Guest guest Posted January 2, 2012 Report Share Posted January 2, 2012 The liability part of your question is a hard one, but from your perspective as employer worried about liability to or arising from your employees you have the stronger position. Since the AECOM paper finding no correlation between serious health threats and mold exposure it has been very difficult for plaintiffs to win cases for personal injury/mold exposure. As to clearance for contamination, assuming you have identified and remediated the contamination in the first place that seems easy (of course to a lawyer not technical guy); if the water source has been resolved and the visible mold removed, aren’t you home free? Shell Bleiweiss Law Offices of Shell J. Bleiweiss Environmental and OSHA Law Offices in Chicago and Barrington, Illinois sbleiweiss@... http://www.shell-bleiweiss.com From: iequality [mailto:iequality ] On Behalf Of jeffcharlton2001 Sent: Monday, January 02, 2012 2:36 AM To: iequality Subject: Risk assesment of mold When attending water damage building and occupants are suffering poor health what guidance should be given regarding the health and risk aspects to both occupants and workers? There is only one maximum exposure level for one type of mould (aspergillus flavus -aflatoxin) and absolutely no idea of complex synergy between bacteria and variant mould genus? While work place legislation may require the wearing of PPE this does not roll over to occupants. Do we assume the potential toxicity which may be a legal responsibility to our employees and issue relevant PPE but ignore the occupants who may be exposed 24/7 ? How do you measure the risk/toxicity when no guidance or standards exist? How do you prove clearance of contswmination (not spores)and oif you can´t whats your liability? Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 2, 2012 Report Share Posted January 2, 2012 Shel, When you say "since the ACOEM paper..." are you talking about the 2002 version or the newest one in 2011? Sharon The liability part of your question is a hard one, but from your perspective as employer worried about liability to or arising from your employees you have the stronger position. Since the AECOM paper finding no correlation between serious health threats and mold exposure it has been very difficult for plaintiffs to win cases for personal injury/mold exposure. As to clearance for contamination, assuming you have identified and remediated the contamination in the first place that seems easy (of course to a lawyer not technical guy); if the water source has been resolved and the visible mold removed, aren’t you home free? Shell Bleiweiss Law Offices of Shell J. Bleiweiss Environmental and OSHA Law Offices in Chicago and Barrington, Illinois sbleiweiss@... http://www.shell-bleiweiss.com From: iequality [mailto:iequality ] On Behalf Of jeffcharlton2001Sent: Monday, January 02, 2012 2:36 AMTo: iequality Subject: Risk assesment of mold When attending water damage building and occupants are suffering poor health what guidance should be given regarding the health and risk aspects to both occupants and workers?There is only one maximum exposure level for one type of mould (aspergillus flavus -aflatoxin) and absolutely no idea of complex synergy between bacteria and variant mould genus?While work place legislation may require the wearing of PPE this does not roll over to occupants.Do we assume the potential toxicity which may be a legal responsibility to our employees and issue relevant PPE but ignore the occupants who may be exposed 24/7 ?How do you measure the risk/toxicity when no guidance or standards exist?How do you prove clearance of contswmination (not spores)and oif you can´t whats your liability? Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 2, 2012 Report Share Posted January 2, 2012 Hi Shell Thanks for taking the trouble to respond. I am taking what appears to be a totally different perspective about risk and hazard. While nobody can prove causation of illness from a single mould component, and most importantly all professional mould removal companies believe visible mould removal or rank order to ambient is clearance I do not see it this way. It is my belief that varying components which individually may be seen as possibly present although unproven to be a hazard when present there is a synergistic risk without the capability of being measured. It is my belief that in a civil court a contractor or landlord would be hard pushed to prove that a historic water damaged building is safe just be removing visible contamination and drying it. The hazard must be seen as the chemical components and exposure 365 days a year to the atopic population. Just how can anyone prove they have decontaminated chemical mycotoxins, VOCS and other compounds which have not been measured just by measuring spores? If someone has medical history after a water damage event isn´t that evidence of associated harm especially if blood or medical tests prove the presence in the human system? I have no legal or medical training so I am