Re: Eccentric Action and Muscle Soreness

[Guest guest]

Question(s): what would the research say about

bi-pedals running downhill as compared to level or

uphill training in regards to injury prevention and

overall training effect? What speeds would be used to

increase human performance (overspeed/long slow

distance (lsd)/%VO2 max)?

Roy

Tucson, AZ

--- carruthersjam wrote:

>

> > Considerable research apparently has shown that

> significant levels

> > of post-exercise soreness or DOMS (Delayed Onset

> Muscle Soreness)

> are produced after regimes of eccentric training.

> For instance,

> Friden et al (1983) (Intl J of Sports Med Vol 4 No

> 3) determined that

> a single session of intense eccentric exercise

> causes pronounced

> DOMS which peaks after 24-72 hours after exercise

> and disappears

> several days later. This soreness is accompanied by

> a reduced

> dynamic strength and damage to the microfibrils and

> connective

> tissue elements such as the Z-bands which are a

> component of the

> Series Elastic Component of the muscle complex.

> >

> > These researchers also examined the effects of

> longer periods of

> > eccentric exercise (3 sessions a week over a total

> of 8 weeks) and

> discovered that post-exercise soreness not only did

> not occur after 2-

> 3 weeks, but the ability to perform eccentric work

> even increased by

> 375%. At the same time biopsies revealed that

> Z-band damage had not

> taken place, suggesting that adaptation to eccentric

> exercise had

> occurred. This research was corroborated by Schwane

> & Armstrong

> (1983), who found that downhill running in rats

> produced a superior

> training effect to level or uphill training and

> prevented injury

> more effectively than the latter.

> >

> > Thus, it would seem that eccentric training tends

> to cause muscle

> > soreness to a significant degree predominantly in

> novice subjects

> or those unused to eccentric activity and that

> adaptation takes

> place among more experienced athletes and minimises

> the occurrence

> of soreness after eccentric activity. This would

> then suggest that

> various therapists and coaches may be exaggerating

> the dangers or

> work-reducing effects of eccentric training.

> >

> > The process of this adaptation to eccentric

> loading may also be less

> > well understood than we currently may imagine,

> since the competitive

> > weightlifter and bodybuilder regularly apply the

> principle of

> progressive overload, i.e. the gradual and periodic

> increase in

> loading. This type of loading is invariably

> associated with a

> heavily or maximally loaded eccentric phase of joint

> movement, so

> that adaptation to a lower level of eccentric stress

> logically would

> seem to be rather irrelevant to adaptation to higher

> levels of

> eccentric loading.

> >

>

> *****

> Relevant to the above:

>

> Adaptive response in human skeletal muscle subjected

> to prolonged

> eccentric training.

>

> Int J Sports Med. 1983 Aug;4(3):177-83.

> • Friden J,

> • Seger J,

> • Sjostrom M,

> • Ekblom B.

>

> The peripheral adaptation process associated with

> repeating eccentric

> training over a longer period of time was studied in

> m. vastus

> lateralis of eleven healthy males aged 24 +/- 4

> years. The maximal

> dynamic concentric muscle strength was only slightly

> improved after 8

> weeks of training. However, eccentric work capacity

> was dramatically

> increased (375%). A maximal eccentric stint

> immediately after

> fulfilled 8 weeks of training caused a selective

> glycogen depletion

> from the type 28 fibers. An increased number of type

> 2C fibers was

> observed. The ultrastructure analysis showed an

> essentially well-

> preserved fine structure. Volume density of

> mitochondria was somewhat

> higher in all fiber types after training. Z-band

> widths were not

> affected by eccentric training.

>

> It is concluded that skeletal musculature adapts

> itself in a

> functional manner to the extreme tension demands put

> on them.

> Improved coordination and reorganization of the

> contractile apparatus

> of muscle fibers are the determining mechanisms of

> this adaptation.

>

> ---------------------

> Myofibrillar damage following intense eccentric

> exercise in man.

>

> Int J Sports Med. 1983 Aug;4(3):170-6.

>

> • Friden J,

> • Sjostrom M,

> • Ekblom B.

