More research regarding immunity and autism

[Guest guest]

More research addressing immunity and autism... Also, if you google

Binstock and HHV6, you will find countless medical journal

articles referencing viral, immune compromising pathogenes hurting our

children.

Research document and recommendation for Dan Burton,

Representative from Indiana,

House Government Reform Committee,

regarding: Vaccines: finding a balance...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MECHANISMS OF VACCINATION SEQUELAE

a sampling from scientific literature

August 3, 1999

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

final

by Binstock

Researcher in Developmental and Behavioral Neuroanatomy

email: aspergerian@...

Introduction

This letter does not recommend that all vaccinations be discontinued;

instead, this document offers a sampling of scientific evidence

delineating

mechanisms by which vaccination-induced neuropathy and

vaccination-induced

intestinal problems occur in some individuals, including children

plunged into

the autism-spectrum soon after a vaccination. For reasons set forth

hereinbelow,

my conclusion is as follows:

In light of a growing body of scientific information, vaccination-

exemption criteria ought be expanded, especially in regard to

infants, toddlers, and women of childbearing age.

Despite using restrictive criteria, many studies have documented a

relationship between vaccinations and adverse neurologic sequelae (eg,

1-8).

Some of these studies focused upon febrile seizures during short time

periods

after various vaccinations.

More recent studies have documented brain regions that are affected by

febrile

seizures (9-11); and these brain regions correspond to brain regions

implicated

in autism-spectrum disorders (eg, 12). In the very least, these two

research

domains offer a mechanism whereby some children's deterioration into the

autism-spectrum may have occurred.

Interferon gamma

When a child is vaccinated, a complex physiological process is

initiated.

For instance, a 1997 article documented that in human infants, a primary

effect

of the MMR vaccination is a prolonged pulse of endogenously created

interferon

gamma (13).

This finding, in conjunction with other studies about interferon gamma,

supports

the anecdotal documentation by numerous parents of children whose

gastrointestinal and/or neurologic function deteriorated subsequent to a

vaccination.

One of interferon gamma's most important effects is that of increasing

permeability of tissues that normally have highly restricted

permeability. Two

such tissues are the intestinal tract and the blood-brain barrier.

Interferon

gamma is now realized to increase permeability in both of these tissues

(eg, 14-

17); and the increased permeability can have pathological significance.

Intestinal permeability increased by interferon gamma can lead to

increased

translocation of pathogens (eg, 18); and increased permeability of the

blood-

brain barrier is associated with a variety of pathologic states, ranging

from

CNS-infiltration of peripheral pathogens, to CNS-entry of activated

B-cells and

T-cells of the human immune system (19-24).

Measles virus and measles vaccination impair immunity

For nearly two decades, Diane E. and colleagues at s Hopkins

have been documenting the mechanisms by which measles and measles

vaccinations

impair immunity, thereby increasing risk of reactivation of current

infections

and increasing the likelihood that a newly acquired infection will be

more

serious (25-29).

By subjecting an an infant to an MMR around the time of his or her 1st

birthday,

a physician not only causes the pre-toddler to have impaired immunity

for

several weeks or months thereafter, but this impairment in immunity

occurs

during what for some children is an extended period of normally

occurring

" transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy " , ie, a time between (a) the

decline

of maternal antibodies in the infant's blood, and ( the gradual

strengthening

of the infant's own immune defenses (eg, 30-32).

In other words, a naturally occurring period of increased susceptibility

to

infection in some pre-toddlers is the very time at which the MMR and its

immune-impairment are mandated. To administer the MMR during a time of

naturally

lower immunity (in some children) means that those children would be at

increased risk of having an increased pathogen load in peripheral

tissues as the

MMR-induced pulse of interferon gamma increased permeability in the

intestinal

and blood-brain barriers.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) provides an example, because infants can be

congenitally

or neonatally infected but remain asymptomatic even though the CMV

remains

within the child (33). For some such children, a vaccination that

impairs

immunity would be permissive for increased viral replication.

Furthermore, that

same vaccination (eg, the MMR), via its pulse of endogenous interferon

gamma,

would increase blood-brain barrier and gastrointestinal permeability

concurrently with increased viral replication occurring in the presence

of

vaccination-impaired immunity.

Conclusion

A large number of parents are convinced that their child's descent into

the

autism-spectrum began soon after a major vaccination such as the HepB,

DPT, or

MMR. Increasingly, medical literature is documenting the

vaccination-related

mechanisms by which immunity is impaired by vaccinations and by which

neurologic

and gastrointestinal sequelae may ensue.

As examples, this document offers citations (a) about

vaccination-induced

interferon gamma and its effects upon permeability of intestinal tissue

and of

the blood-brain barrier, and ( about how a measles vaccination induces

prolonged impairment of immunity. In addition, other concerns regarding

advense

vaccinal events ought be addressed by the committee. Specifically,

A. The post-vaccination time-periods studied for negative effects have

been too

brief, especially (i) since the mechanisms by which vaccination sequelae

can

occur are diverse and, (ii) since, given the epidemiology of childhood

pathogens, when combined with effects induced by a vaccination-induced

pulse of

interferon gamma, there is likely to be much inter-individual variation

in

vaccination-induced pathology and related data.

