sugar problems--good to pass along

[Guest guest]

I got this, this morning from another list I'm with so I thought I would pass it along. Seem to be some good information in it.

Lynn

124 Ways Sugar Can Ruin Your Health

Contributed by Appleton, Ph.D., www.nancyappleton.comAuthor of the book "Lick The Sugar Habit"

In addition to throwing off the body's homeostasis, excess sugar may result in a number of other significant consequences. The following is a listing of some of sugar's metabolic consequences from a variety of medical journals and other scientific publications.

Sugar can suppress the immune system

Sugar upsets the mineral relationships in the body

Sugar can cause hyperactivity, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and crankiness in children

Sugar can produce a significant rise in triglycerides

Sugar contributes to the reduction in defense against bacterial infection (infectious diseases)

Sugar causes a loss of tissue elasticity and function, the more sugar you eat the more elasticity and function you loose

Sugar reduces high density lipoproteins

Sugar leads to chromium deficiency

Sugar leads to cancer of the breast, ovaries, prostrate, and rectum

Sugar can increase fasting levels of glucose

Sugar causes copper deficiency

Sugar interferes with absorption of calcium and magnesium

Sugar can weaken eyesight

Sugar raises the level of a neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

Sugar can cause hypoglycemia

Sugar can produce an acidic digestive tract

Sugar can cause a rapid rise of adrenaline levels in children

Sugar malabsorption is frequent in patients with functional bowel disease

Sugar can cause premature aging

Sugar can lead to alcoholism

Sugar can cause tooth decay

Sugar contributes to obesity

High intake of sugar increases the risk of Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis

Sugar can cause changes frequently found in person with gastric or duodenal ulcers

Sugar can cause arthritis

Sugar can cause asthma

Sugar greatly assists the uncontrolled growth of Candida Albicans (yeast infections)

Sugar can cause gallstones

Sugar can cause heart disease

Sugar can cause appendicitis

Sugar can cause multiple sclerosis

Sugar can cause hemorrhoids

Sugar can cause varicose veins

Sugar can elevate glucose and insulin responses in oral contraceptive users

Sugar can lead to periodontal disease

Sugar can contribute to osteoporosis

Sugar contributes to saliva acidity

Sugar can cause a decrease in insulin sensitivity

Sugar can lower the amount of Vitamin E in the blood

Sugar can decrease growth hormone

Sugar can increase cholesterol

Sugar can increase the systolic blood pressure

Sugar can cause drowsiness and decreased activity in children

High sugar intake increases advanced glycation end products (AGEs)(Sugar bound non- enzymatically to protein)

Sugar can interfere with the absorption of protein

Sugar causes food allergies

Sugar can contribute to diabetes

Sugar can cause toxemia during pregnancy

Sugar can contribute to eczema in children

Sugar can cause cardiovascular disease

Sugar can impair the structure of DNA

Sugar can change the structure of protein

Sugar can make our skin age by changing the structure of collagen

Sugar can cause cataracts

Sugar can cause emphysema

Sugar can cause atherosclerosis

Sugar can promote an elevation of low density lipoproteins (LDL)

High sugar intake can impair the physiological homeostasis of many systems in the body

Sugar lowers the enzymes ability to function

Sugar intake is higher in people with Parkinson’s disease

Sugar can cause a permanent altering the way the proteins act in the body

Sugar can increase the size of the liver by making the liver cells divide

Sugar can increase the amount of liver fat

Sugar can increase kidney size and produce pathological changes in the kidney

Sugar can damage the pancreas

Sugar can increase the body's fluid retention

Sugar is enemy #1 of the bowel movement

Sugar can cause myopia (nearsightedness)

Sugar can compromise the lining of the capillaries

Sugar can make the tendons more brittle

Sugar can cause headaches, including migraine

Sugar plays a role in pancreatic cancer in women

Sugar can adversely affect school children's grades and cause learning disorders

Sugar can cause an increase in delta, alpha, and theta brain waves

Sugar can cause depression

Sugar increases the risk of gastric cancer

Sugar and cause dyspepsia (indigestion)

Sugar can increase your risk of getting gout

Sugar can increase the levels of glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test over the ingestion of complex carbohydrates

