Re: DIPHTHERIA: Now let's compare that to the numbers below for Diphtheria cases .... posted on google by Myrl

[Guest guest]

Hi Rogene,

Both this and the measles article are wonderful! I wish mainstream

society understood and were more aware of these stats. And you're

so right...if these diseases are so rare why ARE we vaccinating

these poor tiny babies? Why not wait until they are more mature if

it is in fact needed?

A classic example is the Hep B vaccine. Hepatitis B is usually

spread through sexual contact. Why then are we giving this vaccine

at birth and risking the infant's chance for autism and other

developmental disorders?! It makes no sense!

Same goes for the elderly...mainstream medicine constantly advocates

giving the flu vaccine as preventative measure. Yet, in reality the

vaccine usually doesn't protect against the specific strain of that

year. On top of that, people who are given the vaccine receieve

aluminum, formaldehyde and dangerous bacteria along with it -

increasing their chance for Alzheimer's 5 times the average person

their same age!! Yet the FDA and AMA act like they are protecting

us. It really is infuriating! Our only hope is to spread the

word. ~ Love, PH

>

> Interesting . . . What I wonder is, if these diseases are so rare now,

why infants must be vaccinated? . . . If really necessary, why not wait

until their little immune systems have had more time to mature?

>

>

>

> st1\:*{behavior:url(#default#ieooui) } According to the figures

presented at: http://www.whale.to/v/diptheria.htm, there were 68

Diphtheria vaccine deaths in the 29 years between 1919-1948 globally.

> Now let's compare that to the numbers below for Diphtheria cases:

> DIPHTHERIA

> At one time, diphtheria was common in the United States. More than

200,000 cases, primarily among children, were reported in 1921.

Approximately 5%-10% of cases were fatal; the highest case-fatality

ratios were recorded for the very young and the elderly. Reported cases

of diphtheria of all types declined from 306 in 1975 to 59 in 1979; most

were cutaneous diphtheria reported from a single state (3). After 1979,

cutaneous diphtheria was no longer notifiable. From 1980 to 1989, only

24 cases of respiratory diphtheria were reported; two cases were fatal,

and 18 (75%) occurred among persons greater than or equal to 20 years of

age.

> Diptheria is currently a rare disease in the United States primarily

because of the high level of appropriate vaccination among children (97%

of children entering school have received greater than or equal to three

doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP)) and

because of an apparent reduction in the circulation of toxigenic strains

of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Most cases occur among unvaccinated or

inadequately vaccinated persons. The age distribution of recent cases

and the results of serosurveys indicate that many adults in the United

States are not protected against diphtheria. Limited serosurveys

conducted since 1977 indicate that 22%-62% of adults 18-39 years of age

and 41%-84% of those greater than or equal to 60 years of age may lack

protective levels of circulating antitoxin against diphtheria (4-7).

Thus, it appears that further reductions in the incidence of diphtheria

would require more emphasis on adult immunization programs. Both

> toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae can cause

disease, but only strains that produce toxin cause myocarditis and

neuritis. Furthermore, toxigenic strains are more often associated with

severe or fatal illness in noncutaneous (respiratory or other mucosal

surface) infections and are more commonly recovered in association with

respiratory than from cutaneous infections.

> C. diphtheriae can contaminate the skin, usually at the site of a

wound. Although a sharply demarcated lesion with a pseudomembranous base

often results, the appearance may not be distinctive, and infection can

be confirmed only by culture. Usually other bacterial species can also

be isolated. Cutaneous diphtheria has most commonly affected indigent

adults and certain groups of American Indians.

> A complete vaccination series substantially reduces the risk of

developing diphtheria, and vaccinated persons who develop disease have

milder illnesses. Protection lasts at least 10 years. Vaccination does

not, however, eliminate carriage of C. diphtheriae in the pharynx or

nose or on the skin.

> TETANUS

> The occurrence of tetanus in the United States has decreased

dramatically from 560 reported cases in 1947, when national reporting

began, to a record low of 48 reported cases in 1987 (8). The decline has

resulted from widespread use of tetanus toxoid and improved wound

management, including use of tetanus prophylaxis in emergency rooms.

> Tetanus in the United States is primarily a disease of older adults.

Of 99 tetanus patients with complete information reported to CDC during

1987 and 1988, 68% were greater than or equal to 50 years of age, while

only six were less than 20 years of age. No cases of neonatal tetanus

were reported. Overall, the case-fatality rate was 21% (8). The age

distribution of recent cases and the results of serosurveys indicate

that many U.S. adults are not protected against tetanus. Serosurveys

undertaken since 1977 indicate that 6%-11% of adults 18-39 years of age

and 49%-66% of those greater than or equal to 60 years of age may lack

protective levels of circulating tetanus antitoxin (4-7). The disease

continues to occur almost exclusively among persons who are unvaccinated

or inadequately vaccinated or whose vaccination histories are unknown or

uncertain (8).

> Surveys of emergency rooms suggest that 1%-6% of all persons who

receive medical care for injuries that can lead to tetanus receive less

than the recommended prophylaxis (9,10). In 1987-1988, 58% of tetanus

patients with acute injuries did not seek medical care for their

injuries; of those who did, 81% did not receive prophylaxis as

recommended by ACIP guidelines (8).

> In 4% of tetanus cases reported during 1987 and 1988, no wound or

other condition was implicated. Nonacute skin lesions such as ulcers, or

medical conditions such as abscesses were reported in association with

14% of cases.

> Neonatal tetanus occurs among infants born under unhygienic conditions

to inadequately vaccinated mothers. Vaccinated mothers confer protection

to their infants through transplacental transfer of maternal antibody.

From 1972 through 1984, 29 cases of neonatal tetanus were reported in

the United States (11). No cases of neonatal tetanus were reported in

the period 1985-1989. Spores of Clostridium tetani are ubiquitous.

Serologic tests indicate that naturally acquired immunity to tetanus

toxin does not occur in the United States. Thus, universal primary

vaccination, with subsequent maintenance of adequate antitoxin levels by

means of appropriately timed boosters, is necessary to protect persons

among all age-groups. Tetanus toxoid is a highly effective antigen; a

completed primary series generally induces protective levels of serum

antitoxin that persist for greater than or equal to 10 years.

