A Switch to Turn Off Autism?

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http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=a-switch-to-turn-off-autism & ec=su_autismA Switch to Turn Off Autism?

Researchers have found a way to slow overactive brain cells that may be triggering neurological disorders

By nah F. Locke

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THE BRAIN'S BRAKES: Scientists have fingered a gene that calms brain cells down when they get too excited. © ISTOCKPHOTO/KIYOSHI TAKAHASE

Scientists say they have pinpointed a gene in the brain that can calm nerve cells that become too jumpy, potentially paving the way for new therapies to treat autism and other neurological disorders.

"It's exciting because it opens the field up," says Greenberg,

a neurobiologist at Harvard Medical School. "Nobody has [found] a gene

that controls the process in quite that way before."

The brain is continually trying to strike a balance between too much

and too little nerve cell activity. Neurologists believe that when the

balance tips, disorders such as autism and schizophrenia

may occur. They are not sure why neurons (nerve cells) go berserk. But

Greenberg says he and his colleagues located a gene in mice and rats

that helps keep neural activity in check—and may one day be manipulated

to prevent or reverse neurological problems.

Researchers report in Nature that they discovered a gene called Npas4

churns out a protein that keeps neurons from becoming overexcited when

they fire (communicate with one another through connections known as

synapses). When scientists blocked the protein, the nerve cells fired

or sent out more signals than normal; when they beefed up production,

the neurons quieted down.

Turrigiano, a neuroscientist at Brandeis University who studies

how brain cells communicate, says Greenberg's study reveals a "pretty

intriguing potential pathway" for controlling neuronal activity. But

she points out that Npas4 may not be the only gene that does that. Mice without Npas4 can survive, although they are prone to seizures and have a shorter life span than normal mice.

As scientists learn more about how brain cells stay balanced, Greenberg

says they will be able to identify people who are genetically at risk

for neurological disorders and develop new drugs to prevent and treat

them. He notes that some of the other genes that Npas4 affects also have been linked to autism.

But he cautions that new therapies from his research are "a long way

off." "There's a lot that we don't know," he says. "We're just at the

beginning."

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