Guest guest Posted August 21, 2006 Report Share Posted August 21, 2006 One often hears the story of Bannister's four minute mile in 1954. Despite the `psychological barrier' of the four minute mile once Bannister had been successful many other athletes soon followed in Bannister's `footsteps' in matching his performance. The tale of a mother lifting up a car to allow her child to crawl to safety is well-known. Abstract summaries: Authors & Furst (1972) Activity Arm-wrestling (face to face competition) Sample N=24; male undergraduates Design Competition in pairs where objectively weaker subject was believed to be stronger of pair Main analysis Simple comparison of expected and actual winners Main title An objective study of the effects of expectations on competitive performance Summary of findings 10 out of 12 contests a win for objectively weaker person. ---------- Author Ness & Patton (1979) Activity Inclined machine bench press; 1RM Sample N=48; male undergraduates Design Within - subjects 2 deception, 1 'no information' conditions. Main analysis 3 X 3 ANOVA on groups and treatments Main title The effects of beliefs on a maximum weight lifting performance Summary of findings Significant main effect for treatment; performance greater when Ss thought the weight was less than it actually was --------------- Author Biddle (1979) Activity Declined machine bench press; 1RM Sample N=44; experienced male weight trainers Design 4 group between - subjects 2 deception, 1 'no information' conditions, 1 correct information Main analysis 1 x 4 ANOVA on % gain scores Main title The effects of beliefs on the performance of a maximum weight lifting task. Summary of findings The only group to improve was the group who received 'no information.' ------------ Author Fitzsimmons (1991) Activity Machine bench press; 1RM Sample N=36; experienced male weight trainers Design 3 group between - subjects 2 deception, 1correct information. Main analysis 3 x 5 ANOVAs with repeated measures on the second factor Main title Does self-efficacy predict performance in experienced weight lifters? Summary of findings Significant main effect for treatment; performance greater when Ss thought the weight was less than it actually was ---------- Author Wells (1993) Activity Bench press; 1RM Sample N=24; 18 males, Design 6 females undergraduates Main analysis 3 group between - subjects 2 deception, 1correct information. Main title 3 x 4 ANOVA The self-efficacy-performance link in maximum strength performance Summary of findings Significant main effect for treatment; performance greater when Ss thought the weight was less than it actually was ---------- “An efficacy of expectation is the conviction that one can successfully execute the behaviour required to produce the outcomes” (Bandura, 1977 p.173) Once extraordinary performances are shown to be doable they become common place (Bandura 1990) " If I have the belief that I can do it, I shall surely acquire the capacity to do it even if I may not have it at the beginning. " (Mahatma Gandhi) " Whether you think that you can or you can't, you're usually right. " (Henry Ford) “They are able who think they are able” (Virgil) " A man who doubts himself is like a man who would enlist in the ranks of his enemies and bear arms against himself. He makes his failure certain by himself being the first person to be convinced of it. " (andre Dumas, fils) " Self-confidence is the first requisite to great undertakings. " ( ) " Life is not easy for any of us. But what of that? We must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves. We must believe that we are gifted for something and that this thing must be attained. " (Marie Curie) " Life is arduous, difficult, a perpetual struggle. It calls for gigantic courage and strength. More than anything, perhaps,creatures of illusion as we are, it calls for confidence in oneself. Without self-confidence we are babes in the cradle. " (Virginia Woolf) “The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity, the optimist opportunity in every difficulty " (Unknown) " As you think, so shall it be! " (Unknown) “In order to win, you must expect to win.” ( Bach) “Your expectations opens or closes the doors of your supply, If you expect grand things, and work honestly for them, they will come to you, your supply will correspond with your expectation.” (Marden Orison Swett) =========== Comments? Carruthers Wakefield, UK Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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