> PERTUSSIS

> Disease caused by Bordetella pertussis was once a major cause of

infant and childhood morbidity and mortality in the United States

(12,13). Pertussis became a nationally notifiable disease in 1922, and

reports reached a peak of 265,269 cases and 7,518 deaths in 1934. The

highest number of reported pertussis deaths (9,269) occurred in 1923.

The introduction and widespread use of standardized whole-cell pertussis

vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP) in the late

1940s resulted in a substantial decline in pertussis disease, a decline

which continued without interruption for nearly 30 years.

> By 1970, the annual reported incidence of pertussis had been reduced

by 99%. During the 1970s, the annual numbers of reported cases

stabilized at an average of approximately 2,300 cases each year. During

the 1980s, however, the annual numbers of reported cases gradually

increased from 1,730 cases in 1980 to 4,157 cases in 1989. An average of

eight pertussis-associated fatalities was reported each year throughout

the 1980s. It is not clear whether the increase in reported pertussis

reflects a true increase in the incidence of the disease or improvement

in the reporting of pertussis. However, these data underestimate the

true number of cases, because many are unrecognized or unreported, and

diagnostic tests for B. pertussis -- culture and

direct-immunofluorescence assay -- may be unavailable, difficult to

perform, or incorrectly interpreted. Because direct-

fluorescent-antibody testing of nasopharyngeal secretions has been shown

in some studies to have low sensitivity and

> variable specificity, it should not be relied on as a criterion for

laboratory confirmation (14,15). In addition, reporting criteria have

varied widely among the different states. Laboratory diagnosis based on

serologic testing is not widely available and is still considered

experimental (16). In 1990, to improve the accuracy of reporting, the

U.S. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists adopted uniform

case definitions for pertussis (17).

> Before widespread use of DTP, less than 20% of cases and 50%-70% of

pertussis deaths occurred among children less than 1 year of age

(13,18). For the period 1980-1989, 47% of reported illnesses from B.

pertussis occurred among children less than 1 year of age, and 72%

occurred among children less than 5 years of age; 61 (77%) of 79 deaths

reported to CDC occurred among children less than 1 year of age (19).

Infants less than 2 months of age were at highest risk of complications,

with a case-fatality rate of 1.3%. Although incidence based on reported

cases increased among all age-groups during the 1980s, the most striking

increases occurred among adolescents and adults (19). Whether this

represented a true increase or more complete recognition and reporting

is not clear.

> Pertussis is highly communicable (attack rates of greater than 90%

have been reported among unvaccinated household contacts) and can cause

severe disease, particularly among very young children. Of 10,749

patients less than 1 year of age reported nationally as having pertussis

nationally during the period 1980-1989, 69% were hospitalized, 22% had

pneumonia, 3.0% had greater than or equal to one seizure, 0.9% had

encephalopathy, and 0.6% died (19). The high rate of hospitalization for

infants with pertussis has been observed in several population-based

studies (20-22). Because of the substantial risks of complications of

the disease, completion of a primary series of DTP vaccine early in life

is essential.

> Among older children and adults, including those previously

vaccinated, B. pertussis infection may result in symptoms of bronchitis

or upper-respiratory-tract infection. Pertussis may not be diagnosed

because classic signs, especially the inspiratory whoop, may be absent.

Older preschool children and school-age siblings who are not fully

vaccinated and who develop pertussis can be important sources of

infection for infants less than 1 year of age. Adults also play an

important role in the transmission of pertussis to unvaccinated or

incompletely vaccinated infants and young children (23).

> Controversy regarding the safety of pertussis vaccine during the 1970s

led to several studies of the benefits and risks of this vaccination

during the 1980s. These epidemiologic analyses clearly indicate that the

benefits of pertussis vaccination outweigh any risks (24-28).

> PREPARATIONS USED FOR VACCINATION

> Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids are prepared by formaldehyde treatment

of the respective toxins and are standardized for potency according to

the regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The limit of

flocculation (Lf) content of each toxoid (quantity of toxoid as assessed

by flocculation) may vary among different products. The concentration of

diphtheria toxoid in preparations intended for adult use is reduced

because adverse reactions to diphtheria toxoid are apparently directly

related to the quantity of antigen and to the age or previous

vaccination history of the recipient, and because a smaller dosage of

diphtheria toxoid produces an adequate immune response among adults.

> Pertussis vaccine is a suspension of inactivated B. pertussis cells.

Potency is assayed by comparison with the U.S. standard pertussis

vaccine in the intracerebral mouse protection test. The protective

efficacy of pertussis vaccines for humans has been shown to correlate

with this measure of vaccine potency.

> Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine, as single

antigens or various combinations, are available as aluminum-salt-

adsorbed preparations. Only tetanus toxoid is available in nonabsorbed

(fluid) form. Although the rates of seroconversion are essentially

equivalent with either type of tetanus toxoid, the adsorbed toxoid

induces a more persistent level of antitoxin antibody. The following

preparations are currently available in the United States:

> Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed (DTP)

and Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed (DT) (for pediatric use) are

for use among infants and children less than 7 years of age. Each 0.5-mL

dose is formulated to contain 6.7-12.5 Lf units of diphtheria toxoid, 5

Lf units of tetanus toxoid, and less than or equal to 16 opacity units

of pertussis vaccine. A single human immunizing dose of DTP contains an

estimated 4-12 protective units of pertussis vaccine.

> Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed for Adult Use (Td) is for use

among persons greater than or equal to 7 years of age. Each 0.5-mL dose

is formulated to contain 2-10 Lf units of tetanus toxoid and less than

or equal to 2 Lf units of diphtheria toxoid.

> Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed (P), * Tetanus Toxoid (fluid), Tetanus

Toxoid Adsorbed (T), and Diphtheria Toxoid Adsorbed (D) ** (for

pediatric use), are single-antigen products for use in special instances

when combined antigen preparations are not indicated.

> ____________

> Distributed by the Division of Biologic Products, Michigan Department

of Public Health. Contact Dr. Myers, Chief, Division of Biologic

Products, Bureau of Laboratories and Epidemiological Services, Michigan

Department of Public Health, Lansing, Michigan 48909 (telephone:

517-335-8120).

> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00041645.htm

>

>

>

> No virus found in this outgoing message.

> Checked by AVG.

