Comfort Food: Chocolate, Water Reduce Pain Response To Heat

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Comfort Food: Chocolate, Water Reduce Pain Response To Heat

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091013171229.htm

Rresearchers have found that eating chocolate or drinking water can blunt pain,

reducing a rat's response to a hot stimulus. This natural form of pain relief

may help animals in the wild avoid distraction while eating scarce food, but in

modern humans with readily available food, the effect may contribute to

overeating and obesity.

The study, published in the Journal of Neuroscience by authors Peggy Mason, PhD,

professor of neurobiology, and Hayley Foo, PhD, research associate professor of

neurobiology at the University of Chicago, is the first to demonstrate that this

powerful painkilling effect occurs while the animals are ingesting food or

liquid even in the absence of appetite.

" It's a strong, strong effect, but it's not about hunger or appetite, " Mason

said. " If you have all this food in front of you that's easily available to

reach out and get, you're not going to stop eating, for basically almost any

reason. "

In the experiments, rats were given either a chocolate chip to eat or had sugar

water or regular water infused directly into their mouth. As the rat swallowed

the chocolate or fluid, a light-bulb beneath the cage was switched on, providing

a heat stimulus that normally caused the animal to lift its paw off the floor.

Mason and Foo found that rats were much slower to raise their paw while eating

or drinking, compared to tests conducted while they were awake, but not eating.

Surprisingly, the researchers found no difference in the delayed paw-lift

response between when the rat was eating chocolate and when it was drinking

water, despite previous research indicating that only sugary substances were

protective against pain.

" This really shows it has nothing to do with calories, " Mason said. " Water has

no calories, saccharine has no sugar, but both have the same effect as a

chocolate chip. It's really shocking. "

Mason and Foo then repeated the heat test as the rats were given quinine, a

bitter drink that causes rats to make an expression called a gape that's akin to

a child's expression of " yuck. " During quinine administration, the rats reacted

to heat as quickly as when not eating, suggesting that a non-pleasurable food or

drink fails to trigger pain relief.

The context of ingesting was also important to whether eating or drinking

blunted pain, the researchers found. When rats were made ill by a drug

treatment, eating chocolate no longer delayed their response. However, drinking

water still caused a reduced pain response, indicating that drinking water was

considered a positive experience while ill.

By selectively inactivating a region in the brainstem called the raphe mangus –

an area previously shown to blunt pain during sleep and urination – Mason and

Foo were able to remove the effect of drinking water on the rat's pain response.

The brainstem controls subconscious responses such as breathing and perspiration

during exercise.

" You're essentially at the mercy of your brainstem, and the raphe magnus is part

of that, " Mason said. " It tells you, 'you're going to finish eating this,

whether you like it or not,' just like you sweat while running whether you like

it or not. "

In the wild, Mason said, rats and other animals would not want to be distracted

during the rare but important times that they were able to eat or drink.

Therefore, the activation of the raphe magnus during eating or drinking would

allow the rat to filter out distractions until their meal was completed. For

obvious reasons, this natural pain relief would be activated when an animal is

eating or drinking something pleasurable, but not when it tastes something that

could be toxic or harmful.

Don Katz, an associate professor of psychology and neuroscience at Brandeis

University who studies taste, said that Mason and Foo's paper brings together

two systems – taste and pain – that are usually studied separately.

" They're saying the purpose of the taste system is to give the animal a cue that

helps it decide what stimulus they should or shouldn't pay attention to, " Katz

said. " This shows there is a whole region there to enable the animal to keep

eating. "

Mason believes that this effect is also present in humans (studies by other labs

have observed similar pain reduction in infants receiving sugar water during a

booster shot), but that it has detrimental effects in modern society given our

ready access to large quantities of pleasurable and fattening foods. Opening up

a bag of chips could activate the brainstem such that you don't stop eating

until the bag is empty, even while realizing that such behavior is bad for you.

" We've gotten a lot more overweight in last 100 to 150 years, " Mason said.

" We're not more hungry; the fact of the matter is that we eat more because food

is readily available and we are biologically destined to eat what's readily

available. "

But the painkilling effect can be turned to our advantage, Mason said, perhaps

as a replacement for the practice of using candy to calm children – or even

adults – in the doctor's office.

" Ingestion is a painkiller but we don't need the sugar, " Mason said. " So replace

the doctor's lollipop with a drink of water. "

The research was funded by a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and

the Women's Council of the Brain Research Foundation. The paper, " Analgesia

accompanying food consumption requires ingestion of hedonic foods, " appears in

the October 14th issue of the Journal of Neuroscience.