RE: Re: LEAP Reply to (reply 3)

June 25, 2011

Here's a couple

http://www.susanlinke.com/_ACG_Study.pdf

http://www.naturallynutritioninc.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Mediator-Release\

-Test-Principles-and-Method-1.pdf

Clinical experience is also a valid form of evidence based practice. I've had

over 600 LEAP patients, mainly for IBS and migraine, and I've only had two

compliant diarrhea patients and 3 migraine patients who didn't improve.

Compliance is not really an issue either, since it's a very liberal elimination

diet in terms of number of foods allowed.

>

> Subject: Re: LEAP Reply to (reply 3)

>

> To: rd-usa

> Date: Saturday, June 25, 2011, 2:37 AM

>

> there are clinical studies, some of them were published on NEJM about

> medical drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs and some anti-diabetics that seamed

> very well randomized large studies and they were totally made up. That

> brought NEJM rating down by alot of points. So the scams in research are not

> only with dietary supplements.

>

> About LEAP I don't know much about it, can anyone post bibliographic

> references about it?

> And people shouldn't discard personal experience so fast. Before the large

> clinical trials information was based on personal experience and

> observation.

>

> >

> > I am surprised that there are studies - but they can not be just called

> > " clinical studies " . (Look at all the scams with dietary supplements and

> > products and all they list is " testimonials " and " clinical studies " .) I

> > agree with Pam, take the small steps. It really needs to be done by an

> > unbiased researcher or reviewed by an unbiased researcher if you have

> done

> > it. The DASH diet for one has been validated in peer reviewed studies but

> > continues to be studied.

> >

>

> ------------------------------------

>

June 25, 2011

I'm very flexible. In fact, I'm using non-evidence based therapies at home. I'm

just not trying to tell others that they'll work for everyone. My youngest has a

very rare mitochondrial deletion syndrome. While there is some research going on

now, no one has any good therapy. Many geneticists use what we call " Mito

cocktails " of various vitamins and bioactives in hopes to support " tired "

mitochondria. So, we are using carnitine and Co-Q. We decided to not use other

substances based on what we could find in the literature and our genetics MD's

experience.

If you notice, I'm not trying to run anything into the ground, although I guess

the use and promotion of unfounded therapy.

The premise of EBM is to use systematic evaluation of literature to support or

not support interventions. EBM is NOT used to support pharmaceutical treatment.

There are systematic reviews and meta analyses both in support of or not in

support of CAM as well as more traditional therapies.

Let's turn this question around..... Why are you so afraid to submit your

practice to objective evaluation? A true nutrition scientist (remember that

nutrition is both an art and a science) is open to asking hard questions and

getting results that we don't want or expect. How do I know that your personal

elimination diet testing is valid? What if the " tincture of time " is what works,

i.e., you get the blood test, you get the results, and you start the diet, then

you get better. How do we know that you weren't going to get better anyway?

Prove to us (beyond anecdotal results) that your testing works. Is it valid and

reliable? Are there confounders that muddy the water? If you insist that any

other component in healthcare have research, you should expect no less for the

work you do.

p

Pam Charney, PhD, RD

Affiliate Associate Professor

Pharmacy

MS Student

Clinical Informatics and Patient Centered Technology

School of Nursing

University of Washington

Seattle, WA

pcharney@...

http://www.linkedin.com/in/pamcharney

> Pam,

> A bit overboard I would say. I don't get what you are trying to do here. Not

even your EBM can perform the miracles you are expecting from LEAP. EBM has MANY

failures,

> how come you are not trying to run it into the ground? Why do you instantly

trust it when there is much controversy and misrepresentation involved?

>

> Just to clear something up for you - when a person does an MRT test, and the

results come back, every person has different results based upon their findings.

Each person is

> eliminating different foods, so it's not a one size fits all elimination diet

- it's personalized, and that's why it works!!! I am one (of many) who is now

rid of all the health issues

> that I suffered with for at least 25 years (and was also treated many times

using EBM principles - principles that didn't solve my problems). I was given

many invasive

> tests, drugs, x-rays, and did not see improvement. After LEAP, I was free of

these ailments - it's that simple!!! The same goes for the other 600 people that

is referring to.