> Version: 7.5.524 / Virus Database: 269.23.3/1391 - Release Date:

4/22/2008 8:15 AM

>

[Guest guest]

Both the articles on vaccination came from one of our silent sisters . . . Thanks to all our silent sisters!perfecthealth68 <perfecthealth68@...> wrote: Hi Rogene, Both this and the measles article are wonderful! I wish mainstream society understood and were more aware of these stats. And you're so right...if these diseases are so rare why ARE we vaccinating these poor tiny babies? Why not wait until they are more mature if it is in fact needed? A classic example is the Hep B vaccine. Hepatitis B is

usually spread through sexual contact. Why then are we giving this vaccine at birth and risking the infant's chance for autism and other developmental disorders?! It makes no sense! Same goes for the elderly...mainstream medicine constantly advocates giving the flu vaccine as preventative measure. Yet, in reality the vaccine usually doesn't protect against the specific strain of that year. On top of that, people who are given the vaccine receieve aluminum, formaldehyde and dangerous bacteria along with it - increasing their chance for Alzheimer's 5 times the average person their same age!! Yet the FDA and AMA act like they are protecting us. It really is infuriating! Our only hope is to spread the word. ~ Love, PH > > Interesting . . . What I wonder is,

if these diseases are so rare now, why infants must be vaccinated? . . . If really necessary, why not wait until their little immune systems have had more time to mature? > > > > st1\:*{behavior:url(#default#ieooui) } According to the figures presented at: http://www.whale.to/v/diptheria.htm, there were 68 Diphtheria vaccine deaths in the 29 years between 1919-1948 globally. > Now let's compare that to the numbers below for Diphtheria cases: > DIPHTHERIA > At one time, diphtheria was common in the United States. More than 200,000 cases, primarily among children, were reported in 1921. Approximately 5%-10% of cases were fatal; the highest case-fatality ratios were recorded for the very young and the elderly. Reported cases of diphtheria of all types declined from 306 in 1975 to 59 in 1979; most were cutaneous diphtheria

reported from a single state (3). After 1979, cutaneous diphtheria was no longer notifiable. From 1980 to 1989, only 24 cases of respiratory diphtheria were reported; two cases were fatal, and 18 (75%) occurred among persons greater than or equal to 20 years of age. > Diptheria is currently a rare disease in the United States primarily because of the high level of appropriate vaccination among children (97% of children entering school have received greater than or equal to three doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP)) and because of an apparent reduction in the circulation of toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Most cases occur among unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated persons. The age distribution of recent cases and the results of serosurveys indicate that many adults in the United States are not protected against diphtheria. Limited serosurveys conducted since 1977

indicate that 22%-62% of adults 18-39 years of age and 41%-84% of those greater than or equal to 60 years of age may lack protective levels of circulating antitoxin against diphtheria (4-7). Thus, it appears that further reductions in the incidence of diphtheria would require more emphasis on adult immunization programs. Both > toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae can cause disease, but only strains that produce toxin cause myocarditis and neuritis. Furthermore, toxigenic strains are more often associated with severe or fatal illness in noncutaneous (respiratory or other mucosal surface) infections and are more commonly recovered in association with respiratory than from cutaneous infections. > C. diphtheriae can contaminate the skin, usually at the site of a wound. Although a sharply demarcated lesion with a pseudomembranous base often results, the appearance may not be distinctive, and infection

can be confirmed only by culture. Usually other bacterial species can also be isolated. Cutaneous diphtheria has most commonly affected indigent adults and certain groups of American Indians. > A complete vaccination series substantially reduces the risk of developing diphtheria, and vaccinated persons who develop disease have milder illnesses. Protection lasts at least 10 years. Vaccination does not, however, eliminate carriage of C. diphtheriae in the pharynx or nose or on the skin. > TETANUS > The occurrence of tetanus in the United States has decreased dramatically from 560 reported cases in 1947, when national reporting began, to a record low of 48 reported cases in 1987 (8). The decline has resulted from widespread use of tetanus toxoid and improved wound management, including use of tetanus prophylaxis in emergency rooms. > Tetanus in the United States is primarily a disease of older adults.

Of 99 tetanus patients with complete information reported to CDC during 1987 and 1988, 68% were greater than or equal to 50 years of age, while only six were less than 20 years of age. No cases of neonatal tetanus were reported. Overall, the case-fatality rate was 21% (8). The age distribution of recent cases and the results of serosurveys indicate that many U.S. adults are not protected against tetanus. Serosurveys undertaken since 1977 indicate that 6%-11% of adults 18-39 years of age and 49%-66% of those greater than or equal to 60 years of age may lack protective levels of circulating tetanus antitoxin (4-7). The disease continues to occur almost exclusively among persons who are unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated or whose vaccination histories are unknown or uncertain (8). > Surveys of emergency rooms suggest that 1%-6% of all persons who receive medical care for injuries that can lead to tetanus receive

less than the recommended prophylaxis (9,10). In 1987-1988, 58% of tetanus patients with acute injuries did not seek medical care for their injuries; of those who did, 81% did not receive prophylaxis as recommended by ACIP guidelines (8). > In 4% of tetanus cases reported during 1987 and 1988, no wound or other condition was implicated. Nonacute skin lesions such as ulcers, or medical conditions such as abscesses were reported in association with 14% of cases. > Neonatal tetanus occurs among infants born under unhygienic conditions to inadequately vaccinated mothers. Vaccinated mothers confer protection to their infants through transplacental transfer of maternal antibody. From 1972 through 1984, 29 cases of neonatal tetanus were reported in the United States (11). No cases of neonatal tetanus were reported in the period 1985-1989. Spores of Clostridium tetani are ubiquitous. Serologic tests indicate that

naturally acquired immunity to tetanus toxin does not occur in the United States. Thus, universal primary vaccination, with subsequent maintenance of adequate antitoxin levels by means of appropriately timed boosters, is necessary to protect persons among all age-groups. Tetanus toxoid is a highly effective antigen; a completed primary series generally induces protective levels of serum antitoxin that persist for greater than or equal to 10 years. > PERTUSSIS > Disease caused by Bordetella pertussis was once a major cause of infant and childhood morbidity and mortality in the United States (12,13). Pertussis became a nationally notifiable disease in 1922, and reports reached a peak of 265,269 cases and 7,518 deaths in 1934. The highest number of reported pertussis deaths (9,269) occurred in 1923. The introduction and widespread use of standardized whole-cell pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and