not arguing with you, just debating. Regards Jeff Sent: 02 January 2012 17:24 To: iequality Subject: RE: Risk assesment of mold Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 2, 2012 Report Share Posted January 2, 2012 Both papers prove nothing: 2002 & 2011. Just look at the references cited. Jack Dwayne Thrasher, Ph.D.Toxicologist/Immunotoxicologist/Fetaltoxicologistwww.drthrasher.orgtoxicologist1@... Cell: Lee Crawley, M.ED., LADCTrauma Specialistsandracrawley@... - Cell "The ultimate success of a truth depends not on the many but on the perseverance and earnestness of the few".Emma Goldman This message and any attachments forwarded with it is to be considered privileged and confidential. The forwarding or redistribution of this message (and any attachments) without my prior written consent is strictly prohibited and may violate privacy laws. Once the intended purpose of this message has been served, please destroy the original message contents. If you have received this message in error, please reply immediately to advise the sender of the miscommunication and then delete the message and any copies you have printed. Thank you in advance for your compliance. Re: Risk assesment of mold Shel, When you say "since the ACOEM paper..." are you talking about the 2002 version or the newest one in 2011? Sharon The liability part of your question is a hard one, but from your perspective as employer worried about liability to or arising from your employees you have the stronger position. Since the AECOM paper finding no correlation between serious health threats and mold exposure it has been very difficult for plaintiffs to win cases for personal injury/mold exposure. As to clearance for contamination, assuming you have identified and remediated the contamination in the first place that seems easy (of course to a lawyer not technical guy); if the water source has been resolved and the visible mold removed, aren’t you home free?Shell BleiweissLaw Offices of Shell J. BleiweissEnvironmental and OSHA LawOffices in Chicago and Barrington, Illinois sbleiweiss@...http://www.shell-bleiweiss.comFrom: iequality [mailto:iequality ] On Behalf Of jeffcharlton2001Sent: Monday, January 02, 2012 2:36 AMTo: iequality Subject: Risk assesment of mold When attending water damage building and occupants are suffering poor health what guidance should be given regarding the health and risk aspects to both occupants and workers?There is only one maximum exposure level for one type of mould (aspergillus flavus -aflatoxin) and absolutely no idea of complex synergy between bacteria and variant mould genus?While work place legislation may require the wearing of PPE this does not roll over to occupants.Do we assume the potential toxicity which may be a legal responsibility to our employees and issue relevant PPE but ignore the occupants who may be exposed 24/7 ?How do you measure the risk/toxicity when no guidance or standards exist?How do you prove clearance of contswmination (not spores)and oif you can´t whats your liability? Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 2, 2012 Report Share Posted January 2, 2012 There are also genetic risk including CP450 polymorphism as well as HLA susceptibility. Jack Dwayne Thrasher, Ph.D.Toxicologist/Immunotoxicologist/Fetaltoxicologistwww.drthrasher.orgtoxicologist1@... Cell: Lee Crawley, M.ED., LADCTrauma Specialistsandracrawley@... - Cell "The ultimate success of a truth depends not on the many but on the perseverance and earnestness of the few".Emma Goldman This message and any attachments forwarded with it is to be considered privileged and confidential. The forwarding or redistribution of this message (and any attachments) without my prior written consent is strictly prohibited and may violate privacy laws. Once the intended purpose of this message has been served, please destroy the original message contents. If you have received this message in error, please reply immediately to advise the sender of the miscommunication and then delete the message and any copies you have printed. Thank you in advance for your compliance. RE: Risk assesment of mold Hi ShellThanks for taking the trouble to respond.I am taking what appears to be a totally different perspective about risk and hazard.While nobody can prove causation of illness from a single mould component, and most importantly all professional mould removal companies believe visible mould removal or rank order to ambient is clearance I do not see it this way.It is my belief that varying components which individually may be seen as possibly present although unproven to be a hazard when present there is a synergistic risk without the capability of being measured. It is my belief that in a civil court a contractor or landlord would be hard pushed to prove that a historic water damaged building is safe just be removing visible contamination and drying it. The hazard must be seen as the chemical components and exposure 365 days a year to the atopic population.Just how can anyone prove they have decontaminated chemical mycotoxins, VOCS