B. Febrile seizures and their sequelae are important, but they are not

the only

mechanism by which vaccination-induced neuropathy or gastroinestinal

difficulty

can occur. Interferon gamma's effects upon MHC-I and MHC-II presentation

should

also be considered in regard to not uncommon " asymptomatic " infections

common

in infants (33).

C. Some individuals have impaired antibody responses to a vaccinal

antigen (34).

When a child or woman of childbearing age is found to have missing

antibodies

for a common vaccinal antigen, there are at least two possibilities to

be

considered: One, that the person's vaccinal immunity has subsided, or

Two, that

he or she has an immune weakness specific for that pathogen-specific

antigen

ought be watched more closely for vaccinational responses or infectious

episodes

that might have neurologic or other adverse effects (35-36). For a child

or

woman with seemingly low vaccinal antibodies, additional immune testing

ought

preceed hasty decisions to vaccinate, especially since at least some

vaccines

impair immunity, thereby creating the possibility of a woman of

childbearing age

acquiring an infection she might otherwise have successfully

immunosuppressed.

D. This document is but a preliminary sketch, the proverbial tip of a

very large

iceberg. In other words, solidly researched findings of the last ten

years are

revealing numerous mechanisms by which vaccination-induced pathologies

can

occur. Vaccination guidelines need revision.

Recommendations to the Committee

As a researcher who listens to parents of autism-spectrum children and

who

has perused medical literature regarding various mechanisms by which

negative

vaccination-induced sequelae can occur, my suggestions to the Committee

are as

follows:

1. In studying vaccination-induced pathologies, longer post-vaccination

time

periods and a variety of vaccination-pathology mechanisms ought be

considered.

2. US infants and toddlers are receiving too many vaccinations too soon.

3. Sick kids or recently sick kids ought not be vaccinated.

4. The criteria for vaccination-exclusion and vaccination-delay ought be

expanded significantly.

Sincerely and respectfully,

Binstock

Researcher in Developmental and Behavioral Neuroanatomy

Denver

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A series of autism-related webpagesContents

email to: Binstock

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

References

1. Tonz O, Bajc S. [Convulsions after whooping-cough vaccination].

[Article

in German] Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1980 Dec 20;110(51):1965-71.

ab: Convulsions or status epilepticus in 11 infants after

pertussis

vaccination are reported. In 3 cases grand mal epilepsy persisted and 2

children

developed infantile epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox syndrome). On the

basis of

our own experience, the incidence of seizures approximates 1:4800

infants

vaccinated or 1:12 800 vaccinations. According to a recent prospective

study

from the USA, the incidence of seizures may be closer to 1:600

infants...

2. Hirtz DG et al. Seizures following childhood immunizations. J Pediatr

1983

Jan;102(1):14-8 1983.

ab: In 1.4% of children who experienced a seizure during the first

seven

years of life, the seizure followed within two weeks of an immunization

procedure. We report 40 postimmunization seizures in 39 children

enrolled in the

Collaborative Perinatal Project. Ten seizures followed

diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunization, and 10 followed measles

immunization. All but one of the seizures were associated with fever,

often

high. Thirty-seven seizures lasted less than 30 minutes. More than half

of the

children had a personal or immediate-family history of febrile seizures.

One of

the children had a right focal seizure lasting six hours after DPT

immunization

and had a significant speech deficit on long-term follow-up...

3. JV et al. Recurrent seizures after diphtheria, tetanus, and

pertussis

vaccine immunization. Onset less than 24 hours after vaccination. Am J

Dis Child

138(10):908-11 1984.

ab: Twenty-two patients with recurrent seizures that started less

than 24

hours after immunization with diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP)

vaccine

were retrospectively studied. The initial seizure generally occurred

after one

of the first three DTP vaccine immunizations, and followed that

immunization by

less than 12 hours...

4. son V et al. Relationship of pertussis immunization to the onset

of

epilepsy, febrile convulsions and central nervous system infections: a

retrospective epidemiologic study. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 13 Suppl:137-42

1988.

Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine.

ab: A change in the pertussis immunization schedule in Denmark

allowed a

retrospective study examining the relationship of the time of onset of

selected

neurologic disorders with the time of pertussis immunization in two core

cohorts

of children. Records of 2,199 children with febrile seizures were

reviewed and

a significant association between first febrile seizures and the

scheduled age

of pertussis immunization was noted (p = 0.004)...

5. Baraff LJ et al. Infants and children with convulsions and

hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes following diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis

immunization: follow-up evaluation. Pediatrics 81(6):789-94 1988.

Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los

Angeles, School of Medicine.

ab: In a prior prospective study, we evaluated the nature and

rates of

adverse reactions occurring within 48 hours following 15,752

diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) immunizations. Nine children had

convulsions,

and nine had hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes... No child had

significant

neurologic deficit, although four had minor neurologic abnormalities...

6. MR et al. Risk of seizures and encephalopathy after

immunization with

the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. JAMA 263(12):1641-5 1990.

Department of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University

School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn 37232-2637.

ab: We evaluated the risks of seizures and other neurological

events

following diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) immunization for 38,171

Tennessee

Medicaid children who received 107,154 DTP immunizations in their first

3 years

of life. There were 2 children with encephalitis; both had disease onset

more

than 2 weeks following DTP immunization. There were 277 children who had

febrile

seizures, 42 with afebrile seizures, and 37 with seizures associated

with other

acute neurological illness (acute symptomatic). The risk of febrile

seizures in

the 0 to 3 days following DTP immunization (n = 6) was 1.5 (95%

confidence

interval, 0.6 to 3.3) times that of the control period 30 or more days

following

DTP immunization...

7. MR et al. Risk of seizures after measles-mumps-rubella

immunization.

Pediatrics 1991 Nov;88(5):881-5 1991.

ab: To evaluate the risks of seizures and other neurologic events

following

measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) or measles-rubella (MR) immunization, a

retrospective cohort study was conducted among 18,364 Tennessee children

enrolled in Medicaid who received MMR or MR immunizations in their first

3 years

of life. One hundred children had seizures at some time between

immunization and

36 months; there were no encephalopathies during this period. Four

children had

febrile seizures in the 7 through 14 days following MMR or MR

immunization

compared with 72 in the interval 30 or more days following MMR or MR

immunization yielding a relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 2.1

(0.7 to

6.4). Although not statistically significant, this increase in febrile

seizures

in the 7- through 14-day interval following MMR immunization is

coincident with

the occurrence of fever following MMR immunization and is consistent

with

reports of other investigators.

8. Cherry JD et al. Pertussis immunization and characteristics related

to first

seizures in infants and children. J Pediatr 122(6):900-3 1993.

Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los

Angeles School of Medicine.

ab: In a previous study in which we examined the relationship of

pertussis

immunization to the onset of neurologic disorders during 1967 and 1968

and

during 1972 and 1973 in Denmark, there were 554 children with initial

onset of

epilepsy and 2158 children with first febrile convulsions... The cause

of

increased severity of febrile seizures apparently associated with

pertussis

immunization is unknown.

9. Tuunanen J et al. Decrease in somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in

the rat

amygdaloid complex in a kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Epilepsy

Research. 26(2):315-327, 1997.

10. Tuunanen J et al. Status epilepticus causes selective regional

damage and

loss of gabaergic neurons in the rat amygdaloid complex. European

Journal of

Neuroscience. 8(12):2711-2725, 1996.

11. Chen K et al. Febrile seizures in the developing brain result in

persistent

modification of neuronal excitability in limbic circuits. Nat Med 1999

Aug;5(8):888-94.

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of

California, Irvine 92697-1280, USA.

12. Bachevalier J. Medial temporal lobe structures and autism: a review

of

clinical and experimental findings. Neuropsychologia. 32(6):627-48,

1994.

13. Pabst HF et al. Kinetics of immunologic responses after primary MMR

vaccination. Vaccine. 15.1.10-4 1997.

ab: To study the kinetics of humoral as well as cellular immunity

to

measles and to test for associated immunosuppression 124 12 month old

children

were studied twice, before routine MMR and either 14, 22, 30, or 38 days

after

vaccination... Interferon-gamma was the principal cytokine produced

after

primary measles immunization...

14. Madara JL, Stafford J. Interferon-gamma directly affects barrier

function

of cultured intestinal epithelial monolayers. Journal of Clinical

Investigation

83.2.724-7 1989.

15. Huynh HK, Dorovini-Zis K. Effects of interferon-gamma on primary

cultures of human brain microvessel endothelial cells. American Journal

of

Pathology 142.4.1265-78 1993.

" The results of these studies indicate that human brain

microvessel

endothelial cells respond to in vitro cytokine stimulation by

undergoing profound morphological, functional, and permeability

changes. We conclude that cerebral endothelium may play an

important

role in the initiation and regulation of lymphocyte traffic across

the blood-brain barrier in inflammatory disorders of the human

central nervous system. "

16. Planchon SM et al. Regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier

function by

TGF-beta 1. Evidence for its role in abrogating the effect of a T cell

cytokine.

Journal of Immunology 153.12.5730-9 1994.

" Maintenance of the integrity of the single-cell-thick intestinal

epithelium as an in vivo barrier between environmental Ags and

mucosal immunocytes is pivotal for health. The T cell cytokine

IFN-gamma consistently disrupts this epithelial barrier in

vitro... "

17. RB et al. IFN-gamma modulation of epithelial barrier function.

Time course, reversibility, and site of cytokine binding. Journal of

Immunology

150.6.2356-63 1993.