>

> Muscle soreness that has a delayed onset is a common

> feature among

> both athletes and untrained individuals who engage

> in unusual

> exercises. This study was designed to provide

> additional

> morphological data to assess the relevance and

> significance of our

> previous findings that the sore muscles contain

> fibers with

> disorganized myofibrillar material.

>

> Muscle biopsies were obtained from 12 males (mean

> age 25 +/- 7

> years), who suffered from severe soreness in their

> thigh muscles 18--

> 72 h following eccentric bicycle exercise. Their

> strength performance

> were tested in parallel. Knee extensor strength was

> decreased at all

> angular velocities soon after exercise but gradually

> increased over

> the subsequent days although slower at the fastest

> contractions.

> Disturbances of the cross-striated band pattern were

> constantly

> observed. They originated from the myofibrillar

> Z-band, which showed

> marked streaming, broadening and, at places, total

> disruption. The

> disturbances were found in every second to every

> third fiber up to 3

> days after exercise and in one tenth of the fibers 6

> days following

> the exercise. Type 2 fibers were predominantly

> affected. Thus, the

> eccentric exercise gives rise to muscles soreness

> and influences, on

> mechanical basis and selectively with regard to

> fiber type, the fine

> structure of the contractile apparatus.

>

> ======================

> Carruthers

> Wakefield, UK

>

>

>

[Guest guest]

>

> >

> > > Considerable research apparently has shown that

> > significant levels

> > > of post-exercise soreness or DOMS (Delayed Onset

> > Muscle Soreness)

> > are produced after regimes of eccentric training.

> > For instance,

> > Friden et al (1983) (Intl J of Sports Med Vol 4 No

> > 3) determined that

> > a single session of intense eccentric exercise

> > causes pronounced

> > DOMS which peaks after 24-72 hours after exercise

> > and disappears

> > several days later. This soreness is accompanied by

> > a reduced

> > dynamic strength and damage to the microfibrils and

> > connective

> > tissue elements such as the Z-bands which are a

> > component of the

> > Series Elastic Component of the muscle complex.

> > >

> > > These researchers also examined the effects of

> > longer periods of

> > > eccentric exercise (3 sessions a week over a total

> > of 8 weeks) and

> > discovered that post-exercise soreness not only did

> > not occur after 2-

> > 3 weeks, but the ability to perform eccentric work

> > even increased by

> > 375%. At the same time biopsies revealed that

> > Z-band damage had not

> > taken place, suggesting that adaptation to eccentric

> > exercise had

> > occurred. This research was corroborated by Schwane

> > & Armstrong

> > (1983), who found that downhill running in rats

> > produced a superior

> > training effect to level or uphill training and

> > prevented injury

> > more effectively than the latter.

> > >

> > > Thus, it would seem that eccentric training tends

> > to cause muscle

> > > soreness to a significant degree predominantly in

> > novice subjects

> > or those unused to eccentric activity and that

> > adaptation takes

> > place among more experienced athletes and minimises

> > the occurrence

> > of soreness after eccentric activity. This would

> > then suggest that

> > various therapists and coaches may be exaggerating

> > the dangers or

> > work-reducing effects of eccentric training.

> > >

> > > The process of this adaptation to eccentric

> > loading may also be less

> > > well understood than we currently may imagine,

> > since the competitive

> > > weightlifter and bodybuilder regularly apply the

> > principle of

> > progressive overload, i.e. the gradual and periodic

> > increase in

> > loading. This type of loading is invariably

> > associated with a

> > heavily or maximally loaded eccentric phase of joint

> > movement, so

> > that adaptation to a lower level of eccentric stress

> > logically would

> > seem to be rather irrelevant to adaptation to higher

> > levels of

> > eccentric loading.

> > >

> >

> > *****

> > Relevant to the above:

> >

> > Adaptive response in human skeletal muscle subjected

> > to prolonged

> > eccentric training.

> >

> > Int J Sports Med. 1983 Aug;4(3):177-83.

> > • Friden J,

> > • Seger J,

> > • Sjostrom M,

> > • Ekblom B.