> You can be as emotional as you want with EBM, and that's fine - you are a good

cheerleader. However, you should also be flexible enough to see the other side

of it - there are many people

> out there who have gone on an alternative path because there is more success.

>

> Jacquelyn A. Pressly, RD, CLT

> The NATURAL dietitian

> Specializing in Wellness and Prevention, Personal Nutrition Coaching

> and Designer Lifestyle Plans to help you get on the health track

> Northeast Ohio & Western Pennsylvania

> Internet and telecounseling available for distance clients

>

> jpress50@...

>

> If you are what you eat, then dietitians are the doctors of the future

>

> Re: LEAP Reply to (reply 3)

> > >

> > > To: rd-usa

> > > Date: Saturday, June 25, 2011, 2:37 AM

> > >

> > > there are clinical studies, some of them were published on NEJM

about

> > > medical drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs and some anti-diabetics that seamed

> > > very well randomized large studies and they were totally made up. That

> > > brought NEJM rating down by alot of points. So the scams in research are

not

> > > only with dietary supplements.

> > >

> > > About LEAP I don't know much about it, can anyone post bibliographic

> > > references about it?

> > > And people shouldn't discard personal experience so fast. Before the large

> > > clinical trials information was based on personal experience and

> > > observation.

> > >

> > > >

> > > > I am surprised that there are studies - but they can not be just called

> > > > " clinical studies " . (Look at all the scams with dietary supplements and

> > > > products and all they list is " testimonials " and " clinical studies " .) I

> > > > agree with Pam, take the small steps. It really needs to be done by an

> > > > unbiased researcher or reviewed by an unbiased researcher if you have

> > > done

> > > > it. The DASH diet for one has been validated in peer reviewed studies

but

> > > > continues to be studied.

> > > >

> > >

> > > ------------------------------------

> > >

June 25, 2011

Pam, you are making me dizzy with your conflicting statements. Ok, that's

really good that you are using non-evidence based therapies at home. You came

to that conclusion because you wanted to try another

avenue, right? How did you come to the conclusion to use carnitine and Co-Q10?

Are you just going on a gut feeling because it's a non-invasive way to try and

correct the problem with your daughter's condition?

That's the same with LEAP. It's non-invasive, and worth trying. We certainly

don't tell everyone that it will work for everyone - not sure where you are

getting that idea. LEAP is out there for those who want to try a different

approach,

and it just so happens that it's been working in most instances. It's the

same as what you are doing, and if it really works for your daughter, won't you

tell others about it?

No LEAP dietitian is afraid to submit the practice to subjective evaluation.

Again, not sure where you are getting that from?

You say:

How do I know that your personal elimination diet testing is valid? What if the

" tincture of time " is what works, i.e., you get the blood test, you get the

results, and you start the diet, then

you get better. How do we know that you weren't going to get better anyway?

I say:

To make the above statement, you probably didn't read my last e-mail thoroughly

enough. If I suffered for 25 years, went through conventional medicine using

many different procedures and meds, then followed the LEAP protocol and

was free of those problems, I don't think we have any doubt what caused me to

feel better. 25 years is a long time, and I don't think all of a sudden I was

going to get better right before following LEAP protocol. That's my PERSONAL

story.

One thing to make clear - LEAP is one of the many alternative things one can do

(just like you are doing with your daughter). No one thinks it's the ONLY

method. I would have no problem subjecting LEAP to objective evaluation, but

for what

reason? Why do I want to put something through rigorous evaluation when 1.

it's not harming anyone with chemicals, invasive equipement or drugs, and 2.

It's improving not only the eating habits of suffering clients, but their

quality of life as well. Maybe Jan or will chime in.

Jacquelyn A. Pressly, RD, CLT

The NATURAL dietitian

Specializing in Wellness and Prevention, Personal Nutrition Coaching

and Designer Lifestyle Plans to help you get on the health track

Northeast Ohio & Western Pennsylvania

Internet and telecounseling available for distance clients

jpress50@...

If you are what you eat, then dietitians are the doctors of the future

Re: LEAP Reply to (reply 3)

> > >

> > > To: rd-usa

> > > Date: Saturday, June 25, 2011, 2:37 AM

> > >

> > > there are clinical studies, some of them were published on NEJM

about

> > > medical drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs and some anti-diabetics that seamed

> > > very well randomized large studies and they were totally made up. That

> > > brought NEJM rating down by alot of points. So the scams in research are

not

> > > only with dietary supplements.

