Re: re: Too Much Ozone? / lung tissue

[Guest guest]

Some good information on research on ozone and lung tissue. Sone of the data -

animal studies - suggests that when you start with low dosage and go up later,

the lungs can better handle the higher ozone concentration. Much research still

has to be done on the effects of ozone on lung tissue.

From one of the website of Ozone Services:

http://www.o3zone.com/Cuba/cart001.htm

Regards

Doedens

Oxygen Nutrient Nederland

----------------

Ozone in Cuba

OZONE Vs OZONE THERAPY: THE PARADOX

José Turrent Figueras MD.

A. Ramírez de Arellano Llovet MD.

Ozone Research Center

PO Box 6880, Havana City, Cuba

OZONE

Ozone is recognized as a very powerful oxidizing agent (1,2) capable of

polluting the environment and producing adverse effects

when inhaled by humans (3). It has been established that short periods of ozone

exposure through the airways, produces reactions

that include: reduction in ventilatory function; increased permeability and

reactivity of the respiratory tree; an increase of the

endogenous mediators and inflammatory cells, and a decrease of neumocytes Type

1, in the alveoli (4,5,6). Bronchoalveolar lavage

fluids from humans exposed to ozone exhibit increased neutrophil infiltration

and increased content of inflammatory mediators and

cytokines (1). Some investigators correlate the neutrophil infiltration with

high levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) that are found in these

fluids (3). Also, it has been reported that the damage that ozone causes, when

inhaled, is directly related to the release of

Araquidonic acid of the cellular membrane of the lungs, producing an increase in

Leukotrienes levels, the first responsible for the

chemotaxis process. As a result, neutrophils are attracted toward the pulmonary

tissue causing local damage (6).

In animals that inhaled ozone for hours or days, alterations in the biochemistry

and the pulmonary morphology were observed, as

was a potential for bacterial respiratory infection. The morphological changes

were seen in the terminal bronchus and in the alveoli,

accompanied by damage to the ciliated cells and the alveolar epithelium Type I.

These structures are replaced, later, by a

proliferation of Clara-cells and epithelial cells Type II, respectively (2). It

has been reported that the presence of tumoral nodes

(adenomes) on the pleural surface in animals exposed to ozone through the

airways, showed a significant statistical difference from

the control group (not exposed to ozone). Other cellular alterations include

hyperplasia and metaplasia, especially those which can

be considered as inflammatory reactions (2). In this sense it is reported that

animals, exposed to ozone by inhalation, show a dose

dependent effect, generating inflammation in the centriacinar region of the lung

with ulterior fibrosis at that level (7). It is also reported

that ozone exposition promotes or causes DNA damage (8).

While considering all these aspects, much is still unknown about ozone and its

harmful effects. Research has produced differential

and sometimes paradoxical results. For example, it has been seen that ozone

inhalation did not produce carcinogenic effects nor

did it increase the incidence of pulmonary neoplasia in rats of both sexes (7).

Schulz et al. report anticarcinogenic effects in NMRI

mice treated with urethane and ozone (9).

A phenomenon has also been reported of tolerance to ozone in experimental

animals that have inhaled a low dose, during long

periods of time. This effect has been related to an increase in the antioxidant

enzyme level, namely glutathione S-transferase,

glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (10,11). Other studies

have found a decrease in the damage done to the

pulmonary tract in rats which were exposed previously to low doses of the gas

for seven days followed by high ozone

concentrations. This suggests that initially low doses may reduce the

permeability of the lower airways and causes them to face out

thus providing protection later when greater ozone concentrations are

administered (12).

These discrepancies in ozone research data, the well-know adverse effects when

ozone is inhaled, as well as the paradoxical effects

found after the utilization of the gas, give us some reasons for reflection.

From the epidemiological point of view, it is seen that only some projects have

been used to study the effects of ozone exposure by

airways and that more studies are needed to evaluate and distinguish between

acute and passing effects of ozone. Also, further

research is needed to determine the extended effects of this gas on premature

pulmonary aging, and on the symptomatology and

the mortality of human beings. Future studies should investigate a wider range

of variables in the effort to obtain a more

comprehensive interpretation of the phenomenon described above (13).

OZONE THERAPY

Ozone employed for medical purposes is a gas constituted by an ozone/oxygen

mixture it is obtained by means of an electrical

discharge through pure oxygen, achieving concentrations between 0,05 and 5 in

percent of volumes. Chemically it is a triatomic

molecule and an allotropic form of oxygen (14).

