multiple articles

[Guest guest]

1.%% MP 9/29/11 Researchers discover 3 new genes for T1 in large DNA data

analysis [27,000 subjects] The findings, add to overall knowledge about the

gene networks involved in T1. A greater understanding of the fundamental

biology of the disease could eventually lead to new treatments..

2.%% MTD 9/27/11 Asthma Plus Diabetes During Childhood Linked To Poor BS

Control [1,994 pts< 21 yrs]16.1% of pts with T2 also had asthma, vs 10%

among those with T1. ('Blood sugar control' means the same as 'blood glucose

control' or 'glycemic control'.) 15.5% of those with DM + asthma had poor BS

control, vs 9% among the group without asthma. The team can't yet explain

why BS control varies between the 2 groups.. Author believes obesity may

play a role among the kids with T2. The reason for the link among those with

T1 is biological.. Pts with poorly controlled DM have a higher risk of

having problems with lung function, compared to those who control their DM

properly.

3.%% ADA 10/3/11 T2 New study explains why different types of fat have

different health effects Saturated fats activate a key metabolic pathway

associated with development of T2, while polyunsaturated fats like omega-3s

shut this pathway down which helps explain the metabolic & CV benefits of

these nutrients. The findings could have significant implications for the

prevention of obesity & T2 in the future. Salmon, tuna & mackerel all have

very high levels of omega-3s Many plant foods, including nuts, also have a

number of beneficial fats. A diet rich in these nutrients has previously

been shown to reduce a pt's chances of developing T2.This study helps

explain why.

4.%% ADA 10/3/11 Men develop T2 with less weight gain than women, [51,920

men;43,137women] The mean BMI at DM diagnosis in men was 31.83, but 33.69 in

women & the difference was most marked at younger ages. Prof Sattar said the

reasons women might develop DM later than men could be linked to fat

distribution, as men carried more fat around their stomach and liver.

5.%%M 9/29/11 Help Avoid DM Complications - Diabetes Education

Nearly two thirds of pts with T2 are unable to manage it successfully.. they

frequently exceed recommended glucose levels, putting them at risk for

serious complications such as heart disease, retinopathy, & neuropathy.

These complications can be prevented if pts make lifestyle changes & tightly

control their BS but doing so can be very challenging. There is a

subspecialty in healthcare dedicated to helping pts learn how to self-manage

DM. It's called diabetes self- management training, or diabetes education..

these specialist services are covered by Medicare & many commercial

insurers... DM educators may be licensed in nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, or

other medical fields. Many also are Certified DM Educator (CDE) or Board

Certified in Advanced Diabetes Management (BC-ADM).

6.%%M 9/29/11 Potassium [K] & Risk of T2: Expert Commentary.. [literature

review] K is a vital electrolyte - both high & low levels are associated

with [includes] hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, & osteoporosis-- In

observation studies, there are fairly strong assoc. between lower serum

potassium & increased DM risk & a suggestion that dietary K may be

associated with DM risk... their effects on diabetes risk could vary based

on race.. Interventions with K supple- mentation, either dietary or by drug,

should be evaluated as a potential new intervention for the prevention &

treatment of diabetes,

7.%% M 9/27/11 For Diabetics Online, Lots of Networking Options

Diabetics who'd like to connect to others online have a lot of choices to

make -- A new study of 15 of those sites found that many have different

approaches.. Social net-working sites where diabetics can post questions,

participate in forums or chat with other members have memberships ranging

from 3,000 to 300,000. Site administrators usually regulate forums to make

sure info is accurate. Most sites don't have doctors available to answer

questions or give feedback on posts. 12 of 15 networking sites take ads from

or are funded by companies that make DM drugs or devices. A few sites,

including; www.tudiabetes.org & ADA(www.diabetes.org) are run on volunteer

donations or foundation support.

8.%% M 9/22/11 Random Blood Glucose (RBG)Tests Identify Overt Diabetes in

Pregnancy - RBG tests early in pregnancy can identify women with overt DM,

team reports. " Currently, the focus has been on fasting glucose & HbA1c to

look for overt DM. We would like physicians to consider the RBG when they

are reviewing their screening policy. " [17,852 pts] ..

9.%% MP 10/5/11 Kids with T1 who watch more TV have poorer blood sugar

control. It's not clear why the relationship exists, & the findings do not

prove that " screen time " itself worsens kids' DM control. But factors like

obesity, EX habits & family income did not explain the connection, the study

found. [296pts] Those who spent 4 or more hrs per day in front of a TV or

computer had higher H A1C levels -- a measure of BS control over the past

few months. On average, their HA1C was 9.3 %, vs about 8.5 % among their

peers who spent less time in front of a screen. ,, kids who spend more time

in front of the TV or computer may snack more often. So it may be more

difficult to control their BS than when they stick with more-regular meals.

