Guest guest Posted May 16, 2007 Report Share Posted May 16, 2007 Hi all, Has anyone had luck with an alternative to CSM, like chlorella, activated charcoal, etc? Thanks, Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 17, 2007 Report Share Posted May 17, 2007 Do any of the doctors on this list know of any reasons why a combination of cholestyramine and say, psillium powder (i.e. 'metamucil') could NOT be OTC? I just keep thinking of all those people in flooded communities who are trying to get their homes gutted and built again.. real life mold emergencies.. And all the people without medical insurance, a number that seems to be growing all the time. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 17, 2007 Report Share Posted May 17, 2007 Do you think phyllium and CSM are good taken together? --- In , LiveSimply <quackadillian@...> wrote: > > Do any of the doctors on this list know of any reasons why a combination of > cholestyramine and say, psillium powder (i.e. 'metamucil') could NOT be OTC? Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 17, 2007 Report Share Posted May 17, 2007 i have used chlorella often in the past. LiveSimply <quackadillian@...> wrote: Do any of the doctors on this list know of any reasons why a combination of cholestyramine and say, psillium powder (i.e. 'metamucil') could NOT be OTC? I just keep thinking of all those people in flooded communities who are trying to get their homes gutted and built again.. real life mold emergencies.. And all the people without medical insurance, a number that seems to be growing all the time. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 17, 2007 Report Share Posted May 17, 2007 My sister, who sees only alternative medical care practitioners, had reasonable luck with a combination of Pectasol, chlorella and Yucca. I tried the Pectasol and Yucca myself for a couple weeks (I don't tolerate chlorella). And, it is not as effective as the CSM, but it's likely better than nothing. You can google and find other herbs that are known to lower cholesterol and some of them have actions similar to the cholestyramine in terms of binding - they're just not nearly as powerful. Be well, . --- In , " lunagirl32002 " <j_genser@...> wrote: > > Hi all, > Has anyone had luck with an alternative to CSM, like chlorella, activated charcoal, etc? > Thanks, > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 17, 2007 Report Share Posted May 17, 2007 I know this sounds way too mild but oatmeal is sticky and has been shown to lower cholesterol, so don't you think it would have some detoxing affect? I did green juicing for almost six months, about a quart a day and it made me feel very good. Chlorophl is considered a body cleanser and oxygenator. Stopped for awhile because after I moved, I didn't have the room for all the fresh veggies in refrig and juicer, etc, so haven't done it in awhile. I don't know if it would be substitute for CSM but in addition to would be great. > > My sister, who sees only alternative medical care practitioners, had > reasonable luck with a combination of Pectasol, chlorella and Yucca. > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 17, 2007 Report Share Posted May 17, 2007 This might be helpful.. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant On 5/17/07, barb1283 <barb1283@...> wrote: > > I know this sounds way too mild but oatmeal is sticky and has been > shown to lower cholesterol, so don't you think it would have some > detoxing affect? I did green juicing for almost six months, about a > quart a day and it made me feel very good. Chlorophl is considered a > body cleanser and oxygenator. Stopped for awhile because after I > moved, I didn't have the room for all the fresh veggies in refrig and > juicer, etc, so haven't done it in awhile. I don't know if it would > be substitute for CSM but in addition to would be great. > > - > . > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 18, 2007 Report Share Posted May 18, 2007 Many years ago, a lot of midwest farmers would use Dandelions in the early spring. It was said that being couped up in the house for the winter months built up toxins in the body which Dandelions would flush from the system. I used to make dandelion tea every spring and drink it, and whether or not it actually worked or was psychosematic, I felt better after about a week of drinking one coffe cup per day. (I have also suffered the least in our family from mold exposure) Some people would add Dandelion leaves to their salad, but it has to be early spring dandelions as the flavor which is already bitter becomes nasty later in the spring and summer months. There is also a poisonous weed that looks similar to Dandelions, so if you are not seeing the actual dandelion and are sure it is, picking it could be dangerous, therefore early spring is the best time for this reason also. Has anyone else heard of this or tried it? Dan & Carmella Dunkin Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 20, 2007 Report Share Posted May 20, 2007 Barb. Do you have a primary care doctor? Can't they prescribe you cholestyramine? Its not exactly a controlled substance..not something people would abuse.. Everyone, be careful on folk remedies in this context - seriiously - Cholestyramine does what it does because of some very specific abilities it has. It carries an electric charge that literally sucks the toxins up. Cholestyramine, welchol, etc. have at this point a solid track record of working for people with mold illness and helping improve people's medical status.. Its not because they lower cholesterol, its because they bind toxins and prevent them from getting sent into a loop in your gut like they would otherwise.. They have been shown to work on thousands of people. Scientists have used radioactive isotope labeled mycotoxins to see how they move through the body - where they go, and they have shown (in animals) how cholestyramine works to bind and help eliminate them. They have showed cholestyramine removing them. They have 3D volumetric analysis of radio tagged mycotoxins that shows it doing what it does. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 21, 2007 Report Share Posted May 21, 2007 LS, I will go see Dr Shoe for it evidentually. However I wanted to try small amt to see if I can tolerate it now. At first I couldn't tolerate it. Reg doctor here. My doctor won't Rx anything for off label use. I have low blood cholesterol, so I'd have to sell him on idea of using it for mycos and before that convince him I'm having trouble with mycos. My blood cholesterols are ideal doctor said. It seems the medicines that lower blood cholesterol by 'binding' to bile acids will also work but perhaps CSM is stronger binder or studies have been done on it. Statins don't work by binding but any medicine that brings done cholesterol by binding with bile acids should do the same thing. I think oatmeal brings down cholesterol by binding to bile acids. I believe I read that. In general fiber might. I think a high fiber diet is known to bring down cholesterol. I would imagine since fiber isn't absorbed but passes through digestive tract that some binding of bile acids happens if there is fat in same meal and the fiber carries it out of digestive tract. However the topic of CSM substitutes is not mine. --- In , LiveSimply <quackadillian@...> wrote: > > Barb, Do you have a primary care doctor? Can't they prescribe you > cholestyramine? Its not exactly a controlled substance..not something people would abuse.. > > Everyone, be careful on folk remedies in this context - seriiously - Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 21, 2007 Report Share Posted May 21, 2007 Hi, Can you tell me what is Welchol and what would be the basis for using that versus the Cholestyramine? thanks, Beth --- In , LiveSimply <quackadillian@...> wrote: > > Barb. Do you have a primary care doctor? Can't they prescribe you > cholestyramine? Its not exactly a controlled substance..not something people > would abuse.. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 21, 2007 Report Share Posted May 21, 2007 You guys, you should talk to an expert like Dr. Shoemaker on all of this. Barb, you can download his time series paper and the other stuff from chronicneurotoxins.com / moldwarriors.com - to give to your doctor. Or lend them Mold Warriors. I have a loaner copy that has gotten a lot of use in that way. If your doctor won't spend the tiny amount of time they need to spend to verify that this is a legitimate therapy, all I can say is you are wasting your money with them. Get another doctor. Don't forget, they work for you, you are paying them. You, we all, NEED to get better and if they can't help you reach that goal you are NOT getting your money's worth. 