tetanus toxoids (DTP) in the late 1940s resulted in a substantial decline in pertussis disease, a decline which continued without interruption for nearly 30 years. > By 1970, the annual reported incidence of pertussis had been reduced by 99%. During the 1970s, the annual numbers of reported cases stabilized at an average of approximately 2,300 cases each year. During the 1980s, however, the annual numbers of reported cases gradually increased from 1,730 cases in 1980 to 4,157 cases in 1989. An average of eight pertussis-associated fatalities was reported each year throughout the 1980s. It is not clear whether the increase in reported pertussis reflects a true increase in the incidence of the disease or improvement in the reporting of pertussis. However, these data underestimate the true number of cases, because many are unrecognized or unreported, and diagnostic tests for B. pertussis -- culture and

direct-immunofluorescence assay -- may be unavailable, difficult to perform, or incorrectly interpreted. Because direct- fluorescent-antibody testing of nasopharyngeal secretions has been shown in some studies to have low sensitivity and > variable specificity, it should not be relied on as a criterion for laboratory confirmation (14,15). In addition, reporting criteria have varied widely among the different states. Laboratory diagnosis based on serologic testing is not widely available and is still considered experimental (16). In 1990, to improve the accuracy of reporting, the U.S. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists adopted uniform case definitions for pertussis (17). > Before widespread use of DTP, less than 20% of cases and 50%-70% of pertussis deaths occurred among children less than 1 year of age (13,18). For the period 1980-1989, 47% of reported illnesses from B. pertussis occurred

among children less than 1 year of age, and 72% occurred among children less than 5 years of age; 61 (77%) of 79 deaths reported to CDC occurred among children less than 1 year of age (19). Infants less than 2 months of age were at highest risk of complications, with a case-fatality rate of 1.3%. Although incidence based on reported cases increased among all age-groups during the 1980s, the most striking increases occurred among adolescents and adults (19). Whether this represented a true increase or more complete recognition and reporting is not clear. > Pertussis is highly communicable (attack rates of greater than 90% have been reported among unvaccinated household contacts) and can cause severe disease, particularly among very young children. Of 10,749 patients less than 1 year of age reported nationally as having pertussis nationally during the period 1980-1989, 69% were hospitalized, 22% had pneumonia, 3.0%

had greater than or equal to one seizure, 0.9% had encephalopathy, and 0.6% died (19). The high rate of hospitalization for infants with pertussis has been observed in several population-based studies (20-22). Because of the substantial risks of complications of the disease, completion of a primary series of DTP vaccine early in life is essential. > Among older children and adults, including those previously vaccinated, B. pertussis infection may result in symptoms of bronchitis or upper-respiratory-tract infection. Pertussis may not be diagnosed because classic signs, especially the inspiratory whoop, may be absent. Older preschool children and school-age siblings who are not fully vaccinated and who develop pertussis can be important sources of infection for infants less than 1 year of age. Adults also play an important role in the transmission of pertussis to unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated infants

and young children (23). > Controversy regarding the safety of pertussis vaccine during the 1970s led to several studies of the benefits and risks of this vaccination during the 1980s. These epidemiologic analyses clearly indicate that the benefits of pertussis vaccination outweigh any risks (24-28). > PREPARATIONS USED FOR VACCINATION > Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids are prepared by formaldehyde treatment of the respective toxins and are standardized for potency according to the regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The limit of flocculation (Lf) content of each toxoid (quantity of toxoid as assessed by flocculation) may vary among different products. The concentration of diphtheria toxoid in preparations intended for adult use is reduced because adverse reactions to diphtheria toxoid are apparently directly related to the quantity of antigen and to the age or previous vaccination history of

the recipient, and because a smaller dosage of diphtheria toxoid produces an adequate immune response among adults. > Pertussis vaccine is a suspension of inactivated B. pertussis cells. Potency is assayed by comparison with the U.S. standard pertussis vaccine in the intracerebral mouse protection test. The protective efficacy of pertussis vaccines for humans has been shown to correlate with this measure of vaccine potency. > Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine, as single antigens or various combinations, are available as aluminum-salt- adsorbed preparations. Only tetanus toxoid is available in nonabsorbed (fluid) form. Although the rates of seroconversion are essentially equivalent with either type of tetanus toxoid, the adsorbed toxoid induces a more persistent level of antitoxin antibody. The following preparations are currently available in the United States: > Diphtheria and Tetanus

Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed (DTP) and Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed (DT) (for pediatric use) are for use among infants and children less than 7 years of age. Each 0.5-mL dose is formulated to contain 6.7-12.5 Lf units of diphtheria toxoid, 5 Lf units of tetanus toxoid, and less than or equal to 16 opacity units of pertussis vaccine. A single human immunizing dose of DTP contains an estimated 4-12 protective units of pertussis vaccine. > Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed for Adult Use (Td) is for use among persons greater than or equal to 7 years of age. Each 0.5-mL dose is formulated to contain 2-10 Lf units of tetanus toxoid and less than or equal to 2 Lf units of diphtheria toxoid. > Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed (P), * Tetanus Toxoid (fluid), Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed (T), and Diphtheria Toxoid Adsorbed (D) ** (for pediatric use), are single-antigen products for use in special instances

when combined antigen preparations are not indicated. > ____________ > Distributed by the Division of Biologic Products, Michigan Department of Public Health. Contact Dr. Myers, Chief, Division of Biologic Products, Bureau of Laboratories and Epidemiological Services, Michigan Department of Public Health, Lansing, Michigan 48909 (telephone: 517-335-8120). > http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00041645.htm > > > > No virus found in this outgoing message. > Checked by AVG. > Version: 7.5.524 / Virus Database: 269.23.3/1391 - Release Date: 4/22/2008 8:15 AM >

[Guest guest]

I just wanted to post a comment on this. I have been on a

group for vaccinations now for a few months. I am horrified at what

I have learned. I find myself making a strong comparision to how

the FDA labels breast implants as safe and how the FDA and CDC says

all these vaccines are safe.