and other compounds which have not been measured just by measuring spores?If someone has medical history after a water damage event isn´t that evidence of associated harm especially if blood or medical tests prove the presence in the human system?I have no legal or medical training so I am not arguing with you, just debating.RegardsJeff Sent: 02 January 2012 17:24To: iequality Subject: RE: Risk assesment of mold Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 2, 2012 Report Share Posted January 2, 2012 I was referring to the earlier one, but I don’t see that the recent one has changed anything. Shell Bleiweiss Law Offices of Shell J. Bleiweiss Environmental and OSHA Law Offices in Chicago and Barrington, Illinois sbleiweiss@... http://www.shell-bleiweiss.com From: iequality [mailto:iequality ] On Behalf Of snk1955@... Sent: Monday, January 02, 2012 11:32 AM To: iequality Subject: Re: Risk assesment of mold Shel, When you say " since the ACOEM paper... " are you talking about the 2002 version or the newest one in 2011? Sharon In a message dated 1/2/2012 9:24:07 A.M. Pacific Standard Time, sbleiweiss@... writes: The liability part of your question is a hard one, but from your perspective as employer worried about liability to or arising from your employees you have the stronger position. Since the AECOM paper finding no correlation between serious health threats and mold exposure it has been very difficult for plaintiffs to win cases for personal injury/mold exposure. As to clearance for contamination, assuming you have identified and remediated the contamination in the first place that seems easy (of course to a lawyer not technical guy); if the water source has been resolved and the visible mold removed, aren’t you home free? Shell Bleiweiss Law Offices of Shell J. Bleiweiss Environmental and OSHA Law Offices in Chicago and Barrington, Illinois sbleiweiss@... http://www.shell-bleiweiss.com From: iequality [mailto:iequality ] On Behalf Of jeffcharlton2001 Sent: Monday, January 02, 2012 2:36 AM To: iequality Subject: Risk assesment of mold When attending water damage building and occupants are suffering poor health what guidance should be given regarding the health and risk aspects to both occupants and workers? There is only one maximum exposure level for one type of mould (aspergillus flavus -aflatoxin) and absolutely no idea of complex synergy between bacteria and variant mould genus? While work place legislation may require the wearing of PPE this does not roll over to occupants. Do we assume the potential toxicity which may be a legal responsibility to our employees and issue relevant PPE but ignore the occupants who may be exposed 24/7 ? How do you measure the risk/toxicity when no guidance or standards exist? How do you prove clearance of contswmination (not spores)and oif you can´t whats your liability? Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 2, 2012 Report Share Posted January 2, 2012 Your statement: It is my belief that in a civil court a contractor or landlord would be hard pushed to prove that a historic water damaged building is safe belies the issue. It is the plaintiff that has to prove a hazard and causation. It is not the contractor or landlord that have to prove a building is safe. Shell Bleiweiss Law Offices of Shell J. Bleiweiss Environmental and OSHA Law Offices in Chicago and Barrington, Illinois sbleiweiss@... http://www.shell-bleiweiss.com From: iequality [mailto:iequality ] On Behalf Of tech Sent: Monday, January 02, 2012 11:57 AM To: iequality ; iequality Subject: RE: Risk assesment of mold Hi Shell Thanks for taking the trouble to respond. I am taking what appears to be a totally different perspective about risk and hazard. While nobody can prove causation of illness from a single mould component, and most importantly all professional mould removal companies believe visible mould removal or rank order to ambient is clearance I do not see it this way. It is my belief that varying components which individually may be seen as possibly present although unproven to be a hazard when present there is a synergistic risk without the capability of being measured. It is my belief that in a civil court a contractor or landlord would be hard pushed to prove that a historic water damaged building is safe just be removing visible contamination and drying it. The hazard must be seen as the chemical components and exposure 365 days a year to the atopic population. Just how can anyone prove they have decontaminated chemical mycotoxins, VOCS and other compounds which have not been measured just by measuring spores? If someone has medical history after a water damage event isn´t that evidence of associated harm especially if blood or medical tests prove the presence in the human system? I have no legal or medical training so I am not arguing with you, just debating. Regards Jeff From: " Shell Bleiweiss " Sent: 02 January 2012 17:24 To: iequality Subject: RE: Risk assesment of mold Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 2, 2012 Report Share Posted