Sugar can increase the insulin responses in humans consuming high-sugar diets compared to low sugar diets

High refined sugar diet reduces learning capacity

Sugar can cause less effective functioning of two blood proteins, albumin, and lipoproteins, which may reduce the body’s ability to handle fat and cholesterol

Sugar can contribute to Alzheimer’s disease

Sugar can cause platelet adhesiveness

Sugar can cause hormonal imbalance; some hormones become underactive and others become overactive

Sugar can lead to the formation of kidney stones

Sugar can lead to the hypothalamus to become highly sensitive to a large variety of stimuli

Sugar can lead to dizziness

Diets high in sugar can cause free radicals and oxidative stress

High sucrose diets of subjects with peripheral vascular disease significantly increases platelet adhesion

High sugar diet can lead to biliary tract cancer

Sugar feeds cancer

High sugar consumption of pregnant adolescents is associated with a twofold increased risk for delivering a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant

High sugar consumption can lead to substantial decrease in gestation duration among adolescents

Sugar slows food's travel time through the gastrointestinal tract

Sugar increases the concentration of bile acids in stools and bacterial enzymes in the colon

Sugar increases estradiol (the most potent form of naturally occurring estrogen) in men

Sugar combines and destroys phosphatase, an enzyme, which makes the process of digestion more dificult

Sugar can be a risk factor of gallbladder cancer

Sugar is an addictive substance

Sugar can be intoxicating, similar to alcohol

Sugar can exacerbate PMS

Sugar given to premature babies can affect the amount of carbon dioxide they produce

Decrease in sugar intake can increase emotional stability

The body changes sugar into 2 to 5 times more fat in the bloodstream than it does starch

The rapid absorption of sugar promotes excessive food intake in obese subjects

Sugar can worsen the symptoms of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Sugar adversely affects urinary electrolyte composition

Sugar can slow down the ability of the adrenal glands to function

Sugar has the potential of inducing abnormal metabolic processes in a normal healthy individual and to promote chronic degenerative diseases

I.Vs (intravenous feedings) of sugar water can cut off oxygen to the brain

High sucrose intake could be an important risk factor in lung cancer

Sugar increases the risk of polio

High sugar intake can cause epileptic seizures

Sugar causes high blood pressure in obese people

In Intensive Care Units: Limiting sugar saves lives

Sugar may induce cell death

Sugar may impair the physiological homeostasis of many systems in living organisms

In juvenile rehabilitation camps, when children were put on a low sugar diet, there was a 44% drop in antisocial behavior

Sugar can cause gastric cancer

Sugar dehydrates newborns

Sugar can cause gum disease

Sugar increases the estradiol in young men

Sugar can cause low birth weight babies

References

, A., et al. Role of Sugars in Human Neutrophilic Phagocytosis, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Nov 1973;261:1180_1184. Bernstein, J., al. Depression of Lymphocyte Transformation Following Oral Glucose Ingestion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.1997;30:613.

Couzy, F., et al."Nutritional Implications of the Interaction Minerals," Progressive Food and Nutrition Science 17;1933:65-87.

Goldman, J., et al. Behavioral Effects of Sucrose on Preschool Children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.1986;14(4):565_577.

Scanto, S. and Yudkin, J. The Effect of Dietary Sucrose on Blood Lipids, Serum Insulin, Platelet Adhesiveness and Body Weight in Human Volunteers, Postgraduate Medicine Journal. 1969;45:602_607.

Ringsdorf, W., Cheraskin, E. and Ramsay R. Sucrose,Neutrophilic Phagocytosis and Resistance to Disease, Dental Survey. 1976;52(12):46_48.

Cerami, A., Vlassara, H., and Brownlee, M."Glucose and Aging." Scientific American. May 1987:90. Lee, A. T. and Cerami, A. The Role of Glycation in Aging. ls of the New York Academy of Science; 663:63-67.

Albrink, M. and Ullrich I. H. Interaction of Dietary Sucrose and Fiber on Serum Lipids in Healthy Young Men Fed High Carbohydrate Diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986;43:419-428. Pamplona, R., et al. Mechanisms of Glycation in Atherogenesis. Med Hypotheses. Mar 1993;40(3):174-81.