'Fire' them, move on, cut your losses, etc. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 21, 2007 Report Share Posted May 21, 2007 My understanding is that Welchol is in the same family of drugs as Cholestyramine - it's just in pill form versus the cholestyramine which you mix with a liquid. The Welchol isn't quite as effective as CSM, but it is sometimes tolerated by folks that don't do well with the CSM. Dr. Shoemaker offered to change my Rx to Welchol from CSM a while back, but since it wasn't as effective, I didn't switch at the time. But, now I'm only taking CSM once a day (instead of the recommended 4x/day since I moved from my toxic house and had been on the CSM at 4x/day for almost a year), so the Welchol is likely a reasonable replacement and will be much easier for me when I travel. So, I do plan on asking for an Rx for that at my next appointment. But, I would not recommend anyone start with Welchol without having tried the CSM, since you really want to pull as much of the toxins out as possible when you first start treatment. Taking the CSM 4x/day is not fun, but I believe it's the only path to wellness for many of us. B. > > Hi, > Can you tell me what is Welchol and what would be the basis for using > that versus the Cholestyramine? > > thanks, > Beth > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 21, 2007 Report Share Posted May 21, 2007 , so Welchol isn't flavored then? I had wondered if perhaps the yellow dye or sweetner was the reason I had trouble with it, so perhaps a tablet would be better for me. > > My understanding is that Welchol is in the same family of drugs as > Cholestyramine - it's just in pill form versus the cholestyramine which > you mix with a liquid. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 22, 2007 Report Share Posted May 22, 2007 The welchol doesn't appear to have any dyes or sugars, here's the info from the following link: http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/colesevelam.htm " WelChol® contains colesevelam hydrochloride (hereafter referred to as colesevelam), a non-absorbed, polymeric, lipid-lowering agent intended for oral administration. Colesevelam is a high capacity bile acid binding molecule. Colesevelam is poly(allylamine hydrochloride) cross- linked with epichlorohydrin and alkylated with 1-bromodecane and (6- bromohexyl)-trimethylammonium bromide. Colesevelam is hydrophilic, and insoluble in water. WelChol® is an off-white, film-coated, solid tablet containing 625 mg colesevelam. In addition, each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, silicon dioxide, HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), and acetylated monoglyceride. The tablets are imprinted using a water-soluble black ink. " Yes, your reaction could have been to the yellow dyes or sugar in the CSM powder. But, I did have an allergic reaction to the CSM itself (I had already been treated for reactions to dyes and sugar) and had my accupuncturist treat me with NAET, so I was able to continue taking it. I had to stay off the CSM for 24 hours after that treatment and that's when I realized how sick my house was making me as my symptoms came back so, so intensely during that 24 hour time period. But, in another posting you mentioned that you have low cholesterol, so it may not be good for you to take this one either. The CSM has lowered my cholesterol from 185 to 150 and I'm now taking it only once a day. You really don't want your cholesterol to be too low per the following: http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/id/QAA43423 You may need to consider other detoxification approaches such as the FIR sauna, ionic foot baths, exercise, juicing, etc. or even the phospholipid exchange that Kane promotes. I had a friend that couldn't tolerate the CSM have very good results with that, but, of course, it requires that you find a doctor knowledgeable in that treatment protocol and it isn't cheap. B. > > > > My understanding is that Welchol is in the same family of drugs as > > Cholestyramine - it's just in pill form versus the cholestyramine > which > > you mix with a liquid. > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 23, 2007 Report Share Posted May 23, 2007 , Scroll down for some abstracts on alternative binding agents for mycotoxins compared to cholestyramine on efficacy.. On 5/16/07, lunagirl32002 <j_genser@...> wrote: > > Hi all, > Has anyone had luck with an alternative to CSM, like chlorella, activated > charcoal, etc? > Thanks, > ____ *1: *Food Addit Contam. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Food Addit Contam.');> 2005 Apr;22(4):379-88. Related Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_Abstract & db\ =pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_uid=16019808 & itool=ExternalSearch> Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu16019808);> [image: Click here to read]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi?itool=Abstract-def & PrId\ =3079 & uid=16019808 & db=pubmed & url=http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=artic\ le & doi=10.1080/02652030500058312 & magic=pubmed%7C%7C1B69BA326FFE69C3F0A8F227DF820\ 1D0> *Recent advances on the use of adsorbent materials for detoxification of Fusarium mycotoxins.* *Avantaggiato G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Avantaggiato+G%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Solfrizzo M*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Solfrizzo+M%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Visconti A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Visconti+A%22%5BAuthor%5D> .. Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy. giuseppina.avantaggiato@... The extensive use of adsorbents in the livestock industry has led to the introduction of a wide range of new products on the market, most of them claiming high in vitro mycotoxin adsorption capacity. However, adsorbents that may appear effective in vitro do not necessarily retain their efficacy when tested in vivo. Studies performed in our laboratory during the past few years aiming to evaluate the efficacy of various adsorbent materials in binding Fusarium mycotoxins are reported. Adsorption experiments were performed in in vitro screening tests for Fusarium mycotoxins at different pHs; by in vivo tests using the increase of the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio in rat urine and tissues as a biomarker of fumonisin exposure; and by a dynamic, computer-controlled, gastrointestinal model simulating the gastrointestinal tract of healthy pigs. Most of the commercially available mycotoxin-binders failed in sequestering in vitro Fusarium mycotoxins. Only for a small number of adsorbent materials was the ability to bind more than one mycotoxin demonstrated. Cholestyramine was proven to be an effective binder for fumonisins and zearalenone in vitro, which was confirmed for zearalenone in experiments using a dynamic gastrointestinal model and for fumonisins in in vivo experiments. No adsorbent materials, with the exception of activated carbon, showed relevant ability in binding deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. The in vitro efficacy of activated carbon toward fumonisins was not confirmed in vivo by the biomarker assay. The dynamic gastrointestinal model was a reliable tool to study the effectiveness of adsorbent materials in reducing the bioaccessibility of Fusarium mycotoxins, as an alternative to the more difficult and time-consuming studies with domestic livestock. Arch Anim Nutr. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Arch Anim Nutr.');> 2004 Aug;58(4):311-24. Related Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_Abstract & db\ =pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_uid=15570745 & itool=ExternalSearch> Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu15570745);> *In vitro studies on the evaluation of mycotoxin detoxifying agents for their efficacy on deoxynivalenol and zearalenone.* *Doll S*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Doll+S%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Danicke S*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Danicke+S%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Valenta H*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Valenta+H%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Flachowsky G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Flachowsky+G%22%5BAuthor%5D> .. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany. susanne.doell@... A simple in vitro system was developed to study the efficacy of commercially available mycotoxin detoxifying agents and adsorbing substances as feed additives to detoxify deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) in situ. The in vitro model simulates the conditions (pH, temperature and transit time) of the porcine gastrointestinal tract, as pigs react most sensitively to these mycotoxins. The commercially available products were not effective in detoxifying DON and ZON under the applied conditions, while activated carbon was able to bind both toxins and cholestyramine, and a modified aluminosilicate showed good adsorption abilities for ZON. Data obtained in dose dependency studies showed an estimated adsorption capacity of cholestyramine and the modified aluminosilicate of 11.7 and 5.7 g ZON/kg detoxifying agent. The in vitro system deployed in the present study was demonstrated to be a simple, helpful tool in screening substances for their ability to detoxify DON and ZON under the simulated conditions of the porcine gastrointestinal tract. Nonetheless in vivo experiments are indispensable to proof the efficacy. *4: *Food Chem Toxicol. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Food Chem Toxicol.');> 2003 Oct;41(10):1283-90. Related Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_Abstract & db\ =pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_uid=12909260 & itool=ExternalSearch> Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu12909260);> [image: Click here to read]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi?itool=Abstract-def & PrId\ =3048 & uid=12909260 & db=pubmed & url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S02\ 78691503001133> *Assessing the zearalenone-binding activity of adsorbent materials during passage through a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model.* *Avantaggiato G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Avantaggiato+G%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Havenaar R*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Havenaar+R%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Visconti A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Visconti+A%22%5BAuthor%5D> .. CNR Institute of Sciences of Food Production, I-70125 Bari, Italy. giuseppina.avantaggiato@... A novel approach is presented herein to study the intestinal absorption of mycotoxins by using a laboratory model that mimics the metabolic processes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of healthy pigs. This model was used to evaluate the small-intestinal absorption of zearalenone from contaminated wheat (4.1 mg/kg) and the effectiveness of activated carbon and cholestyramine at four inclusion levels (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2%) in reducing toxin absorption. Approximately 32% of ZEA intake (247 microg) was released from the food matrix during 6 h of digestion and was rapidly absorbed at intestinal level. A significant reduction of intestinal absorption of ZEA was found after inclusion of activated carbon or cholestyramine, even at the lowest dose of adsorbents, with a more pronounced effect exhibited by activated carbon. In particular, when 2% of activated carbon or cholestyramine was added to the meal the ZEA intestinal absorption was lowered from 32% of ZEA intake to 5 and 16%, respectively. The sequestering effect of both adsorbents took place already during the first 2 h of digestion and persisted during the rest of the experiment. The GI-model is a rapid and physiologically relevant method to test the efficacy of adsorbent materials in binding mycotoxins and can be used to pre-screen mycotoxin/adsorbent combinations as an alternative to animal experiments. Mycopathologia. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Mycopathologia.');>2001;151(3):147-53. Related Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_Abstract & db\ =pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_uid=11678589 & itool=ExternalSearch> Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu11678589);> [image: Click here to read]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi?itool=Abstract-def & PrId\ =3055 & uid=11678589 & db=pubmed & url=http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=0301-4\ 86X & volume=151 & page=147> *In vitro and in vivo studies to assess the effectiveness of cholestyramine as a binding agent for fumonisins.* *Solfrizzo M*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Solfrizzo+M%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Visconti A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Visconti+A%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Avantaggiato G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Avantaggiato+G%22%5BAuthor%5D>, * A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22+A%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Chulze S*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Chulze+S%22%5BAuthor%5D> .. Istituto Tossine e Micotossine da Parassiti Vegetali, CNR, Bari, Italy. itmpms12@... Several adsorbent materials were tested at I mg/ml for their in vitro capacity to adsorb fumonisin B1(FB1) from aqueous solutions. Cholestyramine showed the best adsorption capacity (85% from a solution containing 200 microg/ml FB1) followed by activated carbon (62% FB1). Bentonite adsorbed only 12% of the toxin from a solution containing 13 microg/ml FB1, while celite was not effective even at the lowest tested FB1 concentration (3.2microg/ml). Cholestyramine was tested in vivo to evaluate its capacity to reduce the bioavailability of fumonisins (FBs) in rats fed diet contaminated with toxigenic Fusarium verticillioides culture material. Rats were exposed for one week to FBs-free diet, FBs-contaminated diet containing 6 or 20 microg/g FB1 + FB2 and the same FBs-contaminated diet added of 20 mg/g cholestyramine. The increase of sphinganine/sphingosine (SA/SO) ratio in urine and kidney of treated rats was used as specific and sensitive biomarker of fumonisin exposure. The addition of cholestyramine to the FBs-contaminated diets consistently reduced the effect of FBs by reducing significantly (P < 0.05) both urinary and renal SA/SO ratios. J Food Prot. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'J Food Prot.');> 1999 Dec;62(12):1461-5. Related Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_Abstract & db\ =pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_uid=10606152 & itool=ExternalSearch> Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu10606152);> *Cholestyramine protection against ochratoxin A toxicity: role of ochratoxin A sorption by the resin and bile acid enterohepatic circulation.* *Kerkadi A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Kerkadi+A%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Barriault C*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Barriault+C%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Marquardt RR*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Marquardt+RR%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Frohlich AA*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Frohlich+AA%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Yousef IM*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Yousef+IM%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Zhu XX*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Zhu+XX%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Tuchweber B*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Tuchweber+B%22%5BAuthor%5D> .. Department of Nutrition, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada. We have shown that the addition of cholestyramine (CHA, a resin known to bind bile salts in the gastrointestinal tract) to ochratoxin A (OTA)-contaminated rat diets reduced plasma levels of the toxin and prevented OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. To elucidate the mechanism of action of CHA, we carried out in vitro experiments to determine whether the resin may bind the toxin. For comparative purposes, binding of bile salts to the resin was also examined. Results showed that CHA binds both OTA and bile salts (taurodeoxycholate [TDC] and taurocholate [TCA]). Also, CHA showed greater affinity for OTA and TDC than for TCA. At 1 mM concentration, 96% of OTA and 80% of TDC were bound to the resin, while for TCA binding was only 50%. However, saturation of the resin was reached at higher levels with bile acids compared to OTA (3.67 mmol/g resin for TCA and 3.71 mmol/g resin for TDC versus 2.85 mmol/g resin for OTA). To characterize the nature of the binding of the toxin to CHA, NaCl (0 to 200 mM) was added to a fixed amount of OTA or bile acids. As expected, TCA absorption was decreased by the addition of NaCl (<50 mM), indicating electrostatic binding. However, OTA and TDC sorption was decreased only at high concentrations of NaCl (>150 mM), suggesting a stronger binding to the resin than that shown with TCA. Sequential competitive studies demonstrated that CHA binds more OTA than TCA. The results of the in vivo study show the role of bile salts in OTA absorption. The toxin's plasma levels at 1 and 3 h after a single oral dose of OTA were significantly decreased in bile salt-depleted rats compared to the control. Thus, the alteration of the bile salt biliary pool and OTA enterohepatic circulation may be an additional mechanism of action of the resin against mycotoxin toxicity. J Toxicol Environ Health A. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'J Toxicol Environ Health A.');> 1998 Feb 6;53(3):231-50. Related Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_Abstract & db\ =pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_uid=9482354 & itool=ExternalSearch> Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu9482354);> *Dietary cholestyramine reduces ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat by decreasing plasma levels and enhancing fecal excretion of the toxin.* *Kerkadi A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Kerkadi+A%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Barriault C*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Barriault+C%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Tuchweber B*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Tuchweber+B%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Frohlich AA*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Frohlich+AA%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Marquardt RR*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Marquardt+RR%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Bouchard G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Bouchard+G%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Yousef IM*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Yousef+IM%22%5BAuthor%5D> .. Departement de Nutrition, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that may contaminate animal feed (oat, barley, and rye) and food (wheat, rice, coffee, beer, pig meat), leading to major health problems (e.g., nephropathy) in several animal species including humans. Several methods have been tested to reduce the toxicity of OTA in animals but with limited success. In rats, the effect of cholestyramine (CHA), a bile acid-binding resin, was investigated on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity and bioavailability. Animals were fed semisynthetic diets containing two levels of OTA: 1 or 3 ppm. At each level of OTA, the diets were enriched with 0.1, 1, and 5% of CHA. The results showed that CHA decreased the concentration of OTA in plasma. At 1 and 3 ppm of OTA in the diet, CHA is effective at a level of 0.1% and 5%, respectively. The excretion of OTA and its metabolites (ochratoxin alpha and hydroxylated ochratoxin A) in bile and urine was also decreased by addition of 5% CHA in the diet. This was associated with an increase of OTA excretion in feces. Enzymuria and renal morphology revealed that dietary CHA can decrease OTA-induced nephrotoxicity, probably by reducing renal exposure to the toxin. In conclusion, CHA can reduce OTA concentrations in plasma as well as reducing nephrotoxicity, which may be attributed to a decrease of bioavailability and/or enterohepatic circulation of the toxin. Toxicol Lett. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Toxicol Lett.');> 1995 Dec;82-83:869-77. Related Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_Abstract & db\ =pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_uid=8597155 & itool=ExternalSearch> Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu8597155);> *Prevention of nephrotoxicity of ochratoxin A, a food contaminant.* *Creppy EE*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Creppy+EE%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Baudrimont I*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Baudrimont+I%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Betbeder AM*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Betbeder+AM%22%5BAuthor%5D> .. Toxicology Department, University of Bordeaux, France. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by ubiquitous Aspergilli, mainly by Aspergillus ochraceus and also by Penicilium verrucosum. It was found all over the world in feed and human food and blood as well as in animal blood and tissues. The most threatening effects of OTA are its nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity, since this mycotoxin is nephrotoxic to all animal species studied so far and is increasingly involved in the Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), a human chronic interstitial nephropathy which is most of the time associated to urinary tract tumours. Since it seems impossible to avoid contamination of foodstuffs by toxigenic fungi, detoxification and detoxication for OTA are needed. To reduce or abolish the OTA-induced toxic effects, several mechanisms were investigated. The results of these investigations showed that some of the potential antidotes were efficient in preventing the main OTA toxic effects whereas some others were not. Promising compounds are structural analogues of OTA, and/or compounds having a high binding affinity for plasma proteins such as piroxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Some enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, radical scavengers, vitamins, prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibitors, (such as piroxicam), pH modificators, adsorbant resin such as cholestyramine etc. are efficient in vivo. Some of the results obtained in vivo were already confirmed in vitro and gave useful information on how to safely use these antidotes. The most generally acting compound seems to be A19 (Aspartame), a structural analogue of OTA and phenylalanine. When given to rats A19 (25 mg/kg/48 h) combined to OTA (289 micrograms/kg/48 h) for several weeks largely prevented OTA nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity. When given after intoxication of animals with OTA it washes out the toxin efficiently from the body. In vitro, A19 (10 micrograms/ml) prevents OTA (20-500 micrograms/ml) binding to plasma proteins. Its general action without any known side effect in humans and in animals, points at A19 to be the best candidate for preventing the OTA-induced subchronic effects. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Toxicol Lett.');> Food Chem Toxicol. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Food Chem Toxicol.');>1992 Aug;30(8):709-14. Related Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_Abstract & db\ =pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_uid=1398352 & itool=ExternalSearch> Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu1398352);> *Effect of dietary cholestyramine on the elimination pattern of ochratoxin A in rats.* *Madhyastha MS*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Madhyastha+MS%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Frohlich AA*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Frohlich+AA%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Marquardt RR*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Marquardt+RR%22%5BAuthor%5D> .. Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Canada. Three experiments with rats established the effects of dietary cholestyramine on the disposition of ochratoxin A (OA) and its hydrolysed metabolite, alpha-ochratoxin (O alpha). In the first experiment OA (1 mg/kg) was incorporated into a diet that contained 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%cholestyramine. Cholestyramine markedly reduced blood concentrations of OA ( 1.6 to 0.75 micrograms/ml, P less than 0.0001) for all concentrations of the resin. The second experiment demonstrated that 2% cholestyramine added to the diet of rats markedly reduced cumulative urinary OA excretion (26 to 6 micrograms, P less than 0.01) and increased cumulative faecal OA excretion (8 to 38 micrograms, P less than 0.001). The third experiment established the efficacy of cholestyramine (2%) when added to diets containing two concentrations (0 and 6%) of a saturated fat (tallow). The bioavailability of OA as determined by area under the blood concentration curve over 216 hr was 424 micrograms/ml/hr for the control rats and 186 micrograms/ml/hr for the cholestyramine-treated rats (P less than 0.0001). Cholestyramine treatment increased the recovery of OA plus O alpha in the faeces plus urine over a 5-day period from 65.5 to 96.2% (P less than 0.0001). Cholestyramine also greatly increased the amount of OA plus O alpha and particularly of OA excretion in the faeces (105 to 160 micrograms, P less than 0.0001 for OA plus O alpha and 82 to 150 micrograms, P less than 0.0001 for OA) and resulted in a corresponding decrease in the excretion of these compounds in the urine. The concentration of fat in the diet had a much less dramatic effect than cholestyramine, was mainly detected in the urine and was affected by an interaction with cholestyramine (P less than 0.0001). Cholestyramine greatly reduced the concentration of OA plus O alpha (37 v. 8 micrograms) when the content of dietary fat was low but to a much lesser degree when it was high (19 v. 12 micrograms). These results suggest that the concentration of fat in the diet may affect the pattern of OA excretion in the urine. Cholestyramine added to the diet greatly increases the amount of OA eliminated in the faeces and reduces the amount in the urine, and as a result it decreases the amount present in the systemic circulation. Toxicology. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Toxicology.');> 1988 Mar;48(3):293-308. Related Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_Abstract & db\ =pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_uid=3344528 & itool=ExternalSearch> Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu3344528);> *Evidence for an enterohepatic circulation of ochratoxin A in mice.* *Roth A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Roth+A%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Chakor K*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Chakor+K%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Creppy EE*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pub\ med_Abstract & term=%22Creppy+EE%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Kane A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Kane+A%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Roschenthaler R*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Roschenthaler+R%22%5BAuthor%5D>, *Dirheimer G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubm\ ed_Abstract & term=%22Dirheimer+G%22%5BAuthor%5D> .. Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France. The distribution and elimination of [3H]ochratoxin A (OTA) from stomach content and tissue, intestine content and tissue, liver, bile, serum and urine of Swiss male mice which had received a single low dose of OTA by intubation was followed as a function of time. The profiles of radioactivity do not show a smooth decline after the absorption period, but an oscillating pattern with rapid declines followed by increases which favour the assumption of an enterohepatic circulation. Between 28% and 68% of conjugated OTA together with OTA cleavage products were found in bile giving evidence for biliary excretion of OTA and its metabolites in mice. When given i.m. to mice [3H]OTA is already found after 30 min in bile and intestine contents and its elimination patterns show several peaks confirming the biliary excretion and the enterohepatic circulation. Cholestyramine, which is known to prevent the enterohepatic circulation of drugs and toxins, changes the profile of elimination of OTA which no longer presents the cyclic pattern. This result is also in favour of an enterohepatic circulation of OTA. When phenylalanine is given together with OTA by oral gavage the toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin change completely in the different body fluids, in stomach and intestine content and tissues. Phenylalanine seems to facilitate the gastric absorption of OTA and the gastro-intestinal transit. It increases also its early excretion into urine and bile. However, its elimination pattern no longer shows the oscillating pattern. Thus phenylalanine seems to inhibit the intestinal reabsorption of OTA conjugates. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 23, 2007 Report Share Posted May 23, 2007 Thanks for the links LS. The one article I pulled up talked about effectiveness of Standard Q/FIS (a carbon/aluminosilicate-based product). Is that CSM? I believe but cannot say with any certainty since I cannot claim to have done much study on subject but from reading I have done I think it should be noted that studies seem to be regarding drugs only, and not foods or other detox methods, so although this is impressive, I wouldn't rule out other things that seem to make sense in detoxing. Although we want research to be about our health. Unfortunately it is really about somebody making some money on a particular proprietary product. That being said, since we cannot do our own research on foods and alternatives, it is safe to rely on people we trust like Dr Shoemaker and others who have research CSM so we know there is something that does work. Just adding that other things should not be ruled out or assumed to be less effective since it is probably due to lack of interest and research. > > > > Hi all, > > Has anyone had luck with an alternative to CSM, like chlorella, activated > > charcoal, etc? > > Thanks, > > > > > > > > > ____ > > *1: *Food Addit Contam. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Food Addit > Contam.');> 2005 Apr;22(4):379-88. Related > Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? itool=pubmed_Abstract & db=pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_u id=16019808 & itool=ExternalSearch> > Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu16019808);> [image: Click here to > read]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi? itool=Abstract- def & PrId=3079 & uid=16019808 & db=pubmed & url=http://www.informaworld.com/ openurl?genre=article & doi=10.1080/02652030500058312 & magic=pubmed%7C% 7C1B69BA326FFE69C3F0A8F227DF8201D0> > > *Recent advances on the use of adsorbent materials for detoxification of > Fusarium mycotoxins.* > > *Avantaggiato G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Avantaggiato+G%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Solfrizzo M*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Solfrizzo+M%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Visconti A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Visconti+A%22% 5BAuthor%5D> > . > > Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, > Italy. giuseppina.avantaggiato@... > > The extensive use of adsorbents in the livestock industry has led to the > introduction of a wide range of new products on the market, most of them > claiming high in vitro mycotoxin adsorption capacity. However, adsorbents > that may appear effective in vitro do not necessarily retain their efficacy > when tested in vivo. Studies performed in our laboratory during the past few > years aiming to evaluate the efficacy of various adsorbent materials in > binding Fusarium mycotoxins are reported. Adsorption experiments were > performed in in vitro screening tests for Fusarium mycotoxins at different > pHs; by in vivo tests using the increase of the sphinganine to sphingosine > ratio in rat urine and tissues as a biomarker of fumonisin exposure; and by > a dynamic, computer-controlled, gastrointestinal model simulating the > gastrointestinal tract of healthy pigs. Most of the commercially available > mycotoxin-binders failed in sequestering in vitro Fusarium mycotoxins. Only > for a small number of adsorbent materials was the ability to bind more than > one mycotoxin demonstrated. Cholestyramine was proven to be an effective > binder for fumonisins and zearalenone in vitro, which was confirmed for > zearalenone in experiments using a dynamic gastrointestinal model and for > fumonisins in in vivo experiments. No adsorbent materials, with the > exception of activated carbon, showed relevant ability in binding > deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. The in vitro efficacy of activated carbon > toward fumonisins was not confirmed in vivo by the biomarker assay. The > dynamic gastrointestinal model was a reliable tool to study the > effectiveness of adsorbent materials in reducing the bioaccessibility of > Fusarium mycotoxins, as an alternative to the more difficult and > time-consuming studies with domestic livestock. > > > > Arch Anim Nutr. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Arch Anim Nutr.');> 2004 > Aug;58(4):311-24. Related > Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? itool=pubmed_Abstract & db=pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_u id=15570745 & itool=ExternalSearch> > Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu15570745);> > *In vitro studies on the evaluation of mycotoxin detoxifying agents for > their efficacy on deoxynivalenol and zearalenone.