January 2, 2012 I agree. I have heard that the new one is not even being used in litigations. Too much water under the bridge. Sharon Noonan Kramer I was referring to the earlier one, but I don’t see that the recent one has changed anything. Shell Bleiweiss Law Offices of Shell J. Bleiweiss Environmental and OSHA Law Offices in Chicago and Barrington, Illinois Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 3, 2012 Report Share Posted January 3, 2012 This opens an interesting situation. If my property is contaminated with mould and a contractor charges $20,000 to decontaminate he should provide a clearance certificate or invoice stating charges for decontamination. How did he measure decontamination and if he didn´t was it a fraudulent invoice? If an insurer nominated that contractor would they be supporting that fraud? Seems to me decontamination at present is nothing of the sort and simply reflects a partial clean up and if medical history (suggested in IOM) shows symptoms of mould exposure following ccupancy or water damage event would that be a difficult case to win?? Sent: 02 January 2012 19:54 To: iequality Subject: RE: Risk assesment of mold The liability part of your question is a hard one, but from your perspective as employer worried about liability to or arising from your employees you have the stronger position. Since the AECOM paper finding no correlation between serious health threats and mold exposure it has been very difficult for plaintiffs to win cases for personal injury/mold exposure. As to clearance for contamination, assuming you have identified and remediated the contamination in the first place that seems easy (of course to a lawyer not technical guy); if the water source has been resolved and the visible mold removed, aren’t you home free? Shell Bleiweiss Law Offices of Shell J. Bleiweiss Environmental and OSHA Law Offices in Chicago and Barrington, Illinois sbleiweiss@... http://www.shell-bleiweiss.com From: iequality [mailto:iequality ] On Behalf Of jeffcharlton2001 Sent: Monday, January 02, 2012 2:36 AM To: iequality Subject: Risk assesment of mold When attending water damage building and occupants are suffering poor health what guidance should be given regarding the health and risk aspects to both occupants and workers? There is only one maximum exposure level for one type of mould (aspergillus flavus -aflatoxin) and absolutely no idea of complex synergy between bacteria and variant mould genus? While work place legislation may require the wearing of PPE this does not roll over to occupants. Do we assume the potential toxicity which may be a legal responsibility to our employees and issue relevant PPE but ignore the occupants who may be exposed 24/7 ? How do you measure the risk/toxicity when no guidance or standards exist? How do you prove clearance of contswmination (not spores)and oif you can´t whats your liability? Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 3, 2012 Report Share Posted January 3, 2012 Like I said, it is very hard to prove causation in light of the big name (ACOEM) medical papers saying mold doesn't cause serious medical problems. So yes, difficult case to prove. If all you want to prove is that the contractor didn't do what he contracted to do, that will depend on what he contracted to do.Shell Bleiweiss Law Offices of Shell J. Bleiweiss Environmental and OSHA Law Chicago and Barrington, Illinois sbleiweiss@... http://www.shell-bleiweiss.com Sent: Tuesday, January 03, 2012 8:03 AMTo: iequality , iequality Subject: RE: Risk assesment of mold This opens an interesting situation. If my property is contaminated with mould and a contractor charges $20,000 to decontaminate he should provide a clearance certificate or invoice stating charges for decontamination. How did he measure decontamination and if he didn´t was it a fraudulent invoice? If an insurer nominated that contractor would they be supporting that fraud? Seems to me decontamination at present is nothing of the sort and simply reflects a partial clean up and if medical history (suggested in IOM) shows symptoms of mould exposure following ccupancy or water damage event would that be a difficult case to win?? Sent: 02 January 2012 19:54 To: iequality Subject: RE: Risk assesment of mold The liability part of your question is a hard one, but from your perspective as employer worried about liability to or arising from your employees you have the stronger position. Since the AECOM paper finding no correlation between serious health threats and mold exposure it has been very difficult for plaintiffs to win cases for personal injury/mold exposure. As to clearance for contamination, assuming you have identified and remediated the contamination in the first place that seems easy (of course to a lawyer not technical guy); if the water source has been resolved and the visible mold removed, aren't you home free? Shell Bleiweiss Law Offices of Shell J. Bleiweiss Environmental and OSHA Law Offices in Chicago and Barrington, Illinois sbleiweiss@... http://www.shell-bleiweiss.com From: iequality [mailto:iequality ] On Behalf Of jeffcharlton2001 Sent: Monday, January 02, 2012 2:36 AM To: iequality Subject: Risk assesment of mold When attending water damage building and occupants are suffering poor health what guidance should be given regarding the health and risk aspects to both occupants and workers? There is only one maximum exposure level for one type of mould (aspergillus flavus -aflatoxin) and absolutely no idea of complex synergy between bacteria and variant mould genus? While work place legislation may require the wearing of PPE this does not roll over to occupants. Do we assume the potential toxicity which may be a legal responsibility to our employees and issue relevant PPE but ignore the occupants who may be exposed 24/7 ? How do you measure the risk/toxicity when no guidance or standards exist? How do you prove clearance of contswmination (not spores)and oif you can´t whats your liability? Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 3, 2012 Report Share Posted January 3, 2012 Seems to me decontamination at present is nothing of the sort and simply reflects a partial clean up and if medical history (suggested in IOM) shows symptoms of mould exposure following ccupancy or water damage event would that be a difficult case to win?? Not if you took a base line air sample test before the remediation and one after that came out higher. Sharon Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 4, 2012 Report Share Posted January 4, 2012 Sharon, IMHO, attempting to prove much of anything conclusively with air sampling data alone is comparable to attempting to nail jell-o to a wall. Surface & settled dust sampling in combination with air sampling would provide more pieces of the puzzle to base evaluation and conclusions on, but may also require, depending upon the logistics of the project, doing the same, pre and post remediation in adjacent areas, HVAC ducts, carpeting, above ceilings, within wall cavities, etc. which gets extremely expensive. An over-kill perspective in opposition to such an expensive approach would also likely be justified, at least to some extent, again depending upon the situation. In summary, and again, IMHO, air sampling data alone is too volatile and involves too many potential variable contributing factors to base any reasonably defensible conclusions upon. Chuck Reaney Re: Risk assesment of mold Seems to me decontamination at present is nothing of the sort and simply reflects a partial clean up and if medical history (suggested in IOM) shows symptoms of mould exposure following ccupancy or water damage event would that be a difficult case to win?? Not if you took a base line air sample test before the remediation and one after that came out higher. Sharon Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 4, 2012 Report Share Posted January 4, 2012 Chuck, Couldn't agree with you more. Sampling is one small piece of the puzzle. Its an indicator. Not a conclusion. Before one decides to sample or what kind of sampling to do, when; they first have to understand what it is the sampling can and cannot aid to tell them - and what it is they want to know. If one is looking for an answer of "safe or unsafe", "cleared or not cleared", limitations of sampling cannot answer that question. But if one is looking for the answer of was the airborne mold spore count higher or lower after remediation than it was before, that number can be established given that the testing method before and after is the same - with the implication that if the mold spore count goes up or down, so do all other biological contaminants in the WDB after the remediation. In general: Number go down, remediation good. Number go up, remediation not good. Like everything else with this issue nothing is black and white, (except you can't add extrapolations to a rodent study and profess to prove on that model alone it is scientifically proven individuals absolutely "Could not be" made ill from environmental exposure). Sharon Sharon, IMHO, attempting to prove much of anything conclusively with air sampling data alone is comparable to attempting to nail jell-o to a wall. Surface & settled dust sampling in combination with air sampling would provide more pieces of the puzzle to base evaluation and conclusions on, but may also require, depending upon the logistics of the project, doing the same, pre and post remediation in adjacent areas, HVAC ducts, carpeting, above ceilings, within wall cavities, etc. which gets extremely expensive. An over-kill perspective in opposition to such an expensive approach would also likely be justified, at least to some extent, again depending upon the situation. In summary, and again, IMHO, air sampling data alone is too volatile and involves too many potential variable contributing factors to base any reasonably defensible conclusions upon. Chuck Reaney Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 4, 2012 Report Share Posted January 4, 2012 Sharon: Neither the sample taken as a base line nor one taken after the remediation proves anything. For a base