Kozlovsky, A., et al. Effects of Diets High in Simple Sugars on Urinary Chromium Losses. Metabolism. June 1986;35:515_518.

Takahashi, E., Tohoku University School of Medicine, Wholistic Health Digest. October 1982:41:00

Kelsay, J., et al. Diets High in Glucose or Sucrose and Young Women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1974;27:926_936. , B. J., et al. Relation of Habitual Diet to Fasting Plasma Insulin Concentration and the Insulin Response to Oral Glucose, Human Nutrition Clinical Nutrition. 1983; 36C(1):49_51.

Fields, M.., et al. Effect of Copper Deficiency on Metabolism and Mortality in Rats Fed Sucrose or Starch Diets, Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1983;113:1335_1345.

Lemann, J. Evidence that Glucose Ingestion Inhibits Net Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Calcium and Magnesium. Journal Of Clinical Nutrition. 1976 ;70:236_245.

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Mar 2002;48;25. Taub, H. Ed. Sugar Weakens Eyesight, VM NEWSLETTER;May 1986:06:00

Sugar, White Flour Withdrawal Produces Chemical Response. The Addiction Letter .Jul 1992:04:00

Dufty, . Sugar Blues. (New York:Warner Books, 1975).

Ibid.

, T. W., et al. Enhanced Adrenomedullary Response and Increased Susceptibility to Neuroglygopenia: Mechanisms Underlying the Adverse Effect of Sugar Ingestion in Children. Journal of Pediatrics. Feb 1995;126:171-7.

Ibid.

Lee, A. T.and Cerami A. The Role of Glycation in Aging. ls of the New York Academy of Science.1992;663:63-70.

Abrahamson, E. and Peget, A.. Body, Mind and Sugar. (New York:Avon,1977.}

Glinsmann, W., Irausquin, H., and Youngmee, K. Evaluation of Health Aspects of Sugar Contained in Carbohydrate Sweeteners. F. D. A. Report of Sugars Task Force. 1986:39:00 Makinen K.K.,et al. A Descriptive Report of the Effects of a 16_month Xylitol Chewing_gum Programme Subsequent to a 40_month Sucrose Gum Programme. Caries Research. 1998; 32(2)107_12.

Keen, H., et al. Nutrient Intake, Adiposity, and Diabetes. British Medical Journal. 1989; 1:00 655_658

Persson P. G., Ahlbom, A., and Hellers, G. Epidemiology. 1992;3:47-52.

Yudkin, J. New York: Sweet and Dangerous.:Bantam Books:1974: 129

Darlington, L., Ramsey, N. W. and Mansfield, J. R. Placebo_Controlled, Blind Study of Dietary Manipulation Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lancet. Feb 1986;8475(1):236_238.

Powers, L. Sensitivity: You React to What You Eat. Los Angeles Times. (Feb. 12, 1985). Cheng, J., et al. Preliminary Clinical Study on the Correlation Between Allergic Rhinitis and Food Factors. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi Aug 2002;16(8):393-396.

Crook, W. J. The Yeast Connection. (TN:Professional Books, 1984)..

Heaton, K. The Sweet Road to Gallstones. British Medical Journal. Apr 14, 1984; 288:00:00 1103_1104. Misciagna, G., et al. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;69:120-126.

Yudkin, J. Sugar Consumption and Myocardial Infarction. Lancet..Feb 6, 1971:1(7693):296-297. Suadicani, P., et al. Adverse Effects of Risk of Ishaemic Heart Disease of Adding Sugar to Hot Beverages in Hypertensives Using Diuretics. Blood Pressure. Mar 1996;5(2):91-71.

Cleave, T. The Saccharine Disease. (New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, 1974).

Erlander, S. The Cause and Cure of Multiple Sclerosis, The Disease to End Disease." Mar 3, 1979;1(3):59_63.

Cleave, T. The Saccharine Disease. (New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, 1974.)

Cleave, T. and , G. (Bristol, England:Diabetes, Coronary Thrombosis and the Saccharine Disease: and Sons, 1960).

