Relative death risks

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The below (1) paper is pdf-availed, and it seemed relevant to compare the risks of death from various causes, and to compare them with those from some NSAIDS (2). It seemed to me that a risk from taking hypertension medication, and to compare cholesterol intake, glycemic index and smoking, say, informed.

1. Risk Factors for Mortality in the Nurses' Health Study: A Competing Risks Analysis.Baer HJ, Glynn RJ, Hu FB, Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Stampfer M, Rosner B.Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Dec 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21135028

Table 2. Associations of Risk Factors With All-Cause Mortality From a Proportional Hazards Model Among 50,112 Participants in the Nurses' Health Study, 1986-2004^a------------------------------------------------------------- HR^b 95% CI-------------------------------------------------------------Age (per 19 years)^c 5.78 5.06, 6.61Body mass index at age 18 years (per 7 kg/m2)^d 1.23 1.15, 1.31Weight change since age 18 years (per 23 kg)^d 1.07 1.00, 1.15Height (per 6 inches)^e 1.16 1.08, 1.24Smoking status^c Never 1.0 Referent Past 0.96 0.89, 1.04 Current 1.48 1.33, 1.64Smoking amount/duration (per 46 pack-years)^c 2.08 1.92, 2.25Physical activity (per 33 MET-hours/week)^c 0.87 0.81, 0.93Alcohol intake, g/day^c None 1.0 Referent 0.1-9.9 0.90 0.84,

0.96 10-29.9 0.91 0.83, 1.00 =/>30 1.03 0.90, 1.17Nut consumption, servings/week^c None 1.0 Referent </=1 0.92 0.87, 0.98 =/>2 0.86 0.77, 0.95Polyunsaturated fat (per 3% energy)^f 0.85 0.79, 0.91Glycemic load (per 41 units)^f 1.22 1.12, 1.34Dietary cholesterol (per 105 mg/1,000 kcal)^f 1.17 1.08, 1.26Cereal fiber (per 4 g, energy adjusted)f 0.84 0.78, 0.91Systolic blood pressure, mm Hgc <120 1.0 Referent 120-139 1.02 0.95, 1.09 140-149 1.22 1.12, 1.33 150-159 1.38 1.21, 1.58 =/>160 1.49 1.25, 1.77Use of blood pressure medications^g 1.19 1.10, 1.28Personal history of diabetes^h 2.45 2.18, 2.76Parental MI before age 60 years^h 1.14 1.06, 1.22Time since menopause (per 13 years)^c 1.15

1.05, 1.25------------------------------------------------------------- Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MET, metabolic equivalent; MI, myocardial infarction. a Units for continuous variables correspond to the difference between the 90th and 10th percentile values. b Adjusted for all other risk factors in table. c From 1986 questionnaire. d From 1980 questionnaire. e From 1976 questionnaire; 1 inch = 2.54 cm. f Average of values from 1980, 1984, and 1986 questionnaires. g From 1988 questionnaire. h From 1986 or previous questionnaires.

Table 3. Associations of Risk Factors With Cause-specific Mortality From a Competing Risks Model Among 50,112 Participants in the Nurses' Health Study, 1986-2004, Assuming Different Associations of All Risk Factors With Each Specific Cause^a------------------------------------------------------------- Cardiovascular Disease (1,026 deaths) Smoking-related Cancers (931 deaths) Other Cancers (1,430 deaths) Other Causes (1,506 deaths) P^heterogeneity HR^b 95% CI HR^b 95% CI HR^b 95% CI HR^b 95% CI-------------------------------------------------------------Age (per 19 years)^c 6.98 5.18, 9.39 5.17 3.80, 7.05 4.40 3.45, 5.61 8.03 6.27, 10.27 0.004Body mass index at age 18 years (per 7 kg/m2)^d 1.61 1.40, 1.84 1.22 1.04, 1.43 1.13 0.99, 1.29 1.06 0.93, 1.20 <0.0001Weight change since age 18 years (per 23 kg)d 1.25