" ...we suggest that IFN-gamma-induced changes in epithelial

permeability may be a major cause of altered intestinal barrier

function in vivo. "

18. Berg RD. Bacterial translocation from the gastrointenstinal tract.

Journal

of Medicine 23.217-244 1992.

19. Banati RB, Graeber MB. Surveillance, intervention and cytotoxicity:

Is there

a protective role of microglia? Developmental Neuroscience 16.114-27

1994.

20. Benveniste EN. Inflammatory Cytokines within the central nervous

system:

sources, function, and mechanism of action. American Journal of

Physiology

263.C1-C16 1992.

21. Hickey WF et al. T-lymphocyte entry into the central nervous system.

Journal

of Neuroscience Research 28.54-260 1991.

22. Cserr HF, Knopf PM. Cervical lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier and

the

immunoreactivity of the brain: a new view. Immunology Today 13.507-512

1992.

23. Stoll G, Jander S. The role of microglia and macrophages in the

pathophysiology of the CNS. Prog Neurobiol 58.233 1999.

24. Matyszak MK. Inflammation in the CNS: balance between immunological

privilege and immune responses. Prog Neurobiol 56.19-35 1998.

25. Karp CL et al. Mechanism of suppression of cell-mediated immunity by

measles

virus. Science 1996 Jul 12;273(5272):228-31.

26. Hussey GD et al. The effect of Edmonston-Zagreb and Schwarz measles

vaccines

on immune response in infants. J Infect Dis 1996 Jun;173(6):1320-6.

" ...measles immunization resulted in suppression of

lymphoproliferation, which was most evident in infants with the

highest antibody responses and most immune activation. "

27. Auwaerter PG et al. Changes within T cell receptor V beta subsets in

infants

following measles vaccination. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996

May;79(2):163-70.

" Measles produces immune suppression which contributes to an

increased susceptibility to other infections. Recently, high

titered

measles vaccines have been linked to increased long-term mortality

among some female recipients. "

28. Ward BJ, DE. Changes in cytokine production after measles

virus

vaccination: predominant production of IL-4 suggests induction of a Th2

response. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993 May;67(2):171-7.

Department of Medicine, s Hopkins University School of

Medicine, Baltimore, land 21205.

29. Wu VH et al. Measles virus-specific cellular immunity in patients

with

vaccine failure. J Clin Microbiol 1993 Jan;31(1):118-22.

30. Dressler F et al. Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy. Acta

Paediatrica Scandinavia 78.767-74 1989.

31. Cano F et al. Absent specific viral antibodies in patients with

transient

hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical

Immunology

85.510-3 1990.

32. Glassman M et al. High incidence of hypogammaglobulinemia in infants

with

diarrhea. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2.465-71

1983.

33. Pass RF et al. Specific lymphocyte blastogenic responses in

children with

cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections acquired early in

infancy.

Infect Immun 34.1.166-70 1981.

ab: Cell-mediated immune responses in 27 infants and children with

cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection acquired between birth and 1 year of age

were

compared with responses in 13 children who had neonatal herpes simplex

virus

(HSV) infection. Infection was asymptomatic in 25 of 27 CMV-infected

children...

34. Hayney MS et al. The influence of the HLA-DRB1*13 allele on measles

vaccine

response. J Investigative Medicine 44.261-3 1996.

Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.

35. McCusker C et al. Specific antibody responses to diptheria/tetanus

revaccination in children evaluated for immunodeficiency. Ann Allergy

Asthma

Immunol 79.145-50 1997.

36. Epstein MM, Gruskay F. Selective deficiency in pneumococcal antibody

response in children with recurrent infections. Ann Allergy Asthma

Immunol

75.125-31 1995.

[Guest guest]

Thankyou for sharing this, I will search for the refernces esp 30-36.

Excellent paper, extremely informative.

>

>

> More research addressing immunity and autism... Also, if you google

> Binstock and HHV6, you will find countless medical journal

> articles referencing viral, immune compromising pathogenes hurting

our

> children.

>

> Research document and recommendation for Dan Burton,

> Representative from Indiana,

> House Government Reform Committee,

> regarding: Vaccines: finding a balance...

>

> --------------------------------------------------------------------

------------

>

> MECHANISMS OF VACCINATION SEQUELAE

> a sampling from scientific literature

> August 3, 1999

>

>

> --------------------------------------------------------------------

------------

> final

> by Binstock

> Researcher in Developmental and Behavioral Neuroanatomy

> email: aspergerian@...

> Introduction

>

> This letter does not recommend that all vaccinations be

discontinued;

> instead, this document offers a sampling of scientific evidence

> delineating

> mechanisms by which vaccination-induced neuropathy and

> vaccination-induced

> intestinal problems occur in some individuals, including children

> plunged into

> the autism-spectrum soon after a vaccination. For reasons set forth

> hereinbelow,

> my conclusion is as follows:

> In light of a growing body of scientific information,

vaccination-

> exemption criteria ought be expanded, especially in regard to

> infants, toddlers, and women of childbearing age.

