Re: mold map

[Guest guest]

The problem with the 'mold spore counts' on things like the Weather Channel

is that they are just counts of raw spores, which take no account of

different kinds of mold's toxic or allergenic effects. Its basically more of

a raw count of ALL particles in the air. All mold species are not the same

at all, but they are all mildly inflammatory.

Here are some references (collected by someone else) on beta glucans (which

occur as a cell wall component of ALL fungal species)

Rao CY, Riggs MA, Chew GL, Muilenburg ML, Thorne PS, Van Sickle D, Dunn

KH, Brown C. Characterization of airborne molds, endotoxins, and glucans in

homes in New Orleans after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Applied and

Environmental Microbiology 2007; 73(5): 1630-1634.

Young SH, JR, Antonini JM. Pulmonary exposure to 1, 3-beta-glucan

alters adaptive immune responses in rats. Inhal Toxicol 2006; 18(11):

865-874.

Thorn J, Rylander R. Airways inflammation and glucan in a rowhouse area. Am

J

Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1798-1803.

Young SH, JR, Antonini JM. Pulmonary exposure to 1, 3-B-glucan

alters

adaptive immune responses in rats. Inhalation Toxicology 2006; 18: 865-874.

Brown GD. Dectin-1: a signaling non-TLR pattern-recognition receptor. Nature

Reviews Immunology 2006; 6: 33-43.

MJ, Sancho D, Slack EC, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Sousa CR.

Myeloid C-type lectins in innate immunity. Nature Immunology 2006; 7(12):

1258-1264.

McCann F, Carmona E, Puri V, Pagano RE, Limper AH. Macrophage

internalization of fungal-B-glucans is not necessary for initiation of

related

inflammatory responses. Infection and Immunity 2005; 73(10): 6340-6349.

Kataoka K, Muta T, Yamazaki S, Takeshige K. Activation of macrophages by

linear (1,3)-beta-D-glucans. Implications for the recognition of fungi by

innate

immunity. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(39): 36825-36831.

Palma AS, Feizi T, Zhang Y, Stoll MS, Lawson AM, - E,

Campanero- MA, Costa J, Gordon S, Brown GD, Chai W. Ligands for the

beta-glucan receptor, dectin-1, assigned using " designer " microarrays of

oligosaccharide probes (neoglycolipids) generated from glucan

polysaccharides. J

Biol Chem 2006; 281(9): 5771-5779.

Herre J, Willment JA, Gordon S, Brown GD. The role of dectin-1 in antifungal

immunity. Crit Rev Immunol 2004; 24(3): 193-203.

PR, Tsoni SV, Willment JA, KM, s M, Findon H, Haynes

K, Steele C, Botto M, Gordon S, Brown GD. Dectin-1 is required for

beta-glucan

recognition and control of fungal infection. Nat Immunol 2007; 8(1): 31-38.

Willment JA, Marshall AS, Reid DM, DL, Wong SY, Gordon S, Brown

GD. The human beta-glucan receptor is widely expressed and functionally

equivalent to murine dectin-1 on primary cells. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35(5):

1539-

1547.

PR, Brown GD, Reid DM, Willment JA, ez-Pomares L, Gordon S,

Wong SY. The beta-glucan receptor, dectin-1, is predominantly expressed on

the

surface of cells of the monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil lineages. J

Immunol

2002; 169(7): 3879-3882.

Brown GD, PR, Reid DM, Willment JA, DL, ez-Pomares

L, Wong SY, Gordon S. Dectin-1 is a major beta-glucan receptor on

macrophages. J Exp Med 2002; 196(3): 407-412.

Thornton BP, Vetvicka V, Pitman M, Goldman RC, Ross GD. Analysis of the

sugar specificity and molecular location of the beta-glucan-binding lectin

site of

complement receptor type 3 (CD11b/CD18). J Immunol 1996; 156(3): 1235-

1246.

Ozment-Skelton TR, Goldman MP, Gordon S, Brown GD, DL.

Prolonged reduction of leukocyte membrane-associated dectin-1 levels

following

beta-glucan administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318(2): 540-546.

Herre J, Gordon S, Brown GD. Dectin-1 and its role in the recognition of

betaglucans

by macrophages. Mol Immunol 2004; 40(12): 869-876.

Adachi Y, Ishii T, Ikeda Y, Hoshino A, Tamura H, Aketagawa J, Tanaka S, Ohno

N. Characterization of beta-glucan recognition site on C-type lectin, dectin

1.

Infect Immun 2004; 72(7): 4159-4171.

McGreal EP, s M, Brown GD, Zamze S, Wong SY, Gordon S, ez-

Pomares L, PR. The carbohydrate-recognition domain of dectin-2 is a

Ctype

lectin with specificity for high mannose. Glycobiology 2006; 16(5): 422-430.