Behall, K. Influ ence of Estrogen Content of Oral Contraceptives and Consumption of Sucrose on Blood Parameters. Disease Abstracts International. 1982;431437.

Glinsmann, W., Irausquin, H., and K. Youngmee. Evaluation of Health Aspects of Sugar Contained in Carbohydrate Sweeteners. F. D. A. Report of Sugars Task Force.1986;39:36_38.

Tjäderhane, L. and Larmas, M. A High Sucrose Diet Decreases the Mechanical Strength of Bones in Growing Rats. Journal of Nutrition. 1998:128:1807_1810.

Appleton, N. New York: Healthy Bones. Avery Penguin Putnam:1989.

Beck_Nielsen H., Pedersen O., and Schwartz S. Effects of Diet on the Cellular Insulin Binding and the Insulin Sensitivity in Young Healthy Subjects. Diabetes. 1978;15:289_296 .

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Aug 2000

Gardner, L. and Reiser, S. Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate on Fasting Levels of Human Growth Hormone and Cortisol. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1982;169:36_40.

Reiser, S. Effects of Dietary Sugars on Metabolic Risk Factors Associated with Heart Disease. Nutritional Health. 1985;203_216.

Hodges, R., and Rebello, T. Carbohydrates and Blood Pressure. ls of Internal Medicine. 1983:98:838_841.

Behar, D., et al. Sugar Challenge Testing with Children Considered Behaviorally Sugar Reactive. Nutritional Behavior. 1984;1:277_288.

Furth, A. and Harding, J. Why Sugar Is Bad For You. New Scientist. Sep 23, 1989;44.

, J. Is The Sand of Time Sugar? LONGEVITY. June 1990:00:00 49_53.

Appleton, N. New York: LICK THE SUGAR HABIT. Avery Penguin Putnam:1988. allergies

Sucrose Induces Diabetes in Cat. Federal Protocol. 1974;6(97). diabetes

Cleave, T.:The Saccharine Disease: (New Canaan Ct: Keats Publishing, Inc., 1974).131.

Ibid. 132

Vaccaro O., Ruth, K. J. and Stamler J. Relationship of Postload Plasma Glucose to Mortality with 19_yr Follow_up. Diabetes Care. Oct 15,1992;10:328_334. Tominaga, M., et al, Impaired Glucose Tolerance Is a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease, but Not Fasting Glucose. Diabetes Care. 1999:2(6):920-924.

Lee, A. T. and Cerami, A. Modifications of Proteins and Nucleic Acids by Reducing Sugars: Possible Role in Aging. Handbook of the Biology of Aging. ( New York: Academic Press, 1990.).

Monnier, V. M. Nonenzymatic Glycosylation, the Maillard Reaction and the Aging Process. Journal of Gerontology 1990:45(4 ):105_110.

Dyer, D. G., et al. Accumulation of Maillard Reaction Products in Skin Collagen in Diabetes and Aging. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993:93(6):421_22.

Veromann, S.et al."Dietary Sugar and Salt Represent Real Risk Factors for Cataract Development." Ophthalmologica. 2003 Jul-Aug;217(4):302-307.

Monnier, V. M. Nonenzymatic Glycosylation, the Maillard Reaction and the Aging Process. Journal of Gerontology. 1990:45(4):105_110.

Pamplona, R., et al. Mechanisms of Glycation in Atherogenesis. Medical Hypotheses . 1990:00:00 174_181.

, G. F. and Steiner, G. Acute Effects of Insulin in the Control of Vldl Production in Humans. Implications for Theinsulin-resistant State. Diabetes Care. 1996 Apr;19(4):390-3 R. Pamplona, M. .J., et al. Mechanisms of Glycation in Atherogenesis. Medical Hypotheses. 1990;40:174-181.

Ceriello, A. Oxidative Stress and Glycemic Regulation. Metabolism. Feb 2000;49(2 Suppl 1):27-29.