> Despite using restrictive criteria, many studies have documented a

> relationship between vaccinations and adverse neurologic sequelae

(eg,

> 1-8).

> Some of these studies focused upon febrile seizures during short

time

> periods

> after various vaccinations.

>

> More recent studies have documented brain regions that are affected

by

> febrile

> seizures (9-11); and these brain regions correspond to brain

regions

> implicated

> in autism-spectrum disorders (eg, 12). In the very least, these two

> research

> domains offer a mechanism whereby some children's deterioration

into the

> autism-spectrum may have occurred.

> Interferon gamma

> When a child is vaccinated, a complex physiological process is

> initiated.

> For instance, a 1997 article documented that in human infants, a

primary

> effect

> of the MMR vaccination is a prolonged pulse of endogenously created

> interferon

> gamma (13).

>

> This finding, in conjunction with other studies about interferon

gamma,

> supports

> the anecdotal documentation by numerous parents of children whose

> gastrointestinal and/or neurologic function deteriorated subsequent

to a

> vaccination.

>

> One of interferon gamma's most important effects is that of

increasing

> permeability of tissues that normally have highly restricted

> permeability. Two

> such tissues are the intestinal tract and the blood-brain barrier.

> Interferon

> gamma is now realized to increase permeability in both of these

tissues

> (eg, 14-

> 17); and the increased permeability can have pathological

significance.

>

> Intestinal permeability increased by interferon gamma can lead to

> increased

> translocation of pathogens (eg, 18); and increased permeability of

the

> blood-

> brain barrier is associated with a variety of pathologic states,

ranging

> from

> CNS-infiltration of peripheral pathogens, to CNS-entry of activated

> B-cells and

> T-cells of the human immune system (19-24).

> Measles virus and measles vaccination impair immunity

> For nearly two decades, Diane E. and colleagues at s

Hopkins

> have been documenting the mechanisms by which measles and measles

> vaccinations

> impair immunity, thereby increasing risk of reactivation of current

> infections

> and increasing the likelihood that a newly acquired infection will

be

> more

> serious (25-29).

>

> By subjecting an an infant to an MMR around the time of his or her

1st

> birthday,

> a physician not only causes the pre-toddler to have impaired

immunity

> for

> several weeks or months thereafter, but this impairment in immunity

> occurs

> during what for some children is an extended period of normally

> occurring

> " transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy " , ie, a time between

(a) the

> decline

> of maternal antibodies in the infant's blood, and ( the gradual

> strengthening

> of the infant's own immune defenses (eg, 30-32).

>

> In other words, a naturally occurring period of increased

susceptibility

> to

> infection in some pre-toddlers is the very time at which the MMR

and its

> immune-impairment are mandated. To administer the MMR during a time

of

> naturally

> lower immunity (in some children) means that those children would

be at

> increased risk of having an increased pathogen load in peripheral

> tissues as the

> MMR-induced pulse of interferon gamma increased permeability in the

> intestinal

> and blood-brain barriers.

>

> Cytomegalovirus (CMV) provides an example, because infants can be

> congenitally

> or neonatally infected but remain asymptomatic even though the CMV

> remains

> within the child (33). For some such children, a vaccination that

> impairs

> immunity would be permissive for increased viral replication.

> Furthermore, that

> same vaccination (eg, the MMR), via its pulse of endogenous

interferon

> gamma,

> would increase blood-brain barrier and gastrointestinal permeability

> concurrently with increased viral replication occurring in the

presence

> of

> vaccination-impaired immunity.

> Conclusion

> A large number of parents are convinced that their child's descent

into

> the

> autism-spectrum began soon after a major vaccination such as the

HepB,

> DPT, or

> MMR. Increasingly, medical literature is documenting the

> vaccination-related

> mechanisms by which immunity is impaired by vaccinations and by

which

> neurologic

> and gastrointestinal sequelae may ensue.

>

> As examples, this document offers citations (a) about

> vaccination-induced

> interferon gamma and its effects upon permeability of intestinal

tissue

> and of

> the blood-brain barrier, and ( about how a measles vaccination

induces

> prolonged impairment of immunity. In addition, other concerns

regarding

> advense

> vaccinal events ought be addressed by the committee. Specifically,

>

> A. The post-vaccination time-periods studied for negative effects

have

> been too

> brief, especially (i) since the mechanisms by which vaccination

sequelae

> can

> occur are diverse and, (ii) since, given the epidemiology of

childhood

> pathogens, when combined with effects induced by a vaccination-

induced

> pulse of

> interferon gamma, there is likely to be much inter-individual

variation

> in

> vaccination-induced pathology and related data.