1.09, 1.43 0.94 0.80, 1.11 1.31 1.16, 1.48 0.85 0.75, 0.96 <0.0001Height (per 6 inches)^e 1.17 1.01, 1.37 1.14 0.97, 1.34 1.17 1.03, 1.34 1.14 1.00, 1.30 0.99Smoking status^c Never 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent <0.0001 Past 0.96 0.80, 1.15 1.03 0.83, 1.27 0.96 0.83, 1.10 1.05 0.90, 1.21 Current 2.02 1.61, 2.54 1.88 1.48, 2.39 1.07 0.88, 1.31 1.57 1.30, 1.89Smoking amount/duration (per 46 pack-years)c 1.56 1.30, 1.87 3.54 3.02, 4.16 1.61 1.36, 1.91 2.01 1.74, 2.33 <0.0001Physical activity (per 33 MET-hours/week)^c 0.88 0.75, 1.03 0.97 0.83, 1.14 0.91 0.81, 1.04 0.76 0.66, 0.86 0.07Alcohol intake, g/day^c None 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent 0.003 0.1-9.9 0.72 0.62, 0.84 1.03 0.88, 1.21 1.03 0.91, 1.17 0.83 0.74, 0.94 10-29.9 0.73 0.59, 0.90 0.97 0.79,

1.19 1.12 0.95, 1.33 0.85 0.72, 1.00 =/>30 1.01 0.77, 1.33 1.08 0.81, 1.43 1.02 0.78, 1.32 1.01 0.80, 1.28Nut consumption, servings/week^c None 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent 0.73 </=1 0.91 0.80, 1.03 0.93 0.81, 1.06 0.91 0.81, 1.02 0.95 0.85, 1.06 =/>2 0.82 0.65, 1.04 0.74 0.58, 0.95 0.95 0.79, 1.14 0.87 0.72, 1.05Polyunsaturated fat (per 3% energy)^f 0.79 0.67, 0.93 0.98 0.83, 1.16 0.86 0.75, 0.99 0.79 0.69, 0.91 0.20Glycemic load (per 41 units)^f 1.19 0.98, 1.45 1.18 0.96, 1.45 1.14 0.97, 1.36 1.35 1.15, 1.58 0.55Dietary cholesterol (per 105 mg/1,000 kcal)^f 1.07 0.91, 1.26 1.12 0.94, 1.32 1.25 1.09, 1.43 1.20 1.05, 1.37 0.48Cereal fiber (per 4 g, energy adjusted)^f 0.82 0.69, 0.97 0.86 0.72, 1.03 0.82 0.71, 0.95 0.85 0.74, 0.98 0.96Systolic blood pressure, mm

Hg^c 0.003 <120 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent 1.0 Referent 120-139 1.25 1.06, 1.48 0.87 0.75, 1.02 1.02 0.90, 1.15 1.03 0.91, 1.17 140-149 1.72 1.42, 2.09 0.99 0.81, 1.22 1.10 0.93, 1.30 1.25 1.07, 1.47 150-159 1.80 1.36, 2.38 1.34 0.98, 1.84 1.20 0.91, 1.58 1.42 1.11, 1.81 =/>160 2.58 1.91, 3.49 1.25 0.81, 1.92 1.04 0.70, 1.56 1.31 0.95, 1.81Use of blood pressure medications^g 1.56 1.35, 1.81 0.96 0.80, 1.17 1.01 0.87, 1.17 1.23 1.07, 1.40 <0.0001Personal history of diabetes^h 3.34 2.72, 4.10 1.18 0.80, 1.75 1.27 0.95, 1.70 3.58 2.97, 4.33 <0.0001Parental MI before age 60 years^h 1.20 1.03, 1.39 1.10 0.93, 1.29 1.04 0.91, 1.20 1.21 1.07, 1.37 0.37Time since menopause (per 13 years)^c 1.32 1.11, 1.58 1.21 1.00, 1.47 0.90 0.76, 1.07 1.21 1.04, 1.41

0.01------------------------------------------------------------- Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MET, metabolic equivalent; MI, myocardial infarction. a Units for continuous variables correspond to the difference between the 90th and 10th percentile values. b Adjusted for all other risk factors in table. c From 1986 questionnaire. d From 1980 questionnaire. e From 1976 questionnaire; 1 inch = 2.54 cm. f Average of values from 1980, 1984, and 1986 questionnaires. g From 1988 questionnaire. h From 1986 or previous questionnaires.

2. Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ2010;341:c7086.http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7086.fullhttp://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7086.full.pdf

Compared with placebo, rofecoxib was associated with the highest risk of myocardial infarction (rate ratio 2.12, 95% credibility interval 1.26 to 3.56), followed by lumiracoxib (2.00, 0.71 to 6.21). Ibuprofen was associated with the highest risk of stroke (3.36, 1.00 to 11.6), followed by diclofenac (2.86, 1.09 to 8.36). Etoricoxib (4.07, 1.23 to 15.7) and diclofenac (3.98, 1.48 to 12.7) were associated with the highest risk of cardiovascular death.

-- Aalt Pater