Appleton, . New York; Lick the Sugar Habit. Avery Penguin Putnam, 1988 enzymes

Hellenbrand, W. Diet and Parkinson's Disease. A Possible Role for the Past Intake of Specific Nutrients. Results from a Self-administered Food-frequency Questionnaire in a Case-control Study. Neurology. Sep 1996;47(3):644-650. 61 Cerami, A., Vlassara, H., and Brownlee, M. Glucose and Aging. Scientific American. May 1987:00:00 90

Goulart, F. S. Are You Sugar Smart? American Fitness. March_April 1991:00:00 34_38.

Ibid.

Yudkin, J., Kang, S. and Bruckdorfer, K. Effects of High Dietary Sugar. British Journal of Medicine. Nov 22, 1980;1396.

Goulart, F. S. Are You Sugar Smart? American Fitness. March_April 1991:00:00 34_38. Milwakuee, WI,: damage pancreas

Ibid. fluid retention

Ibid. bowel movement

Ibid. nearsightedness

Ibid. compromise the lining of the capillaries

Nash, J. Health Contenders. Essence. Jan 1992; 23:00 79_81.

Grand, E. Food Allergies and Migraine.Lancet. 1979:1:955_959.

Michaud, D. Dietary Sugar, Glycemic Load, and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in a Prospective Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. Sep 4, 2002 ;94(17):1293-300.

Schauss, A. Diet, Crime and Delinquency. (Berkley Ca; House, 1981.)

Christensen, L. The Role of Caffeine and Sugar in Depression. Nutrition Report. Mar 1991;9(3):17-24.

Ibid.

Cornee, J., et al. A Case-control Study of Gastric Cancer and Nutritional Factors in Marseille, France, European Journal of Epidemiology. 1995;11:55-65.

Yudkin, J. Sweet and Dangerous.(New York:Bantam Books,1974) 129

Ibid, 44

Reiser, S., et al. Effects of Sugars on Indices on Glucose Tolerance in Humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986:43;151-159.

Reiser,S., et al. Effects of Sugars on Indices on Glucose Tolerance in Humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986;43:151-159.

Molteni, R, et al. A High-fat, Refined Sugar Diet Reduces Hippocampal Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neuronal Plasticity, and Learning. NeuroScience. 2002;112(4):803-814.

Monnier, V., Nonenzymatic Glycosylation, the Maillard Reaction and the Aging Process. Journal of Gerontology. 1990;45:105-111.

Frey, J. Is There Sugar in the Alzheimer’s Disease? les De Biologie Clinique. 2001; 59 (3):253-257.

Yudkin, J. Metabolic Changes Induced by Sugar in Relation to Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes. Nutrition and Health. 1987;5(1-2):5-8.

Ibid.

Blacklock, N. J., Sucrose and Idiopathic Renal Stone. Nutrition and Health. 1987;5(1-2):9- Curhan, G., et al. Beverage Use and Risk for Kidney Stones in Women. ls of Internal Medicine. 1998:28:534-340.

Journal of Advanced Medicine. 1994;7(1):51-58.

Ibid

Ceriello, A. Oxidative Stress and Glycemic Regulation. Metabolism. Feb 2000;49(2 Suppl 1):27-29.

Postgraduate Medicine.Sept 1969:45:602-07.

Moerman, C. J., et al. Dietary Sugar Intake in the Etiology of Biliary Tract Cancer. International Journal of Epidemiology . Ap 1993;.2(2):207-214.

Quillin, , Cancer’s Sweet Tooth, Nutrition Science News. Ap 2000 Rothkopf, M.. Nutrition. July/Aug 1990;6(4).

Lenders, C. M. Gestational Age and Infant Size at Birth Are Associated with Dietary Intake among Pregnant Adolescents. Journal of Nutrition. Jun 1997;1113- 1117

Ibid.

Bostick, R. M., et al. Sugar, Meat.and Fat Intake and Non-dietary Risk Factors for Colon Cancer Incidence in Iowa Women. Cancer Causes & Control. 1994:05:00 :38-53.

Ibid. Kruis, W., et al. Effects of Diets Low and High in Refined Sugars on Gut Transit, Bile Acid Metabolism and Bacterial Fermentation. Gut. 1991;32:367-370. Ludwig, D. S., et al. High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating, And Obesity. Pediatrics. Mar 1999;103(3):26-32.