>

> B. Febrile seizures and their sequelae are important, but they are

not

> the only

> mechanism by which vaccination-induced neuropathy or

gastroinestinal

> difficulty

> can occur. Interferon gamma's effects upon MHC-I and MHC-II

presentation

> should

> also be considered in regard to not uncommon " asymptomatic "

infections

> common

> in infants (33).

>

> C. Some individuals have impaired antibody responses to a vaccinal

> antigen (34).

> When a child or woman of childbearing age is found to have missing

> antibodies

> for a common vaccinal antigen, there are at least two possibilities

to

> be

> considered: One, that the person's vaccinal immunity has subsided,

or

> Two, that

> he or she has an immune weakness specific for that pathogen-

specific

> antigen

> ought be watched more closely for vaccinational responses or

infectious

> episodes

> that might have neurologic or other adverse effects (35-36). For a

child

> or

> woman with seemingly low vaccinal antibodies, additional immune

testing

> ought

> preceed hasty decisions to vaccinate, especially since at least

some

> vaccines

> impair immunity, thereby creating the possibility of a woman of

> childbearing age

> acquiring an infection she might otherwise have successfully

> immunosuppressed.

>

> D. This document is but a preliminary sketch, the proverbial tip of

a

> very large

> iceberg. In other words, solidly researched findings of the last

ten

> years are

> revealing numerous mechanisms by which vaccination-induced

pathologies

> can

> occur. Vaccination guidelines need revision.

> Recommendations to the Committee

> As a researcher who listens to parents of autism-spectrum children

and

> who

> has perused medical literature regarding various mechanisms by

which

> negative

> vaccination-induced sequelae can occur, my suggestions to the

Committee

> are as

> follows:

> 1. In studying vaccination-induced pathologies, longer post-

vaccination

> time

> periods and a variety of vaccination-pathology mechanisms ought be

> considered.

> 2. US infants and toddlers are receiving too many vaccinations too

soon.

> 3. Sick kids or recently sick kids ought not be vaccinated.

> 4. The criteria for vaccination-exclusion and vaccination-delay

ought be

> expanded significantly.

> Sincerely and respectfully,

>

> Binstock

> Researcher in Developmental and Behavioral Neuroanatomy

> Denver

>

>

> --------------------------------------------------------------------

------------

>

> A series of autism-related webpagesContents

> email to: Binstock

>

>

> --------------------------------------------------------------------

------------

>

> References

>

> 1. Tonz O, Bajc S. [Convulsions after whooping-cough vaccination].

> [Article

> in German] Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1980 Dec 20;110(51):1965-71.

> ab: Convulsions or status epilepticus in 11 infants after

> pertussis

> vaccination are reported. In 3 cases grand mal epilepsy persisted

and 2

> children

> developed infantile epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox syndrome). On

the

> basis of

> our own experience, the incidence of seizures approximates 1:4800

> infants

> vaccinated or 1:12 800 vaccinations. According to a recent

prospective

> study

> from the USA, the incidence of seizures may be closer to 1:600

> infants...

> 2. Hirtz DG et al. Seizures following childhood immunizations. J

Pediatr

> 1983

> Jan;102(1):14-8 1983.

> ab: In 1.4% of children who experienced a seizure during the

first

> seven

> years of life, the seizure followed within two weeks of an

immunization

> procedure. We report 40 postimmunization seizures in 39 children

> enrolled in the

> Collaborative Perinatal Project. Ten seizures followed

> diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunization, and 10 followed

measles

> immunization. All but one of the seizures were associated with

fever,

> often

> high. Thirty-seven seizures lasted less than 30 minutes. More than

half

> of the

> children had a personal or immediate-family history of febrile

seizures.

> One of

> the children had a right focal seizure lasting six hours after DPT

> immunization

> and had a significant speech deficit on long-term follow-up...

> 3. JV et al. Recurrent seizures after diphtheria, tetanus,

and

> pertussis

> vaccine immunization. Onset less than 24 hours after vaccination.

Am J

> Dis Child

> 138(10):908-11 1984.

> ab: Twenty-two patients with recurrent seizures that started

less

> than 24

> hours after immunization with diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis

(DTP)

> vaccine

> were retrospectively studied. The initial seizure generally

occurred

> after one

> of the first three DTP vaccine immunizations, and followed that

> immunization by

> less than 12 hours...

> 4. son V et al. Relationship of pertussis immunization to the

onset

> of

> epilepsy, febrile convulsions and central nervous system

infections: a

> retrospective epidemiologic study. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 13

Suppl:137-42

> 1988.

> Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine.

> ab: A change in the pertussis immunization schedule in

Denmark

> allowed a

> retrospective study examining the relationship of the time of onset

of

> selected

> neurologic disorders with the time of pertussis immunization in two

core

> cohorts

> of children. Records of 2,199 children with febrile seizures were

> reviewed and

> a significant association between first febrile seizures and the

> scheduled age

> of pertussis immunization was noted (p = 0.004)...