Some of the diseases do still concern me and in a rare case where

someone feel the benefits of getting a vaccine outweigh the risk

then I can understand but to give all these vaccines to an infant.

They get their first vaccine at 12 hrs old!!!!! Not to mention it

is the Hep B. So unless the kids will be having sex and using dirty

needles in the nursery (and the parents are not carriers - most are

not), there is NO need for this vaccine. O' I could go on and on.

A few months ago, I was all for vaccines....my attitude has changed

drastically now.....

These are GREAT articles.....and according to most of the people on

the vaccine list.....the vaccines do not work very well anyways. In

the pamplet they give you at the doctors when you get a vaccine, it

clearly states they are not 100% effective....

OK, I am done Just had to chime in on this as I know there are

many mothers here on this forum as well. I would highly recommend

doing some research and making the choices that are best for your

speific family!!!

Much Love,

Beth

>

> Interesting . . . What I wonder is, if these diseases are so rare

now, why infants must be vaccinated? . . . If really necessary, why

not wait until their little immune systems have had more time to

mature?

>

>

>

> st1\:*{behavior:url(#default#ieooui) }

According to the figures presented at:

http://www.whale.to/v/diptheria.htm, there were 68 Diphtheria

vaccine deaths in the 29 years between 1919-1948 globally.

> Now let's compare that to the numbers below for Diphtheria

cases:

> DIPHTHERIA

> At one time, diphtheria was common in the United States. More

than 200,000 cases, primarily among children, were reported in 1921.

Approximately 5%-10% of cases were fatal; the highest case-fatality

ratios were recorded for the very young and the elderly. Reported

cases of diphtheria of all types declined from 306 in 1975 to 59 in

1979; most were cutaneous diphtheria reported from a single state

(3). After 1979, cutaneous diphtheria was no longer notifiable. From

1980 to 1989, only 24 cases of respiratory diphtheria were reported;

two cases were fatal, and 18 (75%) occurred among persons greater

than or equal to 20 years of age.

> Diptheria is currently a rare disease in the United States

primarily because of the high level of appropriate vaccination among

children (97% of children entering school have received greater than

or equal to three doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and

pertussis vaccine (DTP)) and because of an apparent reduction in the

circulation of toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Most cases occur among unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated

persons. The age distribution of recent cases and the results of

serosurveys indicate that many adults in the United States are not

protected against diphtheria. Limited serosurveys conducted since

1977 indicate that 22%-62% of adults 18-39 years of age and 41%-84%

of those greater than or equal to 60 years of age may lack

protective levels of circulating antitoxin against diphtheria (4-7).

Thus, it appears that further reductions in the incidence of

diphtheria would require more emphasis on adult immunization

programs. Both

> toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae can cause

disease, but only strains that produce toxin cause myocarditis and

neuritis. Furthermore, toxigenic strains are more often associated

with severe or fatal illness in noncutaneous (respiratory or other

mucosal surface) infections and are more commonly recovered in

association with respiratory than from cutaneous infections.

> C. diphtheriae can contaminate the skin, usually at the site of

a wound. Although a sharply demarcated lesion with a

pseudomembranous base often results, the appearance may not be

distinctive, and infection can be confirmed only by culture. Usually

other bacterial species can also be isolated. Cutaneous diphtheria

has most commonly affected indigent adults and certain groups of

American Indians.

> A complete vaccination series substantially reduces the risk of

developing diphtheria, and vaccinated persons who develop disease

have milder illnesses. Protection lasts at least 10 years.

Vaccination does not, however, eliminate carriage of C. diphtheriae

in the pharynx or nose or on the skin.

> TETANUS

> The occurrence of tetanus in the United States has decreased

dramatically from 560 reported cases in 1947, when national

reporting began, to a record low of 48 reported cases in 1987 (8).

The decline has resulted from widespread use of tetanus toxoid and

improved wound management, including use of tetanus prophylaxis in

emergency rooms.

> Tetanus in the United States is primarily a disease of older

adults. Of 99 tetanus patients with complete information reported to

CDC during 1987 and 1988, 68% were greater than or equal to 50 years

of age, while only six were less than 20 years of age. No cases of

neonatal tetanus were reported. Overall, the case-fatality rate was

21% (8). The age distribution of recent cases and the results of

serosurveys indicate that many U.S. adults are not protected against

tetanus. Serosurveys undertaken since 1977 indicate that 6%-11% of

adults 18-39 years of age and 49%-66% of those greater than or equal

to 60 years of age may lack protective levels of circulating tetanus

antitoxin (4-7). The disease continues to occur almost exclusively

among persons who are unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated or

whose vaccination histories are unknown or uncertain (8).

> Surveys of emergency rooms suggest that 1%-6% of all persons who

receive medical care for injuries that can lead to tetanus receive

less than the recommended prophylaxis (9,10). In 1987-1988, 58% of

tetanus patients with acute injuries did not seek medical care for

their injuries; of those who did, 81% did not receive prophylaxis as

recommended by ACIP guidelines (8).

> In 4% of tetanus cases reported during 1987 and 1988, no wound

or other condition was implicated. Nonacute skin lesions such as

ulcers, or medical conditions such as abscesses were reported in

association with 14% of cases.

> Neonatal tetanus occurs among infants born under unhygienic

conditions to inadequately vaccinated mothers. Vaccinated mothers

confer protection to their infants through transplacental transfer

of maternal antibody. From 1972 through 1984, 29 cases of neonatal

tetanus were reported in the United States (11). No cases of

neonatal tetanus were reported in the period 1985-1989. Spores of

Clostridium tetani are ubiquitous. Serologic tests indicate that

naturally acquired immunity to tetanus toxin does not occur in the

United States. Thus, universal primary vaccination, with subsequent

maintenance of adequate antitoxin levels by means of appropriately

timed boosters, is necessary to protect persons among all age-

groups. Tetanus toxoid is a highly effective antigen; a completed

primary series generally induces protective levels of serum

antitoxin that persist for greater than or equal to 10 years.

> PERTUSSIS

> Disease caused by Bordetella pertussis was once a major cause of

infant and childhood morbidity and mortality in the United States

(12,13). Pertussis became a nationally notifiable disease in 1922,

and reports reached a peak of 265,269 cases and 7,518 deaths in

1934. The highest number of reported pertussis deaths (9,269)

occurred in 1923. The introduction and widespread use of

standardized whole-cell pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria

and tetanus toxoids (DTP) in the late 1940s resulted in a

substantial decline in pertussis disease, a decline which continued

without interruption for nearly 30 years.