> > >

> > > About LEAP I don't know much about it, can anyone post bibliographic

> > > references about it?

> > > And people shouldn't discard personal experience so fast. Before the large

> > > clinical trials information was based on personal experience and

> > > observation.

> > >

> > > >

> > > > I am surprised that there are studies - but they can not be just called

> > > > " clinical studies " . (Look at all the scams with dietary supplements and

> > > > products and all they list is " testimonials " and " clinical studies " .) I

> > > > agree with Pam, take the small steps. It really needs to be done by an

> > > > unbiased researcher or reviewed by an unbiased researcher if you have

> > > done

> > > > it. The DASH diet for one has been validated in peer reviewed studies

but

> > > > continues to be studied.

> > > >

> > >

> > > ------------------------------------

> > >

June 25, 2011

Thanks for the info - has he tried to publish? Seems like it should be in

his expertise in immunology type journals. But it would be his advantage

and responsibility to prove his testing, not depending on the Dietitians to

justify it since it doesn't appear RDs were part of that research. If I was

an RD working as a LEAP therapist, I would expect it.

On Sat, Jun 25, 2011 at 2:33 PM, Linke wrote:

> **

>

> Good questions ....... Mark Pasula is the inventor and still currently

> works at the lab. He has a PhD in Immunology. The company has a medical

> advisory board which includes Brostoff PhD in Immunology from

> England, and (Ted) Kniker, MD and allergist, past chairman, Adverse

> Food Reactions Committee of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and

> Immunology. Here is a list of the medical advisory board:

>

> http://www.nowleap.com/board.html

>

> > >

> > > Subject: Re: LEAP Reply to (reply 3)

> > >

> > > To: rd-usa

> > > Date: Saturday, June 25, 2011, 2:37 AM

> > >

> > > there are clinical studies, some of them were published on NEJM

> > about

> > > medical drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs and some anti-diabetics that

> > seamed

> > > very well randomized large studies and they were totally made up. That

> > > brought NEJM rating down by alot of points. So the scams in research

> are

> > not

> > > only with dietary supplements.

> > >

> > > About LEAP I don't know much about it, can anyone post bibliographic

> > > references about it?

> > > And people shouldn't discard personal experience so fast. Before the

> > large

> > > clinical trials information was based on personal experience and

> > > observation.

> > >

> > > >

> > > > I am surprised that there are studies - but they can not be just

> called

> > > > " clinical studies " . (Look at all the scams with dietary supplements

> and

> > > > products and all they list is " testimonials " and " clinical studies " .)

> > I

> > > > agree with Pam, take the small steps. It really needs to be done by

> an

> > > > unbiased researcher or reviewed by an unbiased researcher if you have

> > > done

> > > > it. The DASH diet for one has been validated in peer reviewed studies

> > but

> > > > continues to be studied.

> > > >

> > >

> > > ------------------------------------

> > >

June 25, 2011

The likes of physicians at the Mayo Clinic have offered to do research, but the

price tag was in the millions. There are independent physicians doing in-house

research studies on their own patients. There are other entities associated

with govt institutions that will be doing research next year. It just takes

money, and lots of it.......

> > >

> > > Subject: Re: LEAP Reply to (reply 3)

> > >

> > > To: rd-usa

> > > Date: Saturday, June 25, 2011, 2:37 AM

> > >

> > > there are clinical studies, some of them were published on NEJM

> > about

> > > medical drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs and some anti-diabetics that

> > seamed

> > > very well randomized large studies and they were totally made up. That

> > > brought NEJM rating down by alot of points. So the scams in research

> are

> > not

> > > only with dietary supplements.

> > >

> > > About LEAP I don't know much about it, can anyone post bibliographic

> > > references about it?

> > > And people shouldn't discard personal experience so fast. Before the

> > large

> > > clinical trials information was based on personal experience and

> > > observation.

> > >

> > > >

> > > > I am surprised that there are studies - but they can not be just

> called

> > > > " clinical studies " . (Look at all the scams with dietary supplements

> and

> > > > products and all they list is " testimonials " and " clinical studies " .)