* > > *Doll S*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Doll+S%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Danicke S*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Danicke+S%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Valenta H*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Valenta+H%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Flachowsky G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Flachowsky+G%22% 5BAuthor%5D> > . > > Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), > Braunschweig, Germany. susanne.doell@... > > A simple in vitro system was developed to study the efficacy of commercially > available mycotoxin detoxifying agents and adsorbing substances as feed > additives to detoxify deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) in situ. > The in vitro model simulates the conditions (pH, temperature and transit > time) of the porcine gastrointestinal tract, as pigs react most sensitively > to these mycotoxins. The commercially available products were not effective > in detoxifying DON and ZON under the applied conditions, while activated > carbon was able to bind both toxins and cholestyramine, and a modified > aluminosilicate showed good adsorption abilities for ZON. Data obtained in > dose dependency studies showed an estimated adsorption capacity of > cholestyramine and the modified aluminosilicate of 11.7 and 5.7 g ZON/kg > detoxifying agent. The in vitro system deployed in the present study was > demonstrated to be a simple, helpful tool in screening substances for their > ability to detoxify DON and ZON under the simulated conditions of the > porcine gastrointestinal tract. Nonetheless in vivo experiments are > indispensable to proof the efficacy. > > > > > *4: *Food Chem Toxicol. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Food Chem > Toxicol.');> 2003 Oct;41(10):1283-90. Related > Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? itool=pubmed_Abstract & db=pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_u id=12909260 & itool=ExternalSearch> > Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu12909260);> [image: Click here to > read]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi? itool=Abstract- def & PrId=3048 & uid=12909260 & db=pubmed & url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.c om/retrieve/pii/S0278691503001133> > > *Assessing the zearalenone-binding activity of adsorbent materials during > passage through a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model.* > > *Avantaggiato G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Avantaggiato+G%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Havenaar R*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Havenaar+R%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Visconti A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Visconti+A%22% 5BAuthor%5D> > . > > CNR Institute of Sciences of Food Production, I-70125 Bari, Italy. > giuseppina.avantaggiato@... > > A novel approach is presented herein to study the intestinal absorption of > mycotoxins by using a laboratory model that mimics the metabolic processes > of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of healthy pigs. This model was used to > evaluate the small-intestinal absorption of zearalenone from contaminated > wheat (4.1 mg/kg) and the effectiveness of activated carbon and > cholestyramine at four inclusion levels (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2%) in reducing > toxin absorption. Approximately 32% of ZEA intake (247 microg) was released > from the food matrix during 6 h of digestion and was rapidly absorbed at > intestinal level. A significant reduction of intestinal absorption of ZEA > was found after inclusion of activated carbon or cholestyramine, even at the > lowest dose of adsorbents, with a more pronounced effect exhibited by > activated carbon. In particular, when 2% of activated carbon or > cholestyramine was added to the meal the ZEA intestinal absorption was > lowered from 32% of ZEA intake to 5 and 16%, respectively. The sequestering > effect of both adsorbents took place already during the first 2 h of > digestion and persisted during the rest of the experiment. The GI- model is a > rapid and physiologically relevant method to test the efficacy of adsorbent > materials in binding mycotoxins and can be used to pre-screen > mycotoxin/adsorbent combinations as an alternative to animal experiments. > > > > Mycopathologia. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', > 'Mycopathologia.');>2001;151(3):147-53. Related > Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? itool=pubmed_Abstract & db=pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_u id=11678589 & itool=ExternalSearch> > Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu11678589);> [image: Click here to > read]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi? itool=Abstract- def & PrId=3055 & uid=11678589 & db=pubmed & url=http://www.kluweronline.com/ art.pdf?issn=0301-486X & volume=151 & page=147> > > *In vitro and in vivo studies to assess the effectiveness of cholestyramine > as a binding agent for fumonisins.* > > *Solfrizzo M*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Solfrizzo+M%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Visconti A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Visconti+A%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Avantaggiato G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Avantaggiato+G%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > * A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22+A%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Chulze S*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Chulze+S%22% 5BAuthor%5D> > . > > Istituto Tossine e Micotossine da Parassiti Vegetali, CNR, Bari, Italy. > itmpms12@... > > Several adsorbent materials were tested at I mg/ml for their in vitro > capacity to adsorb fumonisin B1(FB1) from aqueous solutions. Cholestyramine > showed the best adsorption capacity (85% from a solution containing 200 > microg/ml FB1) followed by activated carbon (62% FB1). Bentonite adsorbed > only 12% of the toxin from a solution containing 13 microg/ml FB1, while > celite was not effective even at the lowest tested FB1 concentration > (3.2microg/ml). Cholestyramine was tested in vivo to evaluate its > capacity to > reduce the bioavailability of fumonisins (FBs) in rats fed diet contaminated > with toxigenic Fusarium verticillioides culture material. Rats were exposed > for one week to FBs-free diet, FBs-contaminated diet containing 6 or 20 > microg/g FB1 + FB2 and the same FBs-contaminated diet added of 20 mg/g > cholestyramine. The increase of sphinganine/sphingosine (SA/SO) ratio in > urine and kidney of treated rats was used as specific and sensitive > biomarker of fumonisin exposure. The addition of cholestyramine to the > FBs-contaminated diets consistently reduced the effect of FBs by reducing > significantly (P < 0.05) both urinary and renal SA/SO ratios. > > > J Food Prot. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'J Food Prot.');> 1999 > Dec;62(12):1461-5. Related > Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? itool=pubmed_Abstract & db=pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_u id=10606152 & itool=ExternalSearch> > Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu10606152);> > *Cholestyramine protection against ochratoxin A toxicity: role of ochratoxin > A sorption by the resin and bile acid enterohepatic circulation.