> By 1970, the annual reported incidence of pertussis had been

reduced by 99%. During the 1970s, the annual numbers of reported

cases stabilized at an average of approximately 2,300 cases each

year. During the 1980s, however, the annual numbers of reported

cases gradually increased from 1,730 cases in 1980 to 4,157 cases in

1989. An average of eight pertussis-associated fatalities was

reported each year throughout the 1980s. It is not clear whether the

increase in reported pertussis reflects a true increase in the

incidence of the disease or improvement in the reporting of

pertussis. However, these data underestimate the true number of

cases, because many are unrecognized or unreported, and diagnostic

tests for B. pertussis -- culture and direct-immunofluorescence

assay -- may be unavailable, difficult to perform, or incorrectly

interpreted. Because direct- fluorescent-antibody testing of

nasopharyngeal secretions has been shown in some studies to have low

sensitivity and

> variable specificity, it should not be relied on as a criterion

for laboratory confirmation (14,15). In addition, reporting criteria

have varied widely among the different states. Laboratory diagnosis

based on serologic testing is not widely available and is still

considered experimental (16). In 1990, to improve the accuracy of

reporting, the U.S. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists

adopted uniform case definitions for pertussis (17).

> Before widespread use of DTP, less than 20% of cases and 50%-70%

of pertussis deaths occurred among children less than 1 year of age

(13,18). For the period 1980-1989, 47% of reported illnesses from B.

pertussis occurred among children less than 1 year of age, and 72%

occurred among children less than 5 years of age; 61 (77%) of 79

deaths reported to CDC occurred among children less than 1 year of

age (19). Infants less than 2 months of age were at highest risk of

complications, with a case-fatality rate of 1.3%. Although incidence

based on reported cases increased among all age-groups during the

1980s, the most striking increases occurred among adolescents and

adults (19). Whether this represented a true increase or more

complete recognition and reporting is not clear.

> Pertussis is highly communicable (attack rates of greater than

90% have been reported among unvaccinated household contacts) and

can cause severe disease, particularly among very young children. Of

10,749 patients less than 1 year of age reported nationally as

having pertussis nationally during the period 1980-1989, 69% were

hospitalized, 22% had pneumonia, 3.0% had greater than or equal to

one seizure, 0.9% had encephalopathy, and 0.6% died (19). The high

rate of hospitalization for infants with pertussis has been observed

in several population-based studies (20-22). Because of the

substantial risks of complications of the disease, completion of a

primary series of DTP vaccine early in life is essential.

> Among older children and adults, including those previously

vaccinated, B. pertussis infection may result in symptoms of

bronchitis or upper-respiratory-tract infection. Pertussis may not

be diagnosed because classic signs, especially the inspiratory

whoop, may be absent. Older preschool children and school-age

siblings who are not fully vaccinated and who develop pertussis can

be important sources of infection for infants less than 1 year of

age. Adults also play an important role in the transmission of

pertussis to unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated infants and

young children (23).

> Controversy regarding the safety of pertussis vaccine during the

1970s led to several studies of the benefits and risks of this

vaccination during the 1980s. These epidemiologic analyses clearly

indicate that the benefits of pertussis vaccination outweigh any

risks (24-28).

> PREPARATIONS USED FOR VACCINATION

> Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids are prepared by formaldehyde

treatment of the respective toxins and are standardized for potency

according to the regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug

Administration. The limit of flocculation (Lf) content of each

toxoid (quantity of toxoid as assessed by flocculation) may vary

among different products. The concentration of diphtheria toxoid in

preparations intended for adult use is reduced because adverse

reactions to diphtheria toxoid are apparently directly related to

the quantity of antigen and to the age or previous vaccination

history of the recipient, and because a smaller dosage of diphtheria

toxoid produces an adequate immune response among adults.

> Pertussis vaccine is a suspension of inactivated B. pertussis

cells. Potency is assayed by comparison with the U.S. standard

pertussis vaccine in the intracerebral mouse protection test. The

protective efficacy of pertussis vaccines for humans has been shown

to correlate with this measure of vaccine potency.

> Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine, as single

antigens or various combinations, are available as aluminum-salt-

adsorbed preparations. Only tetanus toxoid is available in

nonabsorbed (fluid) form. Although the rates of seroconversion are

essentially equivalent with either type of tetanus toxoid, the

adsorbed toxoid induces a more persistent level of antitoxin

antibody. The following preparations are currently available in the

United States:

> Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed

(DTP) and Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed (DT) (for

pediatric use) are for use among infants and children less than 7

years of age. Each 0.5-mL dose is formulated to contain 6.7-12.5 Lf

units of diphtheria toxoid, 5 Lf units of tetanus toxoid, and less

than or equal to 16 opacity units of pertussis vaccine. A single

human immunizing dose of DTP contains an estimated 4-12 protective

units of pertussis vaccine.

> Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed for Adult Use (Td) is

for use among persons greater than or equal to 7 years of age. Each

0.5-mL dose is formulated to contain 2-10 Lf units of tetanus toxoid

and less than or equal to 2 Lf units of diphtheria toxoid.

> Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed (P), * Tetanus Toxoid (fluid),

Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed (T), and Diphtheria Toxoid Adsorbed (D) **

(for pediatric use), are single-antigen products for use in special

instances when combined antigen preparations are not indicated.

> ____________

> Distributed by the Division of Biologic Products, Michigan

Department of Public Health. Contact Dr. Myers, Chief,

Division of Biologic Products, Bureau of Laboratories and

Epidemiological Services, Michigan Department of Public Health,

Lansing, Michigan 48909 (telephone: 517-335-8120).

> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00041645.htm

>

>

>

> No virus found in this outgoing message.

> Checked by AVG.

> Version: 7.5.524 / Virus Database: 269.23.3/1391 - Release Date:

4/22/2008 8:15 AM

>

[Guest guest]

Hi Beth~

I am glad you've been researching this...I too was horrified at what

I learned about vaccinations! Isn't it amazing how blinded we have

been by listening to those " experts who care about our health " ?