line, I believe you would need to take many samples under exactly the same conditions and take an average of all the counts. After the remediation, it seems to me, you would again have to take many samples under the same conditions and take the average. Because one is seldom in a controlled environment I doubt if it is even possible to take multiple samples under the same environmental conditions. Maybe the professionals can add something. Norm Gauss From: iequality [mailto:iequality ] On Behalf Of snk1955@...Sent: Wednesday, January 04, 2012 12:16 PMTo: iequality Subject: Re: Risk assesment of mold Chuck, Couldn't agree with you more. Sampling is one small piece of the puzzle. Its an indicator. Not a conclusion. Before one decides to sample or what kind of sampling to do, when; they first have to understand what it is the sampling can and cannot aid to tell them - and what it is they want to know. If one is looking for an answer of " safe or unsafe " , " cleared or not cleared " , limitations of sampling cannot answer that question. But if one is looking for the answer of was the airborne mold spore count higher or lower after remediation than it was before, that number can be established given that the testing method before and after is the same - with the implication that if the mold spore count goes up or down, so do all other biological contaminants in the WDB after the remediation. In general:Number go down, remediation good.Number go up, remediation not good. Like everything else with this issue nothing is black and white, (except you can't add extrapolations to a rodent study and profess to prove on that model alone it is scientifically proven individuals absolutely " Could not be " made ill from environmental exposure). Sharon Sharon, IMHO, attempting to prove much of anything conclusively with air sampling data alone is comparable to attempting to nail jell-o to a wall. Surface & settled dust sampling in combination with air sampling would provide more pieces of the puzzle to base evaluation and conclusions on, but may also require, depending upon the logistics of the project, doing the same, pre and post remediation in adjacent areas, HVAC ducts, carpeting, above ceilings, within wall cavities, etc. which gets extremely expensive. An over-kill perspective in opposition to such an expensive approach would also likely be justified, at least to some extent, again depending upon the situation. In summary, and again, IMHO, air sampling data alone is too volatile and involves too many potential variable contributing factors to base any reasonably defensible conclusions upon. Chuck Reaney Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 4, 2012 Report Share Posted January 4, 2012 Hi Norm, Good idea for pros to jump in here. Like to hear what others think. I think you are right. It doesn't PROVE anything. But it can be a valuable piece of the puzzle...depending on what it is you are trying to know. I can tell you that in my own mold case of long ago, had we not had pre and post air sampling, it would have been impossible to establish that it was highly probable they cross contaminated our house. Can't remember the exact numbers, but I do remember the PennAsp number almost doubled after remediation from what it was before remediation. Sharon Sharon: Neither the sample taken as a base line nor one taken after the remediation proves anything. For a base line, I believe you would need to take many samples under exactly the same conditions and take an average of all the counts. After the remediation, it seems to me, you would again have to take many samples under the same conditions and take the average. Because one is seldom in a controlled environment I doubt if it is even possible to take multiple samples under the same environmental conditions. Maybe the professionals can add something. Norm Gauss Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted January 4, 2012 Report Share Posted January 4, 2012 Norm I believe your statement to be absolutely correct. You can take two samples side by side at the same time and get two different numbers. This means you have to interpret what numbers and genus of mould you sample. Analysis of differences in numbers and type at the same time between inside and ambient or non affected areas is a guide only. Some will say sampling is worthless but ask them how they conclude an area is decontaminated and you are left with a wish list. To me sampling for mould is part of a process and I believe it to be an indicator of cleanliness so dust particulates may be of similar use. Chemical toxins, allergens may not be identified in mold sampling either. Its not perfect but mould sampling provides guidance in the absence of other information. Sent: 05 January 2012 00:32 To: iequality Subject: RE: Risk assesment of mold Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Recommended Posts
Join the conversation
You are posting as a guest. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.
Note: Your post will require moderator approval before it will be visible.