* > > *Kerkadi A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Kerkadi+A%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Barriault C*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Barriault+C%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Marquardt RR*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Marquardt+RR%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Frohlich AA*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Frohlich+AA%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Yousef IM*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Yousef+IM%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Zhu XX*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Zhu+XX%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Tuchweber B*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Tuchweber+B%22% 5BAuthor%5D> > . > > Department of Nutrition, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada. > > We have shown that the addition of cholestyramine (CHA, a resin known to > bind bile salts in the gastrointestinal tract) to ochratoxin A > (OTA)-contaminated rat diets reduced plasma levels of the toxin and > prevented OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. To elucidate the mechanism of action > of CHA, we carried out in vitro experiments to determine whether the resin > may bind the toxin. For comparative purposes, binding of bile salts to the > resin was also examined. Results showed that CHA binds both OTA and bile > salts (taurodeoxycholate [TDC] and taurocholate [TCA]). Also, CHA showed > greater affinity for OTA and TDC than for TCA. At 1 mM concentration, 96% of > OTA and 80% of TDC were bound to the resin, while for TCA binding was only > 50%. However, saturation of the resin was reached at higher levels with bile > acids compared to OTA (3.67 mmol/g resin for TCA and 3.71 mmol/g resin for > TDC versus 2.85 mmol/g resin for OTA). To characterize the nature of the > binding of the toxin to CHA, NaCl (0 to 200 mM) was added to a fixed amount > of OTA or bile acids. As expected, TCA absorption was decreased by the > addition of NaCl (<50 mM), indicating electrostatic binding. However, OTA > and TDC sorption was decreased only at high concentrations of NaCl (>150 > mM), suggesting a stronger binding to the resin than that shown with TCA. > Sequential competitive studies demonstrated that CHA binds more OTA than > TCA. The results of the in vivo study show the role of bile salts in OTA > absorption. The toxin's plasma levels at 1 and 3 h after a single oral dose > of OTA were significantly decreased in bile salt-depleted rats compared to > the control. Thus, the alteration of the bile salt biliary pool and OTA > enterohepatic circulation may be an additional mechanism of action of the > resin against mycotoxin toxicity. > J Toxicol Environ Health A. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'J Toxicol > Environ Health A.');> 1998 Feb 6;53(3):231-50. Related > Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? itool=pubmed_Abstract & db=pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_u id=9482354 & itool=ExternalSearch> > Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu9482354);> > *Dietary cholestyramine reduces ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in the > rat by decreasing plasma levels and enhancing fecal excretion of the toxin.* > > *Kerkadi A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Kerkadi+A%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Barriault C*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Barriault+C%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Tuchweber B*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Tuchweber+B%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Frohlich AA*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Frohlich+AA%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Marquardt RR*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Marquardt+RR%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Bouchard G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Bouchard+G%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Yousef IM*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Yousef+IM%22% 5BAuthor%5D> > . > > Departement de Nutrition, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada. > > Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that may contaminate animal feed (oat, > barley, and rye) and food (wheat, rice, coffee, beer, pig meat), leading to > major health problems (e.g., nephropathy) in several animal species > including humans. Several methods have been tested to reduce the toxicity of > OTA in animals but with limited success. In rats, the effect of > cholestyramine (CHA), a bile acid-binding resin, was investigated on > OTA-induced nephrotoxicity and bioavailability. Animals were fed > semisynthetic diets containing two levels of OTA: 1 or 3 ppm. At each level > of OTA, the diets were enriched with 0.1, 1, and 5% of CHA. The results > showed that CHA decreased the concentration of OTA in plasma. At 1 and 3 ppm > of OTA in the diet, CHA is effective at a level of 0.1% and 5%, > respectively. The excretion of OTA and its metabolites (ochratoxin alpha and > hydroxylated ochratoxin A) in bile and urine was also decreased by addition > of 5% CHA in the diet. This was associated with an increase of OTA excretion > in feces. Enzymuria and renal morphology revealed that dietary CHA can > decrease OTA-induced nephrotoxicity, probably by reducing renal exposure to > the toxin. In conclusion, CHA can reduce OTA concentrations in plasma as > well as reducing nephrotoxicity, which may be attributed to a decrease of > bioavailability and/or enterohepatic circulation of the toxin. > Toxicol Lett. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Toxicol Lett.');> 1995 > Dec;82-83:869-77. Related > Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? itool=pubmed_Abstract & db=pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_u id=8597155 & itool=ExternalSearch> > Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu8597155);> > *Prevention of nephrotoxicity of ochratoxin A, a food contaminant.* > > *Creppy EE*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Creppy+EE%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Baudrimont I*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Baudrimont+I%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Betbeder AM*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Betbeder+AM%22% 5BAuthor%5D> > . > > Toxicology Department, University of Bordeaux, France. > > Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by ubiquitous Aspergilli, mainly > by Aspergillus ochraceus and also by Penicilium verrucosum. It was found all > over the world in feed and human food and blood as well as in animal blood > and tissues. The most threatening effects of OTA are its nephrotoxicity and > carcinogenicity, since this mycotoxin is nephrotoxic to all animal species > studied so far and is increasingly involved in the Balkan endemic > nephropathy (BEN), a human chronic interstitial nephropathy which is most of > the time associated to urinary tract tumours. Since it seems impossible to > avoid contamination of foodstuffs by toxigenic fungi, detoxification and > detoxication for OTA are needed. To reduce or abolish the OTA- induced toxic > effects, several mechanisms were investigated. The results of these > investigations showed that some of the potential antidotes were efficient in > preventing the main OTA toxic effects whereas some others were not. > Promising compounds are structural analogues of OTA, and/or compounds having > a high binding affinity for plasma proteins such as piroxicam, a > non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Some enzymes such as > superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, radical scavengers, vitamins, > prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibitors, (such as piroxicam), pH > modificators, adsorbant resin such as cholestyramine etc. are efficient in > vivo. Some of the results obtained in vivo were already confirmed in vitro > and gave useful information on how to safely use these antidotes. The most > generally acting compound seems to be A19 (Aspartame), a structural analogue > of OTA and phenylalanine. When given to rats A19 (25 mg/kg/48 h) combined to > OTA (289 micrograms/kg/48 h) for several weeks largely prevented OTA > nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity. When given after intoxication of animals > with OTA it washes out the toxin efficiently from the body. In vitro, A19 > (10 micrograms/ml) prevents OTA (20-500 micrograms/ml) binding to plasma > proteins. Its general action without any known side effect in humans and in > animals, points at A19 to be the best candidate for preventing the > OTA-induced subchronic effects. > > > > <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Toxicol Lett.');> > Food Chem Toxicol. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Food Chem > Toxicol.');>1992 Aug;30(8):709-14. Related > Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? itool=pubmed_Abstract & db=pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_u id=1398352 & itool=ExternalSearch> > Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu1398352);> > *Effect of dietary cholestyramine on the elimination pattern of ochratoxin A > in rats.