> > I

> > > > agree with Pam, take the small steps. It really needs to be done by

> an

> > > > unbiased researcher or reviewed by an unbiased researcher if you have

> > > done

> > > > it. The DASH diet for one has been validated in peer reviewed studies

> > but

> > > > continues to be studied.

> > > >

> > >

> > > ------------------------------------

> > >

June 25, 2011

If by false positives you mean foods that show reactive and aren't... it's hard

to say since the patient doesn't add back moderately reactive foods for 3

months, and the most reactive foods at 6 months. Our goal is for them to

regain oral tolerance to those foods. Sometimes they can tolerate them and

sometimes it takes a bit longer. Or sometimes they can tolerate them in small

doses at infrequent intervals (food sensitivities are dose and frequency

dependent).

If you mean false negative... foods that show up low reactive but cause a

problem.... rarely, but I'll qualify. This test only measures food

sensitivities, not food allergies or non-immune reactions to foods, like

fructose intolerance, fat malabsorption, etc, This is why it truly is an

elimination diet. We start with 20-25 of their least reactive foods, then

after 7-10 days we begin adding one new " safe " food per day for the remaining 3

weeks. This in effect identifies all possible problems with the foods,

whether a food sensitivity, allergy, or a non-immune adverse reaction. By the

end of the 4 weeks, we begin adding untested foods slowly, and we begin

rotating their foods to avoid developing new food sensitivities.

If a person has never eaten a particular food before, it is more likely to show

up low reactive, but our methodical approach helps work through all that.

> > >

> > > Subject: Re: LEAP Reply to (reply 3)

> > >

> > > To: rd-usa

> > > Date: Saturday, June 25, 2011, 2:37 AM

> > >

> > > there are clinical studies, some of them were published on NEJM

> about

> > > medical drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs and some anti-diabetics that

> seamed

> > > very well randomized large studies and they were totally made up. That

> > > brought NEJM rating down by alot of points. So the scams in research

> are not

> > > only with dietary supplements.

> > >

> > > About LEAP I don't know much about it, can anyone post bibliographic

> > > references about it?

> > > And people shouldn't discard personal experience so fast. Before the

> large

> > > clinical trials information was based on personal experience and

> > > observation.

> > >

> > > >

> > > > I am surprised that there are studies - but they can not be just

> called

> > > > " clinical studies " . (Look at all the scams with dietary supplements

> and

> > > > products and all they list is " testimonials " and " clinical

> studies " .) I

> > > > agree with Pam, take the small steps. It really needs to be done by

> an

> > > > unbiased researcher or reviewed by an unbiased researcher if you have

> > > done

> > > > it. The DASH diet for one has been validated in peer reviewed studies

> but

> > > > continues to be studied.

> > > >

> > >

> > > ------------------------------------

> > >

June 25, 2011

I meant false positives (which happens with about every test). But according

to you, they do eventually add back moderately reactive foods just in case

it was a false positive. Otherwise you don't want them to eliminate foods

that they really like (especially healthy foods) because of a false

positive.

On Sat, Jun 25, 2011 at 8:40 PM, Linke wrote:

> **

>

> If by false positives you mean foods that show reactive and aren't... it's

> hard to say since the patient doesn't add back moderately reactive foods for

> 3 months, and the most reactive foods at 6 months. Our goal is for them

> to regain oral tolerance to those foods. Sometimes they can tolerate them

> and sometimes it takes a bit longer. Or sometimes they can tolerate them

> in small doses at infrequent intervals (food sensitivities are dose and

> frequency dependent).

>

> If you mean false negative... foods that show up low reactive but cause a

> problem.... rarely, but I'll qualify. This test only measures food

> sensitivities, not food allergies or non-immune reactions to foods, like

> fructose intolerance, fat malabsorption, etc, This is why it truly is an

> elimination diet. We start with 20-25 of their least reactive foods, then

> after 7-10 days we begin adding one new " safe " food per day for the

> remaining 3 weeks. This in effect identifies all possible problems with

> the foods, whether a food sensitivity, allergy, or a non-immune adverse

> reaction. By the end of the 4 weeks, we begin adding untested foods

> slowly, and we begin rotating their foods to avoid developing new food

> sensitivities.

>

> If a person has never eaten a particular food before, it is more likely to

> show up low reactive, but our methodical approach helps work through all

> that.

