ;-)

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: J Mol Neurosci. 2001 Apr-Jun;16(2-3):263-72; discussion 279-84.

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Plasmalogens, phospholipase A2, and docosahexaenoic acid turnover in brain

tissue.

Farooqu AA, Horrocks LA.

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry The Ohio State University,

Columbus

43210, USA.

Plasmalogens are glycerophospholipids of neural membranes containing vinyl ether

bonds. Their synthetic pathway is located in peroxisomes and endoplasmic

reticulum. The

rate-limiting enzymes are in the peroxisomes and are induced by docosahexaenoic

acid

(DHA). Plasmalogens often contain arachidonic acid (AA) or DHA at the sn-2

position of

the glycerol moiety. The receptor-mediated hydrolysis of plasmalogens by

cytosolic

plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 generates AA or DHA and lysoplasmalogens.

AA

is metabolized to eicosanoids. The mechanism of signaling with DHA is not known.

The

plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 differs from other intracellular

phospholipases

A2 in molecular mass, kinetic properties, substrate specificity, and response to

glycosaminoglycans, gangliosides, and sialoglycoproteins. A major portion of

[3H]DHA

incorporated into neural membranes is found at the sn-2 position of ethanolamine

glycerophospholipids. Studies with a mutant cell line defective in plasmalogen

biosynthesis indicate that the incorporation of DHA is reduced in this RAW 264.7

cell line

by 50%. In contrast, the incorporation of AA remains unaffected. This is

reversed

completely when the growth medium is supplemented with sn-1-hexadecylglycerol,

suggesting that DHA can be selectively targeted for incorporation into

plasmalogens. We

suggest that deficiencies of DHA and plasmalogens in peroxisomal disorders,

Alzheimer's

disease (AD), depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD)

may be

responsible for abnormal signal transduction associated with learning

disability, cognitive

deficit, and visual dysfunction. These abnormalities in the signal-transduction

process can

be partially corrected by supplementation with a diet enriched with DHA.

Publication Types:

• Review

• Review, Tutorial

PMID: 11478381 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

***************

1: J Neurochem. 2004 Oct;91(1):20-9.

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Neuroprotective actions of eicosapentaenoic acid on lipopolysaccharide-induced

dysfunction in rat hippocampus.

Lonergan PE, DS, Horrobin DF, Lynch MA.

Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Trinity

College,

Dublin, Ireland.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) protects hippocampus from age-related and

irradiation-

induced changes that lead to impairment in synaptic function; the evidence

suggests that

this is due to its anti-inflammatory effects, specifically preventing changes

induced by the

proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). In this study, we have

investigated

the possibility that EPA may prevent the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

administration,

which have been shown to lead to deterioration of synaptic function in rat

hippocampus.

The data indicate that treatment of hippocampal neurones with EPA abrogated the

LPS-

induced increases in phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase,

c-Jun N-

terminal kinase (JNK), the transcription factor, c-Jun and the mitochondrial

protein, Bcl-2.

In parallel, we report that intraperitoneal administration of LPS to adult rats

increases

phosphorylation of JNK, c-Jun and Bcl-2 in hippocampal tissue and that these

changes are

coupled with increased IL-1beta concentration. Treatment of rats with EPA

abrogates these

effects and also blocks the LPS-induced impairment in long-term potentiation in

perforant

path-granule cell synapses that accompanies these changes. We propose that the

neuroprotective effect of EPA may be dependent on its ability to inhibit the

downstream

consequences of JNK activation.

PMID: 15379883 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

***************

1: J Nutr. 1998 Feb;128(2 Suppl):427S-433S.

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Comment in:

• J Nutr. 1999 Feb;129(2):446.

? 

The slow discovery of the importance of omega 3 essential fatty acids in human

health.

Holman RT.

Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin 55912, USA.

Although linoleic and linolenic acids have been known to be necessary for normal

growth

and dermal function since 1930, the omega 3 essential fatty acids (EFA) have not

received

much attention until recently. The two families of acids are metabolized by the

same

enzymes, making them competitive. Gross deficiencies of omega 6 plus omega 3 EFA

have

been observed in humans, induced by attempts at total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

with

preparations devoid of lipids. Deficiency of omega 3 acids has been induced by

TPN

containing high omega 6 and low omega 3 fatty acids. In natural human

populations, a

wide range of omega 3 and omega 6 proportions have been found, ranging from high

omega 3 and low omega 6 content to low omega 3 and high omega 6 content, showing

inverse correlation between sigma omega 6 and sigma omega 3. In humans with

neuropathy or impairment of the immune system, significant deficits of omega 3

EFA have

been measured.

Publication Types:

• Review

• Review, Tutorial

PMID: 9478042 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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??????1: Eur J Clin Invest. 2005 Nov;35(11):691-9.

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Cognitive and physiological effects of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid

supplementation in healthy subjects.

Fontani G, Corradeschi F, Felici A, Alfatti F, Migliorini S, Lodi L.

University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

Background It has been reported that Omega-3 fatty acids may play a role in

nervous

system activity and that they improve cognitive development and reference

memory-

related learning, increase neuroplasticity of nerve membranes, contribute to

synaptogenesis and are involved in synaptic transmission. The aim of this study

was to

examine the effects of Omega-3 supplementation on some cognitive and

physiological

parameters in healthy subjects. Materials and methods Subjects were tested at

the

beginning of the experiment and after 35 days. In this period they were

supplemented

with Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. A group was supplemented with olive

oil

(placebo). Tests involving different types of attention were used, i.e. Alert,

Go/No-Go,

Choice and Sustained Attention. For each test, the reaction time, the

event-related

potentials by electroencephalogram (EEG) and the electromyography (EMG) of the

forefinger flexor muscle were recorded. The Profile of Mood States test (POMS)

was also

administered. Results Blood analyses showed that after Omega-3 supplementation

the

arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio (AA/EPA) was strongly reduced. The

mood

profile was improved after Omega-3 with increased vigour and reduced anger,

anxiety and

depression states. This was associated with an effect on reactivity with a

reduction of

reaction time in the Go/No-Go and Sustained Attention tests. The latency of EMG

activation was concomitantly reduced in the same tests plus Choice. An EEG

frequency

shift towards the theta and alpha band were recorded in all the tests after

Omega-3.

Conclusions Omega-3 supplementation is associated with an improvement of

attentional

and physiological functions, particularly those involving complex cortical

processing.

These findings are discussed in terms of the influence of Omega-3 on the central

nervous

system. Eur J Clin Invest 2005; 35 (11): 691-699.

PMID: 16269019 [PubMed - in process]

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