> >

> > The peripheral adaptation process associated with

> > repeating eccentric

> > training over a longer period of time was studied in

> > m. vastus

> > lateralis of eleven healthy males aged 24 +/- 4

> > years. The maximal

> > dynamic concentric muscle strength was only slightly

> > improved after 8

> > weeks of training. However, eccentric work capacity

> > was dramatically

> > increased (375%). A maximal eccentric stint

> > immediately after

> > fulfilled 8 weeks of training caused a selective

> > glycogen depletion

> > from the type 28 fibers. An increased number of type

> > 2C fibers was

> > observed. The ultrastructure analysis showed an

> > essentially well-

> > preserved fine structure. Volume density of

> > mitochondria was somewhat

> > higher in all fiber types after training. Z-band

> > widths were not

> > affected by eccentric training.

> >

> > It is concluded that skeletal musculature adapts

> > itself in a

> > functional manner to the extreme tension demands put

> > on them.

> > Improved coordination and reorganization of the

> > contractile apparatus

> > of muscle fibers are the determining mechanisms of

> > this adaptation.

> >

> > ---------------------

> > Myofibrillar damage following intense eccentric

> > exercise in man.

> >

> > Int J Sports Med. 1983 Aug;4(3):170-6.

> >

> > • Friden J,

> > • Sjostrom M,

> > • Ekblom B.

> >

> > Muscle soreness that has a delayed onset is a common

> > feature among

> > both athletes and untrained individuals who engage

> > in unusual

> > exercises. This study was designed to provide

> > additional

> > morphological data to assess the relevance and

> > significance of our

> > previous findings that the sore muscles contain

> > fibers with

> > disorganized myofibrillar material.

> >

> > Muscle biopsies were obtained from 12 males (mean

> > age 25 +/- 7

> > years), who suffered from severe soreness in their

> > thigh muscles 18--

> > 72 h following eccentric bicycle exercise. Their

> > strength performance

> > were tested in parallel. Knee extensor strength was

> > decreased at all

> > angular velocities soon after exercise but gradually

> > increased over

> > the subsequent days although slower at the fastest

> > contractions.

> > Disturbances of the cross-striated band pattern were

> > constantly

> > observed. They originated from the myofibrillar

> > Z-band, which showed

> > marked streaming, broadening and, at places, total

> > disruption. The

> > disturbances were found in every second to every

> > third fiber up to 3

> > days after exercise and in one tenth of the fibers 6

> > days following

> > the exercise. Type 2 fibers were predominantly

> > affected. Thus, the

> > eccentric exercise gives rise to muscles soreness

> > and influences, on

> > mechanical basis and selectively with regard to

> > fiber type, the fine

> > structure of the contractile apparatus.

> >

> > ======================

> > Carruthers

> > Wakefield, UK

> >

> >

> >

>

[Guest guest]

>

> >

> > > Considerable research apparently has shown that

> > significant levels

> > > of post-exercise soreness or DOMS (Delayed Onset

> > Muscle Soreness)

> > are produced after regimes of eccentric training.

> > For instance,

> > Friden et al (1983) (Intl J of Sports Med Vol 4 No

> > 3) determined that

> > a single session of intense eccentric exercise

> > causes pronounced

> > DOMS which peaks after 24-72 hours after exercise

> > and disappears

> > several days later. This soreness is accompanied by

> > a reduced

> > dynamic strength and damage to the microfibrils and

> > connective

> > tissue elements such as the Z-bands which are a

> > component of the

> > Series Elastic Component of the muscle complex.

> > >

> > > These researchers also examined the effects of

> > longer periods of

> > > eccentric exercise (3 sessions a week over a total

> > of 8 weeks) and

> > discovered that post-exercise soreness not only did

> > not occur after 2-

> > 3 weeks, but the ability to perform eccentric work

> > even increased by

> > 375%. At the same time biopsies revealed that

> > Z-band damage had not

> > taken place, suggesting that adaptation to eccentric

> > exercise had

> > occurred. This research was corroborated by Schwane

> > & Armstrong

> > (1983), who found that downhill running in rats

> > produced a superior

> > training effect to level or uphill training and

> > prevented injury

> > more effectively than the latter.