>

> > > >

> > > > Subject: Re: LEAP Reply to (reply 3)

> > > >

> > > > To: rd-usa

> > > > Date: Saturday, June 25, 2011, 2:37 AM

> > > >

> > > > there are clinical studies, some of them were published on NEJM

> > about

> > > > medical drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs and some anti-diabetics that

> > seamed

> > > > very well randomized large studies and they were totally made up.

> That

> > > > brought NEJM rating down by alot of points. So the scams in research

> > are not

> > > > only with dietary supplements.

> > > >

> > > > About LEAP I don't know much about it, can anyone post bibliographic

> > > > references about it?

> > > > And people shouldn't discard personal experience so fast. Before the

> > large

> > > > clinical trials information was based on personal experience and

> > > > observation.

> > > >

> > > > >

> > > > > I am surprised that there are studies - but they can not be just

> > called

> > > > > " clinical studies " . (Look at all the scams with dietary supplements

> > and

> > > > > products and all they list is " testimonials " and " clinical

> > studies " .) I

> > > > > agree with Pam, take the small steps. It really needs to be done by

> > an

> > > > > unbiased researcher or reviewed by an unbiased researcher if you

> have

> > > > done

> > > > > it. The DASH diet for one has been validated in peer reviewed

> studies

> > but

> > > > > continues to be studied.

> > > > >

> > > >

> > > > ------------------------------------

> > > >

June 25, 2011

Cheryl, since you're being brave and bold to stick your head out I will too.

Throughout this debate, I've thought a great deal to that time when I was 14

and suffering from acute constant asthma. For a year I had a cow bell

hanging by my bed that I could hit and ring at night any time I was unable

to breath. Than bell could have waked the dead, but very importantly, it

woke up my father and g/father, the 2 ppl that could give shots at my home.

They both ran - my g/father in the lead being a light sleeper and closest to

my bedroom - and stuck me with a needle full of epinephrine. Then my father

pulled me up, rubbed my back, calmed me down, and rubbed my chest and back

with Vicks-Vaporub. Once I started breathing again, my mother would spend

the night sitting by my bed or I could not go back to sleep.

Fast forward to a wonderful (not!) " vacation " in Baltimore at 's Hopkins

hospital. What started out as a few days of testing, extended to a month as

an out patient undergoing grueling allergy tests to determine what I was

allergic and intolerant to that drove me into these episodes. My back was

like a colander, and there was no more room to poke it, they worked on my

arms and thighs. Finally I rebelled and they would have to drag me screaming

and clawing trying to get away. I had arrived at 84 lbs. I left at 65 lbs.

They did not help me with their torture. Most of what I was allergic to

according to them was dust and pollen - huh? So what then? I lived in

Puerto Rico. Move to one of the Poles? Or to the Sahara? Or perhaps live in

a glass bubble? And although I am deathly allergic to shellfish - all

crustaceans - if they tested for that they sure didn't notice it. I did test

allergic to tunafish. At that time I had never eaten tunafish. It just

wasn't a fish found in the Caribbean or southern Atlantic oceans, or

prepared by us. It was considered (and I still do) the same as shark.

Something to release or throw back to the other fishes.

My opinion, totally anecdotal of course, is, if a less invasive methodology

exists, that can help ppl, the use it. I will support it whether I want to

use it for myself or not. Once the Earth was flat, and those that said

differently were mercilessly punished and mocked. There are yet so many

unsolved mysteries in every facet of the universe, we must applaud and

encourage the pioneers, or we'll sit and rot and die a sure miserable death.

I've said my one and only comment on this topic. I know if the " world ends "

I'll be one of the survivors.

Digna

From: rd-usa [mailto:rd-usa ] On Behalf Of

cherylharrisrd

Sent: Saturday, June 25, 2011 6:34 PM

To: rd-usa

Subject: Re: LEAP Reply to (reply 3)

I am questioning why I'm jumping into the fray, but here goes...

I did LEAP years ago, and got quite a few false positives and false

negatives. When I eliminated my reds and yellows, I saw little to no

response. I found that ELISA targeted my food sensitivities more accurately,

overall, and yet LEAP did point to a squash sensitivity I hadn't been able

to nail down before that.