> 5. Baraff LJ et al. Infants and children with convulsions and

> hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes following diphtheria-tetanus-

pertussis

> immunization: follow-up evaluation. Pediatrics 81(6):789-94 1988.

> Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los

> Angeles, School of Medicine.

> ab: In a prior prospective study, we evaluated the nature and

> rates of

> adverse reactions occurring within 48 hours following 15,752

> diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) immunizations. Nine children had

> convulsions,

> and nine had hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes... No child had

> significant

> neurologic deficit, although four had minor neurologic

abnormalities...

> 6. MR et al. Risk of seizures and encephalopathy after

> immunization with

> the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. JAMA 263(12):1641-5 1990.

> Department of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University

> School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn 37232-2637.

> ab: We evaluated the risks of seizures and other neurological

> events

> following diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) immunization for

38,171

> Tennessee

> Medicaid children who received 107,154 DTP immunizations in their

first

> 3 years

> of life. There were 2 children with encephalitis; both had disease

onset

> more

> than 2 weeks following DTP immunization. There were 277 children

who had

> febrile

> seizures, 42 with afebrile seizures, and 37 with seizures

associated

> with other

> acute neurological illness (acute symptomatic). The risk of febrile

> seizures in

> the 0 to 3 days following DTP immunization (n = 6) was 1.5 (95%

> confidence

> interval, 0.6 to 3.3) times that of the control period 30 or more

days

> following

> DTP immunization...

> 7. MR et al. Risk of seizures after measles-mumps-rubella

> immunization.

> Pediatrics 1991 Nov;88(5):881-5 1991.

> ab: To evaluate the risks of seizures and other neurologic

events

> following

> measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) or measles-rubella (MR) immunization, a

> retrospective cohort study was conducted among 18,364 Tennessee

children

> enrolled in Medicaid who received MMR or MR immunizations in their

first

> 3 years

> of life. One hundred children had seizures at some time between

> immunization and

> 36 months; there were no encephalopathies during this period. Four

> children had

> febrile seizures in the 7 through 14 days following MMR or MR

> immunization

> compared with 72 in the interval 30 or more days following MMR or MR

> immunization yielding a relative risk (95% confidence interval) of

2.1

> (0.7 to

> 6.4). Although not statistically significant, this increase in

febrile

> seizures

> in the 7- through 14-day interval following MMR immunization is

> coincident with

> the occurrence of fever following MMR immunization and is

consistent

> with

> reports of other investigators.

> 8. Cherry JD et al. Pertussis immunization and characteristics

related

> to first

> seizures in infants and children. J Pediatr 122(6):900-3 1993.

> Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los

> Angeles School of Medicine.

> ab: In a previous study in which we examined the relationship of

> pertussis

> immunization to the onset of neurologic disorders during 1967 and

1968

> and

> during 1972 and 1973 in Denmark, there were 554 children with

initial

> onset of

> epilepsy and 2158 children with first febrile convulsions... The

cause

> of

> increased severity of febrile seizures apparently associated with

> pertussis

> immunization is unknown.

> 9. Tuunanen J et al. Decrease in somatostatin-immunoreactive

neurons in

> the rat

> amygdaloid complex in a kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

> Epilepsy

> Research. 26(2):315-327, 1997.

> 10. Tuunanen J et al. Status epilepticus causes selective regional

> damage and

> loss of gabaergic neurons in the rat amygdaloid complex. European

> Journal of

> Neuroscience. 8(12):2711-2725, 1996.

> 11. Chen K et al. Febrile seizures in the developing brain result

in

> persistent

> modification of neuronal excitability in limbic circuits. Nat Med

1999

> Aug;5(8):888-94.

> Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of

> California, Irvine 92697-1280, USA.

> 12. Bachevalier J. Medial temporal lobe structures and autism: a

review

> of

> clinical and experimental findings. Neuropsychologia. 32(6):627-

48,

> 1994.

> 13. Pabst HF et al. Kinetics of immunologic responses after primary

MMR

> vaccination. Vaccine. 15.1.10-4 1997.

> ab: To study the kinetics of humoral as well as cellular

immunity

> to

> measles and to test for associated immunosuppression 124 12 month

old

> children

> were studied twice, before routine MMR and either 14, 22, 30, or 38

days

> after

> vaccination... Interferon-gamma was the principal cytokine produced

> after

> primary measles immunization...

> 14. Madara JL, Stafford J. Interferon-gamma directly affects

barrier

> function

> of cultured intestinal epithelial monolayers. Journal of Clinical

> Investigation

> 83.2.724-7 1989.

> 15. Huynh HK, Dorovini-Zis K. Effects of interferon-gamma on primary

> cultures of human brain microvessel endothelial cells. American

Journal

> of

> Pathology 142.4.1265-78 1993.