There is some serious misleading going on in this country. I think

many centuries ago we were warned about the blind leading the blind.

Unfortunately, it happens every day.

I am so thankful that my breast implant experience put me on the path

to learning some truths that I needed to learn for the sake of my

family's health!

I think alot of us can say that now!

Patty

> >

> > Interesting . . . What I wonder is, if these diseases are so rare

> now, why infants must be vaccinated? . . . If really necessary, why

> not wait until their little immune systems have had more time to

> mature?

> >

> >

> >

> > st1\:*{behavior:url(#default#ieooui) }

> According to the figures presented at:

> http://www.whale.to/v/diptheria.htm, there were 68 Diphtheria

> vaccine deaths in the 29 years between 1919-1948 globally.

> > Now let's compare that to the numbers below for Diphtheria

> cases:

> > DIPHTHERIA

> > At one time, diphtheria was common in the United States. More

> than 200,000 cases, primarily among children, were reported in

1921.

> Approximately 5%-10% of cases were fatal; the highest case-fatality

> ratios were recorded for the very young and the elderly. Reported

> cases of diphtheria of all types declined from 306 in 1975 to 59 in

> 1979; most were cutaneous diphtheria reported from a single state

> (3). After 1979, cutaneous diphtheria was no longer notifiable.

From

> 1980 to 1989, only 24 cases of respiratory diphtheria were

reported;

> two cases were fatal, and 18 (75%) occurred among persons greater

> than or equal to 20 years of age.

> > Diptheria is currently a rare disease in the United States

> primarily because of the high level of appropriate vaccination

among

> children (97% of children entering school have received greater

than

> or equal to three doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and

> pertussis vaccine (DTP)) and because of an apparent reduction in

the

> circulation of toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

> Most cases occur among unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated

> persons. The age distribution of recent cases and the results of

> serosurveys indicate that many adults in the United States are not

> protected against diphtheria. Limited serosurveys conducted since

> 1977 indicate that 22%-62% of adults 18-39 years of age and 41%-84%

> of those greater than or equal to 60 years of age may lack

> protective levels of circulating antitoxin against diphtheria (4-

7).

> Thus, it appears that further reductions in the incidence of

> diphtheria would require more emphasis on adult immunization

> programs. Both

> > toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae can cause

> disease, but only strains that produce toxin cause myocarditis and

> neuritis. Furthermore, toxigenic strains are more often associated

> with severe or fatal illness in noncutaneous (respiratory or other

> mucosal surface) infections and are more commonly recovered in

> association with respiratory than from cutaneous infections.

> > C. diphtheriae can contaminate the skin, usually at the site of

> a wound. Although a sharply demarcated lesion with a

> pseudomembranous base often results, the appearance may not be

> distinctive, and infection can be confirmed only by culture.

Usually

> other bacterial species can also be isolated. Cutaneous diphtheria

> has most commonly affected indigent adults and certain groups of

> American Indians.

> > A complete vaccination series substantially reduces the risk of

> developing diphtheria, and vaccinated persons who develop disease

> have milder illnesses. Protection lasts at least 10 years.

> Vaccination does not, however, eliminate carriage of C. diphtheriae

> in the pharynx or nose or on the skin.

> > TETANUS

> > The occurrence of tetanus in the United States has decreased

> dramatically from 560 reported cases in 1947, when national

> reporting began, to a record low of 48 reported cases in 1987 (8).

> The decline has resulted from widespread use of tetanus toxoid and

> improved wound management, including use of tetanus prophylaxis in

> emergency rooms.

> > Tetanus in the United States is primarily a disease of older

> adults. Of 99 tetanus patients with complete information reported

to

> CDC during 1987 and 1988, 68% were greater than or equal to 50

years

> of age, while only six were less than 20 years of age. No cases of

> neonatal tetanus were reported. Overall, the case-fatality rate was

> 21% (8). The age distribution of recent cases and the results of

> serosurveys indicate that many U.S. adults are not protected

against

> tetanus. Serosurveys undertaken since 1977 indicate that 6%-11% of

> adults 18-39 years of age and 49%-66% of those greater than or

equal

> to 60 years of age may lack protective levels of circulating

tetanus

> antitoxin (4-7). The disease continues to occur almost exclusively

> among persons who are unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated or

> whose vaccination histories are unknown or uncertain (8).

> > Surveys of emergency rooms suggest that 1%-6% of all persons

who

> receive medical care for injuries that can lead to tetanus receive

> less than the recommended prophylaxis (9,10). In 1987-1988, 58% of

> tetanus patients with acute injuries did not seek medical care for

> their injuries; of those who did, 81% did not receive prophylaxis

as

> recommended by ACIP guidelines (8).

> > In 4% of tetanus cases reported during 1987 and 1988, no wound

> or other condition was implicated. Nonacute skin lesions such as

> ulcers, or medical conditions such as abscesses were reported in

> association with 14% of cases.

> > Neonatal tetanus occurs among infants born under unhygienic

> conditions to inadequately vaccinated mothers. Vaccinated mothers

> confer protection to their infants through transplacental transfer

> of maternal antibody. From 1972 through 1984, 29 cases of neonatal

> tetanus were reported in the United States (11). No cases of

> neonatal tetanus were reported in the period 1985-1989. Spores of

> Clostridium tetani are ubiquitous. Serologic tests indicate that

> naturally acquired immunity to tetanus toxin does not occur in the

> United States. Thus, universal primary vaccination, with subsequent

> maintenance of adequate antitoxin levels by means of appropriately

> timed boosters, is necessary to protect persons among all age-

> groups. Tetanus toxoid is a highly effective antigen; a completed

> primary series generally induces protective levels of serum

> antitoxin that persist for greater than or equal to 10 years.

> > PERTUSSIS

> > Disease caused by Bordetella pertussis was once a major cause

of

> infant and childhood morbidity and mortality in the United States

> (12,13). Pertussis became a nationally notifiable disease in 1922,

> and reports reached a peak of 265,269 cases and 7,518 deaths in

> 1934. The highest number of reported pertussis deaths (9,269)

> occurred in 1923. The introduction and widespread use of

> standardized whole-cell pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria

> and tetanus toxoids (DTP) in the late 1940s resulted in a

> substantial decline in pertussis disease, a decline which continued

> without interruption for nearly 30 years.