After the discovery of ozone, by Christian Friedrich Sch & oumlnbein in 1840, many

decades passed without any interest in its uses

in medicine. It was not until the beginning of World War I when Albert Wolf used

the gas for the first time for therapeutic purposes, in

particular for the healing of infected wounds. Wolf also employed ozone, using

its deodorant property, in patients with rectal and

gynecological cancer (15).

Thereafter, the lack of plastic materials for the application of the gas, the

discovery of new antibiotic drugs (namely sulphonamides

and penicillins), and a certain skepticism that always has been associated with

the applications of ozone in the field of medicine

have impeded development of medical applications (16).

Dr. Joachim Hänsler from Germany, in the late 1950s, invented and designed the

first therapeutic ozonizer with the use of plastic

materials. This opened new perspectives for the application and extension of

ozone therapy (16). Unfortunately, the scarce studies of

the biological bases of ozone therapy and the clinical experience, although

vast, have been limited to private practice and have

produced in mainly anecdotal material which was not published in peer-reviewed

journals. Moreover the general knowledge that

ozone is a serious pollutant that can generate oxidizing compounds has

comprehensibly prejudiced the public against its use (17).

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS AND THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF OZONE

As ozone is an extremely reactive and unstable gas, it has been postulated that

the mechanisms through which it acts are directly

related to the products that it generates (18) through selective interaction

with organic compounds that are present in the plasma

and in the cellular membranes. For this selectivity, the reaction of ozone with

lipids occurs in the carbon-carbon double bond which

is present in polyunsaturated fatty acids, thereby generating organic peroxides

and ozonides (19). All these products, in a controlled

and appropriate quantity, can exert different biological actions, namely those

which confer on ozone a series of therapeutic

properties (20-26). These are shown in Fig.1.

Figure 1. Biological actions of ozone

These biological effects produce beneficial results when ozone is applied

therapeutically in appropriate doses without producing any

adverse reactions (27), especially genotoxic damage (28). The wide range of

effects thus generated make possible its application in

a diversity of medical specialties, and within these, different pathological

processes.

References

1. DT. Ozone stimulates release of platelet activating factor and

activates phospholipases in guinea pig tracheal epithelial

cells in primary culture. Toxicology and applied Pharmacology 1994;127:

27-36.

2.Victorin K. Review of genotoxicity of ozone. Mutation Research 1992; 277:

221-238.

3.McBride DE, Koenig JQ, Luchtel DL, PV, WR. Inflammatory

effects of ozone in the upper airways of

subjects with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:1192-1197.

4.Morton L. Use of human lung tissue for studies of structural changes

associated with chronic ozone exposure: Opportunities

and critical issues. Environ Health Persp Supp 1993; (102)Supp.4: 208-213.

5.Madden MC, Eling TE, Dailey LA, Friedman M. The effect of ozone exposure on

rat alveolar macrophage arachidonic acid

metabolism. Exp Lung Res 1991;17:47-63.

6.Doelman CJ. Reactive oxygen species and airway. Amsterdam: Febodruk Ed.

1991:7.

7.Boorman GA. Ozone and ozone-4

(N-nitrosomethylamino-1-3(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in Fisher-344/N rats. Tox and

Pathol

1994;(22)5: 545-553.

8.Cajigas A, G, Beam C, Steinberg JJ. Ozonation of DNA forms

adducts: A 32P-DNA labeling and Thin-Layer

Chromatography technique to measure DNA environmental biomarkers. Arch of

Environ Health 1994; (49)1: 25-36.

9.Schulz S. Anticarcinogenic effect of inhaled ozone/oxygen in

urethan-treated NMRI-mice. Proceedings Ninth Ozone World

Congress, New York 1989: 69-76.

10.Plopper CG, Duan X, Buckpitt AR, Pinkerton KE. Dose-dependent tolerance to

ozone. IV. Site-specific elevation in

antioxidant enzymes in the lung of rats exposed for 90 days or 20 months.

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994;127: 124-131.

11.Duan X, Buckpitt AR, Plopper CG. Variation in antioxidant enzyme activities

in anatomic subcompartments within rat and

rhesus monkey lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1993;123: 73-82.

12.van der Wal WA, van Bree L, Marra L, Rombout PJ. Attenuation of acute lung

injury by ozone inhalation. The effect of low

level pre-exposure. Toxicol Lett 1994; (72)1-3: 291-298.