> " The results of these studies indicate that human brain

> microvessel

> endothelial cells respond to in vitro cytokine stimulation by

> undergoing profound morphological, functional, and

permeability

> changes. We conclude that cerebral endothelium may play an

> important

> role in the initiation and regulation of lymphocyte traffic

across

> the blood-brain barrier in inflammatory disorders of the human

> central nervous system. "

> 16. Planchon SM et al. Regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier

> function by

> TGF-beta 1. Evidence for its role in abrogating the effect of a T

cell

> cytokine.

> Journal of Immunology 153.12.5730-9 1994.

> " Maintenance of the integrity of the single-cell-thick

intestinal

> epithelium as an in vivo barrier between environmental Ags and

> mucosal immunocytes is pivotal for health. The T cell cytokine

> IFN-gamma consistently disrupts this epithelial barrier in

> vitro... "

> 17. RB et al. IFN-gamma modulation of epithelial barrier

function.

> Time course, reversibility, and site of cytokine binding. Journal

of

> Immunology

> 150.6.2356-63 1993.

> " ...we suggest that IFN-gamma-induced changes in epithelial

> permeability may be a major cause of altered intestinal

barrier

> function in vivo. "

> 18. Berg RD. Bacterial translocation from the gastrointenstinal

tract.

> Journal

> of Medicine 23.217-244 1992.

> 19. Banati RB, Graeber MB. Surveillance, intervention and

cytotoxicity:

> Is there

> a protective role of microglia? Developmental Neuroscience 16.114-

27

> 1994.

> 20. Benveniste EN. Inflammatory Cytokines within the central

nervous

> system:

> sources, function, and mechanism of action. American Journal of

> Physiology

> 263.C1-C16 1992.

> 21. Hickey WF et al. T-lymphocyte entry into the central nervous

system.

> Journal

> of Neuroscience Research 28.54-260 1991.

> 22. Cserr HF, Knopf PM. Cervical lymphatics, the blood-brain

barrier and

> the

> immunoreactivity of the brain: a new view. Immunology Today 13.507-

512

> 1992.

> 23. Stoll G, Jander S. The role of microglia and macrophages in the

> pathophysiology of the CNS. Prog Neurobiol 58.233 1999.

> 24. Matyszak MK. Inflammation in the CNS: balance between

immunological

> privilege and immune responses. Prog Neurobiol 56.19-35 1998.

> 25. Karp CL et al. Mechanism of suppression of cell-mediated

immunity by

> measles

> virus. Science 1996 Jul 12;273(5272):228-31.

> 26. Hussey GD et al. The effect of Edmonston-Zagreb and Schwarz

measles

> vaccines

> on immune response in infants. J Infect Dis 1996 Jun;173(6):1320-6.

> " ...measles immunization resulted in suppression of

> lymphoproliferation, which was most evident in infants with

the

> highest antibody responses and most immune activation. "

> 27. Auwaerter PG et al. Changes within T cell receptor V beta

subsets in

> infants

> following measles vaccination. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996

> May;79(2):163-70.

> " Measles produces immune suppression which contributes to an

> increased susceptibility to other infections. Recently, high

> titered

> measles vaccines have been linked to increased long-term

mortality

> among some female recipients. "

> 28. Ward BJ, DE. Changes in cytokine production after

measles

> virus

> vaccination: predominant production of IL-4 suggests induction of a

Th2

> response. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993 May;67(2):171-7.

> Department of Medicine, s Hopkins University School

of

> Medicine, Baltimore, land 21205.

> 29. Wu VH et al. Measles virus-specific cellular immunity in

patients

> with

> vaccine failure. J Clin Microbiol 1993 Jan;31(1):118-22.

> 30. Dressler F et al. Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy.

Acta

> Paediatrica Scandinavia 78.767-74 1989.

> 31. Cano F et al. Absent specific viral antibodies in patients with

> transient

> hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical

> Immunology

> 85.510-3 1990.

> 32. Glassman M et al. High incidence of hypogammaglobulinemia in

infants

> with

> diarrhea. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2.465-

71

> 1983.

> 33. Pass RF et al. Specific lymphocyte blastogenic responses in

> children with

> cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections acquired early

in

> infancy.

> Infect Immun 34.1.166-70 1981.

> ab: Cell-mediated immune responses in 27 infants and children

with

> cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection acquired between birth and 1 year

of age

> were

> compared with responses in 13 children who had neonatal herpes

simplex

> virus

> (HSV) infection. Infection was asymptomatic in 25 of 27 CMV-

infected

> children...

> 34. Hayney MS et al. The influence of the HLA-DRB1*13 allele on

measles

> vaccine

> response. J Investigative Medicine 44.261-3 1996.

> Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.

> 35. McCusker C et al. Specific antibody responses to

diptheria/tetanus

> revaccination in children evaluated for immunodeficiency. Ann

Allergy

> Asthma

> Immunol 79.145-50 1997.

> 36. Epstein MM, Gruskay F. Selective deficiency in pneumococcal

antibody

> response in children with recurrent infections. Ann Allergy Asthma

> Immunol

> 75.125-31 1995.

>

>

>

>

>