> > By 1970, the annual reported incidence of pertussis had been

> reduced by 99%. During the 1970s, the annual numbers of reported

> cases stabilized at an average of approximately 2,300 cases each

> year. During the 1980s, however, the annual numbers of reported

> cases gradually increased from 1,730 cases in 1980 to 4,157 cases

in

> 1989. An average of eight pertussis-associated fatalities was

> reported each year throughout the 1980s. It is not clear whether

the

> increase in reported pertussis reflects a true increase in the

> incidence of the disease or improvement in the reporting of

> pertussis. However, these data underestimate the true number of

> cases, because many are unrecognized or unreported, and diagnostic

> tests for B. pertussis -- culture and direct-immunofluorescence

> assay -- may be unavailable, difficult to perform, or incorrectly

> interpreted. Because direct- fluorescent-antibody testing of

> nasopharyngeal secretions has been shown in some studies to have

low

> sensitivity and

> > variable specificity, it should not be relied on as a criterion

> for laboratory confirmation (14,15). In addition, reporting

criteria

> have varied widely among the different states. Laboratory diagnosis

> based on serologic testing is not widely available and is still

> considered experimental (16). In 1990, to improve the accuracy of

> reporting, the U.S. Council of State and Territorial

Epidemiologists

> adopted uniform case definitions for pertussis (17).

> > Before widespread use of DTP, less than 20% of cases and 50%-

70%

> of pertussis deaths occurred among children less than 1 year of age

> (13,18). For the period 1980-1989, 47% of reported illnesses from

B.

> pertussis occurred among children less than 1 year of age, and 72%

> occurred among children less than 5 years of age; 61 (77%) of 79

> deaths reported to CDC occurred among children less than 1 year of

> age (19). Infants less than 2 months of age were at highest risk of

> complications, with a case-fatality rate of 1.3%. Although

incidence

> based on reported cases increased among all age-groups during the

> 1980s, the most striking increases occurred among adolescents and

> adults (19). Whether this represented a true increase or more

> complete recognition and reporting is not clear.

> > Pertussis is highly communicable (attack rates of greater than

> 90% have been reported among unvaccinated household contacts) and

> can cause severe disease, particularly among very young children.

Of

> 10,749 patients less than 1 year of age reported nationally as

> having pertussis nationally during the period 1980-1989, 69% were

> hospitalized, 22% had pneumonia, 3.0% had greater than or equal to

> one seizure, 0.9% had encephalopathy, and 0.6% died (19). The high

> rate of hospitalization for infants with pertussis has been

observed

> in several population-based studies (20-22). Because of the

> substantial risks of complications of the disease, completion of a

> primary series of DTP vaccine early in life is essential.

> > Among older children and adults, including those previously

> vaccinated, B. pertussis infection may result in symptoms of

> bronchitis or upper-respiratory-tract infection. Pertussis may not

> be diagnosed because classic signs, especially the inspiratory

> whoop, may be absent. Older preschool children and school-age

> siblings who are not fully vaccinated and who develop pertussis can

> be important sources of infection for infants less than 1 year of

> age. Adults also play an important role in the transmission of

> pertussis to unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated infants and

> young children (23).

> > Controversy regarding the safety of pertussis vaccine during

the

> 1970s led to several studies of the benefits and risks of this

> vaccination during the 1980s. These epidemiologic analyses clearly

> indicate that the benefits of pertussis vaccination outweigh any

> risks (24-28).

> > PREPARATIONS USED FOR VACCINATION

> > Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids are prepared by formaldehyde

> treatment of the respective toxins and are standardized for potency

> according to the regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug

> Administration. The limit of flocculation (Lf) content of each

> toxoid (quantity of toxoid as assessed by flocculation) may vary

> among different products. The concentration of diphtheria toxoid in

> preparations intended for adult use is reduced because adverse

> reactions to diphtheria toxoid are apparently directly related to

> the quantity of antigen and to the age or previous vaccination

> history of the recipient, and because a smaller dosage of

diphtheria

> toxoid produces an adequate immune response among adults.

> > Pertussis vaccine is a suspension of inactivated B. pertussis

> cells. Potency is assayed by comparison with the U.S. standard

> pertussis vaccine in the intracerebral mouse protection test. The

> protective efficacy of pertussis vaccines for humans has been shown

> to correlate with this measure of vaccine potency.

> > Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine, as single

> antigens or various combinations, are available as aluminum-salt-

> adsorbed preparations. Only tetanus toxoid is available in

> nonabsorbed (fluid) form. Although the rates of seroconversion are

> essentially equivalent with either type of tetanus toxoid, the

> adsorbed toxoid induces a more persistent level of antitoxin

> antibody. The following preparations are currently available in the

> United States:

> > Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed

> (DTP) and Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed (DT) (for

> pediatric use) are for use among infants and children less than 7

> years of age. Each 0.5-mL dose is formulated to contain 6.7-12.5 Lf

> units of diphtheria toxoid, 5 Lf units of tetanus toxoid, and less

> than or equal to 16 opacity units of pertussis vaccine. A single

> human immunizing dose of DTP contains an estimated 4-12 protective

> units of pertussis vaccine.

> > Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed for Adult Use (Td) is

> for use among persons greater than or equal to 7 years of age. Each

> 0.5-mL dose is formulated to contain 2-10 Lf units of tetanus

toxoid

> and less than or equal to 2 Lf units of diphtheria toxoid.

> > Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed (P), * Tetanus Toxoid (fluid),

> Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed (T), and Diphtheria Toxoid Adsorbed (D) **

> (for pediatric use), are single-antigen products for use in special

> instances when combined antigen preparations are not indicated.

> > ____________

> > Distributed by the Division of Biologic Products, Michigan

> Department of Public Health. Contact Dr. Myers, Chief,

> Division of Biologic Products, Bureau of Laboratories and

> Epidemiological Services, Michigan Department of Public Health,

> Lansing, Michigan 48909 (telephone: 517-335-8120).

> > http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00041645.htm

> >

> >

> >

> > No virus found in this outgoing message.

> > Checked by AVG.

> > Version: 7.5.524 / Virus Database: 269.23.3/1391 - Release Date:

> 4/22/2008 8:15 AM

> >

>