* > > *Madhyastha MS*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Madhyastha+MS%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Frohlich AA*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Frohlich+AA%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Marquardt RR*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Marquardt+RR%22% 5BAuthor%5D> > . > > Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Canada. > > Three experiments with rats established the effects of dietary > cholestyramine on the disposition of ochratoxin A (OA) and its hydrolysed > metabolite, alpha-ochratoxin (O alpha). In the first experiment OA (1 mg/kg) > was incorporated into a diet that contained 0, 0.5, 1.0 and > 2.0%cholestyramine. Cholestyramine markedly reduced blood > concentrations of OA ( > 1.6 to 0.75 micrograms/ml, P less than 0.0001) for all concentrations of the > resin. The second experiment demonstrated that 2% cholestyramine added to > the diet of rats markedly reduced cumulative urinary OA excretion (26 to 6 > micrograms, P less than 0.01) and increased cumulative faecal OA excretion > (8 to 38 micrograms, P less than 0.001). The third experiment established > the efficacy of cholestyramine (2%) when added to diets containing two > concentrations (0 and 6%) of a saturated fat (tallow). The bioavailability > of OA as determined by area under the blood concentration curve over 216 hr > was 424 micrograms/ml/hr for the control rats and 186 micrograms/ml/hr for > the cholestyramine-treated rats (P less than 0.0001). Cholestyramine > treatment increased the recovery of OA plus O alpha in the faeces plus urine > over a 5-day period from 65.5 to 96.2% (P less than 0.0001). Cholestyramine > also greatly increased the amount of OA plus O alpha and particularly of OA > excretion in the faeces (105 to 160 micrograms, P less than 0.0001 for OA > plus O alpha and 82 to 150 micrograms, P less than 0.0001 for OA) and > resulted in a corresponding decrease in the excretion of these compounds in > the urine. The concentration of fat in the diet had a much less dramatic > effect than cholestyramine, was mainly detected in the urine and was > affected by an interaction with cholestyramine (P less than 0.0001). > Cholestyramine greatly reduced the concentration of OA plus O alpha (37 v. 8 > micrograms) when the content of dietary fat was low but to a much lesser > degree when it was high (19 v. 12 micrograms). These results suggest that > the concentration of fat in the diet may affect the pattern of OA excretion > in the urine. Cholestyramine added to the diet greatly increases the amount > of OA eliminated in the faeces and reduces the amount in the urine, and as a > result it decreases the amount present in the systemic circulation. > Toxicology. <javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Toxicology.');> 1988 > Mar;48(3):293-308. Related > Articles,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? itool=pubmed_Abstract & db=pubmed & cmd=Display & dopt=pubmed_pubmed & from_u id=3344528 & itool=ExternalSearch> > Links <javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu3344528);> > *Evidence for an enterohepatic circulation of ochratoxin A in mice.* > > *Roth A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Roth+A%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Chakor K*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Chakor+K%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Creppy EE*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Creppy+EE%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Kane A*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Kane+A%22% 5BAuthor%5D>, > *Roschenthaler R*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Roschenthaler+R% 22%5BAuthor%5D>, > *Dirheimer G*<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed & cmd=Search & itool=pubmed_Abstract & term=%22Dirheimer+G%22% 5BAuthor%5D> > . > > Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France. > > The distribution and elimination of [3H]ochratoxin A (OTA) from stomach > content and tissue, intestine content and tissue, liver, bile, serum and > urine of Swiss male mice which had received a single low dose of OTA by > intubation was followed as a function of time. The profiles of radioactivity > do not show a smooth decline after the absorption period, but an oscillating > pattern with rapid declines followed by increases which favour the > assumption of an enterohepatic circulation. Between 28% and 68% of > conjugated OTA together with OTA cleavage products were found in bile giving > evidence for biliary excretion of OTA and its metabolites in mice. When > given i.m. to mice [3H]OTA is already found after 30 min in bile and > intestine contents and its elimination patterns show several peaks > confirming the biliary excretion and the enterohepatic circulation. > Cholestyramine, which is known to prevent the enterohepatic circulation of > drugs and toxins, changes the profile of elimination of OTA which no longer > presents the cyclic pattern. This result is also in favour of an > enterohepatic circulation of OTA. When phenylalanine is given together with > OTA by oral gavage the toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin change completely in > the different body fluids, in stomach and intestine content and tissues. > Phenylalanine seems to facilitate the gastric absorption of OTA and the > gastro-intestinal transit. It increases also its early excretion into urine > and bile. However, its elimination pattern no longer shows the oscillating > pattern. Thus phenylalanine seems to inhibit the intestinal reabsorption of > OTA conjugates. > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 24, 2007 Report Share Posted May 24, 2007 Many physicians especially if the patient is new to them will not prescribe CSM. Because CSM for mold is an off label use of this drug they are worried about malpractice. Further, as we know, these physicians know nothing of mold exposure nor are most interested in learning. It is always the same response for them learning about anything new from a patient, " send me the information on this. " The amount of time they take with anything new is the same amount of time it takes to say, " send me the information on this. " The way physicians are trained these days has greatly affected how they practice medicine. Far too many are unable to think out of the box. They seem to be lacking the analytical skills and most importantly the motivation to connect any dots other then the paint by numbers that they learned in med school. With most internists if anything appears to be out of their specialty they are quick to refer to a specialist. You got a rash, you need to see a dermatologist. You got joint pain, you need to see a rheumatologist. You got migraines, you need to see a neurologist and so it goes. Part of this comes from the fear of malpractice and part comes from the way they are being trained. In essence the unholistic approach to medicine. Many of these physicians concept of holistic medicine today is making sure they tell the patient to be sure to have the specialists send them their reports. For the physicians who have not fallen victim to the system, we applaud you. For the people on this list and otherwise that have been able to find these physicians, consider yourselves blessed. Bobbins, RN, L.Ac, QME In a message dated 5/21/2007 6:20:02 PM Pacific Daylight Time, quackadillian@... writes: You guys, you should talk to an expert like Dr. Shoemaker on all of this. Barb, you can download his time series paper and the other stuff from chronicneurotoxins.chronicneurotoxins.chronicneurotoxins.<WBR>com / moldwarrior them Mold Warriors. I have a loaner copy that has gotten a lot of use in that way. If your doctor won't spend the tiny amount of time they need to spend to verify that this is a legitimate therapy, all I can say is you are wasting your money with them. Get another doctor. Don't forget, they work for you, you are paying them. You, we all, NEED to get better and if they can't help you reach that goal you are NOT getting your money's worth. 'Fire' them, move on, cut your losses, etc. [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] ************************************** See what's free at http://www.aol.com. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 24, 2007 Report Share Posted May 24, 2007 What are people supposed to do then? This is a really incredibly unacceptable (and given the long term effects of mold on people) DANGEROUS situation. At times like this, we really look to our government for leadership but what do we get - Look at what the government could and should be doing versus what they are doing. For example, our government SHOULD stockpile huge amounts of CSM for dealing with the aftermaths of things like Hurricane Katrina. Especially for emergency workers. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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