13.Muñoz A. Design and analysis of studies of the health effects of ozone.

Environ Health Persp Supp 1993; (101)Supp.4:

231-235.

14.Rilling SH. The basic clinic applications of ozone therapy. OzoNachrichten

1985; Heft 1/2: 7-17.

15.Viebahn R. The use of ozone in Medicine. 2nd. Rev. Germany: Haugh Pub Ed.,

1994: 7, 22, 100.

16.Rilling SH. 30 years of ozone-oxygen therapy: A historical perspective.

Proceedings Eleventh Ozone World Congress. Ozone

in Medicine. San Francisco 1993: M-1-3 to M-1-6.

17.Bocci V. Ozone therapy today. Proceedings 12th World Congress of the

International Ozone Association. Ozone in

Medicine. Lille, France 1995: 13-27.

18.son EW, Yu XY, SpannhakeWE. Comparison of the toxic effects of

hydrogen peroxide and ozone on cultured human

bronchial epithelial cells. Env Health Persp 1994; (102)11: 972-974.

19.Pryor WA, Uppu RM. A kinetic model for the competitive reactions of ozone

with amino acid residues in proteins in reverse

micelles. The J of Biolog Chem 1993; (268) 5: 3120-3126.

20.Viebahn, R.: The biochemical process underlying ozone therapy.

OzoNachrichten 1985; Heft 1/2: 18-22.

21.Bocci V. Ozonization of blood for the therapy of viral diseases and

immunodeficiencies. A hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses

1992;39: 30-34.

22.Bocci V. Autohemotherapy after treatment of blood with ozone. A

reappraisal. The J of Intern Med Res 1994; 22:131-144.

23.Bocci V. A reasonable approach for the treatment of HIV infection in the

early phase with ozonetherapy (autohemotherapy).

How " inflammatory " cytokines may have a therapeutic role. Mediators of

inflammation 1994;3: 315-321.

24.Carpendale MT, Griffiss J. Is there a role for medical ozone in the

treatment of HIV and associated infections? Proceedings

Ozone in Medicine. Eleventh Ozone World Congress. San Francisco 1993:

m-1-32 to m-1-45.

25.Menéndez S, Iglesias O, Bidot C, Puga A, Carballo A. Application of ozone

therapy in children with humoral immunity

deficiency. Proccedings 12th World Congress of the International Ozone

Association. Ozone in Medicine. Lille, France1995:

271-274.

26.Basabe E, Menéndez S, Segarra F, Ponce de León M. Ozone therapy like a

favoring element in the rehabilitation of children

with hearing loss. Proccedings 12th World Congress of the International

Ozone Association. Ozone in Medicine. Lille,

France, 1995: 275-278.

27.s MT. Zwischenfalle und typische komplikationen in der

Ozon-saverstoff-therapie. Atti Congresso sull'ozono.

Baden-Baden 1981; (11)20: 5-6.

28.Díaz S, Menéndez S, Eng L, Fernández I. No increase in sister chromatid

exchanges and micronuclei frequencies in human

lymphocytes exposed to ozone in vitro. Proceedings 12th World Congress of

the International Ozone Association. Ozone in

Medicine. Lille, France 1995: 43-51.

from the website of Ozone Services

see: http://www.o3zone.com/Cuba/cart001.htm

--------------------

Duncan Crow wrote:

> <<Nationwide, air quality is getting worse, says the American Lung Assoc.

> This Tuesday, it releases the " State of the Air 2001, " which will show that

> 141 million Americans - 9 million more than last year - live in areas that

> received an " F " for air quality due to too much ozone. >>

>

> It's too bad they're spreading such disinformation.

>

> Ozone content is a handy way of measuring associated AIR POLLUTION, which is

> not what they're saying. Ozone is nothing more than nature's way of dealing

> with the pollution. At those levels it's not even harmful, and the only harm

> ozone can do is noticeable almost right away due to its somewhat corrosive

> nature. You cough.

>

> Even at that you can't really call it harmful - in fact, hospitals in Cuba,

> where they have a world-class health care system, have an ozone generator in

> every emergency ward. They use little shots of it with the oxygen to

> increase response to the oxygen.

>

> Don't try that at home because again, it's corrosive, but not dangerous at

> all at low levels.

>

> ciao

>

> Duncan Crow

>

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