> > >

> > > Thus, it would seem that eccentric training tends

> > to cause muscle

> > > soreness to a significant degree predominantly in

> > novice subjects

> > or those unused to eccentric activity and that

> > adaptation takes

> > place among more experienced athletes and minimises

> > the occurrence

> > of soreness after eccentric activity. This would

> > then suggest that

> > various therapists and coaches may be exaggerating

> > the dangers or

> > work-reducing effects of eccentric training.

> > >

> > > The process of this adaptation to eccentric

> > loading may also be less

> > > well understood than we currently may imagine,

> > since the competitive

> > > weightlifter and bodybuilder regularly apply the

> > principle of

> > progressive overload, i.e. the gradual and periodic

> > increase in

> > loading. This type of loading is invariably

> > associated with a

> > heavily or maximally loaded eccentric phase of joint

> > movement, so

> > that adaptation to a lower level of eccentric stress

> > logically would

> > seem to be rather irrelevant to adaptation to higher

> > levels of

> > eccentric loading.

> > >

> >

> > *****

> > Relevant to the above:

> >

> > Adaptive response in human skeletal muscle subjected

> > to prolonged

> > eccentric training.

> >

> > Int J Sports Med. 1983 Aug;4(3):177-83.

> > • Friden J,

> > • Seger J,

> > • Sjostrom M,

> > • Ekblom B.

> >

> > The peripheral adaptation process associated with

> > repeating eccentric

> > training over a longer period of time was studied in

> > m. vastus

> > lateralis of eleven healthy males aged 24 +/- 4

> > years. The maximal

> > dynamic concentric muscle strength was only slightly

> > improved after 8

> > weeks of training. However, eccentric work capacity

> > was dramatically

> > increased (375%). A maximal eccentric stint

> > immediately after

> > fulfilled 8 weeks of training caused a selective

> > glycogen depletion

> > from the type 28 fibers. An increased number of type

> > 2C fibers was

> > observed. The ultrastructure analysis showed an

> > essentially well-

> > preserved fine structure. Volume density of

> > mitochondria was somewhat

> > higher in all fiber types after training. Z-band

> > widths were not

> > affected by eccentric training.

> >

> > It is concluded that skeletal musculature adapts

> > itself in a

> > functional manner to the extreme tension demands put

> > on them.

> > Improved coordination and reorganization of the

> > contractile apparatus

> > of muscle fibers are the determining mechanisms of

> > this adaptation.

> >

> > ---------------------

> > Myofibrillar damage following intense eccentric

> > exercise in man.

> >

> > Int J Sports Med. 1983 Aug;4(3):170-6.

> >

> > • Friden J,

> > • Sjostrom M,

> > • Ekblom B.

> >

> > Muscle soreness that has a delayed onset is a common

> > feature among

> > both athletes and untrained individuals who engage

> > in unusual

> > exercises. This study was designed to provide

> > additional

> > morphological data to assess the relevance and

> > significance of our

> > previous findings that the sore muscles contain

> > fibers with

> > disorganized myofibrillar material.

> >

> > Muscle biopsies were obtained from 12 males (mean

> > age 25 +/- 7

> > years), who suffered from severe soreness in their

> > thigh muscles 18--

> > 72 h following eccentric bicycle exercise. Their

> > strength performance

> > were tested in parallel. Knee extensor strength was

> > decreased at all

> > angular velocities soon after exercise but gradually

> > increased over

> > the subsequent days although slower at the fastest

> > contractions.

> > Disturbances of the cross-striated band pattern were

> > constantly

> > observed. They originated from the myofibrillar

> > Z-band, which showed

> > marked streaming, broadening and, at places, total

> > disruption. The

> > disturbances were found in every second to every

> > third fiber up to 3

> > days after exercise and in one tenth of the fibers 6

> > days following

> > the exercise. Type 2 fibers were predominantly

> > affected. Thus, the

> > eccentric exercise gives rise to muscles soreness

> > and influences, on

> > mechanical basis and selectively with regard to

> > fiber type, the fine

> > structure of the contractile apparatus.

> >

> > ======================

> > Carruthers

> > Wakefield, UK

> >

> >

> >

>