Yudkin, J and Eisa, O. Dietary Sucrose and Oestradiol Concentration in Young Men. ls of Nutrition and Metabolism. 1988:32(2):53-55.

Lee, A. T. and Cerami A. The Role of Glycation in Aging. ls of the New York Academy of Science. 1992; 663:63-70.

Moerman, C., et al."Dietary Sugar Intake in the Etiology of Biliary Tract Cancer." International Journal of Epidemiology. Ap 1993; 22(2):207-214.

Sugar, White Flour Withdrawal Produces Chemical Response. The Addiction Letter. Jul 1992:04:00 Colantuoni, C., et al. Evidence That Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake Causes Endogenous Opioid Dependence. Obes Res. Jun 2002 ;10(6):478-488. Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Society, Toronto, June 17, 2001 www.mercola.com/2001/jun/30/sugar.htm

Ibid.

The Edell Health Letter. Sept 1991;7:1.

Sunehag, A. L., et al. Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition Diabetes. 1999 ;48 7991_800.

Christensen L., et al. Impact of A Dietary Change on Emotional Distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology .1985;94(4):565_79.

Nutrition Health Review. Fall 85 changes sugar into fat faster than fat

Ludwig, D. S., et al. High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating and Obesity. Pediatrics. March 1999;103(3):26-32.

Pediatrics Research. 1995;38(4):539-542. Berdonces, J. L. Attention Deficit and Infantile Hyperactivity. Rev Enferm. Jan 2001;4(1)11-4

Blacklock, N. J. Sucrose and Idiopathic Renal Stone. Nutrition Health. 1987;5(1 & 2):9-17.

Lechin, F., et al. Effects of an Oral Glucose Load on Plasma Neurotransmitters in Humans. Neurophychobiology. 1992;26(1-2):4-11.

Fields, M. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. Aug 1998;17(4):317_321.

Arieff, A. I. Veterans Administration Medical Center in San Francisco. San Mercury; June 12/86. IVs of sugar water can cut off oxygen to the brain.

De Stefani, E."Dietary Sugar and Lung Cancer: a Case_control Study in Uruguay." Nutrition and Cancer. 1998;31(2):132_7.

Sandler, P. Diet Prevents Polio. Milwakuee, WI,:The Lee Foundation for for Nutritional Research, 1951

, . The Role of Sugar in Epileptic Seizures. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. May, 2001 Is Editor of Epilepsy Wellness Newsletter, 1462 West 5th Ave., Eugene, Oregon 97402

Stern, N. & Tuck, M. Pathogenesis of Hypertension in Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus, a Fundamental and Clinical Test. 2nd Edition, (PhiladelphiA; A:Lippincott & Wilkins, 2000)943-957.

Christansen, D. Critical Care: Sugar Limit Saves Lives. Science News. June 30, 2001; 159:404.

Donnini, D. et al. Glucose May Induce Cell Death through a Free Radical-mediated Mechanism.Biochem Biohhys Res Commun. Feb 15, 1996:219(2):412-417.

Ceriello, A. Oxicative Stress and Glycemic Regulation. Metabolism. Feb 2000;49(Suppl I):27-29.

Schoenthaler, S. The Los Angeles Probation Department Diet-Behavior Program: Am Empirical Analysis of Six Institutional Settings. Int J Biosocial Res 5(2):88-89.

Cornee, J., et al. A Case-control Study of Gastric Cancer and Nutritional Factors in Marseille, France. European Journal of Epidemiology 11 (1995):55-65.

Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition. Diabetes. 1999 Apr;48(4):791-800.

Glinsmann, W., et al. Evaluation of Health Aspects of Sugar Contained in Carbohydrate Sweeteners." FDA Report of Sugars Task Force -1986 39 123 Yudkin, J. and Eisa, O. Dietary Sucrose and Oestradiol Concentration in Young Men. ls of Nutrition and Metabolism. 1988;32(2):53-5.

Lenders, C. M. Gestational Age and Infant Size at Birth Are Associated with Dietary Intake Among Pregnant Adolescents. Journal of Nutrition 128 (1998):1807-1810