Now, I'm just one person, and I don't for a second feel like that means that

LEAP does, or doesn't work--one person does not reflect the accuracy of a

test. As I've heard positive stories from others I've thought of doing the

certification, but have not thus far because I feel like either I need to be

able to vouch for the test either from observing myself or others, or point

to studies. I do certainly understand the passion of people who have seen

improvements themselves and in their clients.And while I've appreciated the

enthusiasm I've seen in LEAP therapists, I've really been put off by the

insistence it's the only test to use, since no one has pointed to anything

concrete in the way of studies until now and the attitude seems to be that

questioning is a problem, when it should be what all of us encourage. My

clients question me--that's their job! I expect the same openness of

questions from companies I work with. Asking interested, pointed questions

is not naysaying--it's using your brain.

The ideas behind LEAP truly make sense to me, and I look forward to seeing

where the research goes. It takes guts to be a pioneer, and I salute you!

Food for thought.

Best,

Cheryl , MPH, RD, LD

Whole Health

3345 Duke Street, andria, VA 22314

9675-A Main Street, Fairfax, VA 22031

www.harriswholehealth.com

fax:

Follow me on Twitter @cherylharrisrd

> > > > > >

> > > > > > I am surprised that there are studies - but they can not be just

> > > called

> > > > > > " clinical studies " . (Look at all the scams with dietary

supplements

> > > and

> > > > > > products and all they list is " testimonials " and " clinical

> > > studies " .) I

> > > > > > agree with Pam, take the small steps. It really needs to be done

by

> > > an

> > > > > > unbiased researcher or reviewed by an unbiased researcher if you

> > have

> > > > > done

> > > > > > it. The DASH diet for one has been validated in peer reviewed

> > studies

> > > but

> > > > > > continues to be studied.

> > > > > >

> > > > >

> > > > > ------------------------------------

> > > > >

June 25, 2011

Good instinct to take the training, Cheryl.

The quick answer:

You accidentally skimmed instructions and used an IgE protocol with a non-IgE

test.

You drove a stick shift like an automatic . I'm so sorry!

Sent from my Verizon Wireless BlackBerry

Re: LEAP Reply to (reply 3)

I am questioning why I'm jumping into the fray, but here goes...

I did LEAP years ago, and got quite a few false positives and false negatives.

When I eliminated my reds and yellows, I saw little to no response. I found

that ELISA targeted my food sensitivities more accurately, overall, and yet LEAP

did point to a squash sensitivity I hadn't been able to nail down before that.

Now, I'm just one person, and I don't for a second feel like that means that

LEAP does, or doesn't work--one person does not reflect the accuracy of a test.

As I've heard positive stories from others I've thought of doing the

certification, but have not thus far because I feel like either I need to be

able to vouch for the test either from observing myself or others, or point to

studies. I do certainly understand the passion of people who have seen

improvements themselves and in their clients.And while I've appreciated the

enthusiasm I've seen in LEAP therapists, I've really been put off by the

insistence it's the only test to use, since no one has pointed to anything

concrete in the way of studies until now and the attitude seems to be that

questioning is a problem, when it should be what all of us encourage. My clients

question me--that's their job! I expect the same openness of questions from

companies I work with. Asking interested, pointed questions is not

naysaying--it's using your brain.

The ideas behind LEAP truly make sense to me, and I look forward to seeing where

the research goes. It takes guts to be a pioneer, and I salute you!

Food for thought.

Best,

Cheryl , MPH, RD, LD

Whole Health

3345 Duke Street, andria, VA 22314

9675-A Main Street, Fairfax, VA 22031

www.harriswholehealth.com

fax:

Follow me on Twitter @cherylharrisrd

> > > > > >

> > > > > > I am surprised that there are studies - but they can not be just

> > > called

> > > > > > " clinical studies " . (Look at all the scams with dietary supplements

> > > and

> > > > > > products and all they list is " testimonials " and " clinical

> > > studies " .) I

> > > > > > agree with Pam, take the small steps. It really needs to be done by

> > > an

> > > > > > unbiased researcher or reviewed by an unbiased researcher if you

> > have

> > > > > done

> > > > > > it. The DASH diet for one has been validated in peer reviewed

> > studies

> > > but

> > > > > > continues to be studied.

> > > > > >

> > > > >

> > > > > ------------------------------------

> > > > >

June 25, 2011