10.%% ADA 10/4/11 Sensor-Augmented Insulin Pump (SAP)Improves Glycemic

Control Pts with T1 improved their BS control by switching from multiple

daily insulin injections to SAP therapy, in a recent study This was true

even for pts whose regimens had been optimized for a year before the switch.

[394 pts] pts who switched to SAP reduced n A1C, from 8.0% at the switchover

to 7.6% at 15 -18m. Improvements were seen in both adult & pediatric groups.

Pts in the crossover group with the biggest improvements were those who wore

the continuous glucose monitoring sensor more than 60% of the time. " Work

continues toward the integration of SAP platforms & controller algorithms

that can safely reduce hypo exposure & may someday provide fully closed-loop

insulin delivery, " the team adds. study supported by [includes] Medtronic;

Novo Nordisk, LifeScan,

11.%% JH 10/6/11 How to Recognize the Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

There are 2 types of hypoglycemic [hypo] symptoms: Adrenergic symptoms -

Sweating, heart palpitations, nervousness, hunger, faintness & weakness are

the earliest signs that your BS has dropped below about 60 mg/dL. When your

BS is this low, a hormone called epinephrine(adrenaline) is released into

the bloodstream. Epinephrine triggers the liver to increase its glucose

production & the pancreas to release glucagon, another hormone that

increases BS. These unpleasant adrenergic symptoms of hypoglycemia warn you

that you must immediately eat or drink something with sugar to raise your BS

level. The best choices are sugars that are rapidly absorbed into the

bloodstream, such as 4 oz of orange juice, 6 oz of nondiet soda, 5-7 hard

candies, or 2-5 glucose tablets. You should always have one of these

fast-acting carbs on hand to treat an episode of hypoglycemia. Neurologic

symptoms of hypo. - If your BS drops below 40mg, you may develop severe

neurologic symptoms such as headache, lack of coordination, double vision,

slurred speech, confusion & numbness in your fingers & around your mouth.

Without treatment, extreme hypo can cause seizures or coma. f you are taking

insulin or an oral DM drug that can cause hypo, your MD or diabetes educator

will train you ( & family or friends) on how to give a glucagon injection,

which can rapidly raise blood glucose levels. If glucagon is unavailable or

its use does not revive the person with diabetes, an ambulance must be

called immediately.

12.%% MTD 10/3/11 Oral Health Of DM Patients Closely Linked To Heart Disease

& Cancer Risk [229 pts] survey: Only 13% were aware that swollen or tender

gums could be affected by the DM, or vice versa, & only 12% knew there might

be a connection between the disease & loose teeth. The authors say that

inflammation from gums that are swollen can increase the severity of

diabetes, increase deaths from oral cancer & make CV disease worse. They

also explained that DM that is longstanding & poorly controlled seems to

speed up the development of gum disease which if untreated, it can lead to

loss of teeth. " Dental & oral self-care tasks were rated as less important

than other DM self-care tasks, such as taking prescribed medication or

having regular eye checks. About one-third of pts rated daily flossing as

the least important health related activity. "

13.%%SA 10/7/11 Putting Diabetes on Autopilot .. For millions of DM

sufferers, life is a constant battle to keep their BS balanced, by testing

their glucose levels & taking insulin throughout the day. In healthy people,

the pancreas naturally produces insulin, which converts sugars & starches

into energy. People with T1, however, do not produce insulin of their own, &

those with T2 produce too little. All T1 & many pts with T2 have to dose

themselves with insulin to keep their bodies fueled & doing so properly

requires constant monitoring of BS because appropriate dosages depend on

factors such as how much pts eat or EX. S. Weinzimer- Yale has devised an

artificial pancreas [AP] that combines a continuous glucose monitor, which

uses an under-the-skin sensor to measure BS levels every few minutes, & an

insulin pump, which dispenses insulin through a tube that is also implanted

under the skin. The glucose sensor sends its data wirelessly to a pocket

computer a little bigger than an iPhone. The computer scans this data &

directs the pump to dispense the correct amount of insulin. 86 % of T1 pts

in the study who used the AP reached target BS levels at night, whereas only

54 % of those who had to wake up to activate an insulin pump reached their

target. Other similar systems are being developed at [includes] Stanford U.

Some technical glitches still need to be worked out - the device

occasion-ally has trouble adapting to drastic changes in glucose, such as

those that occur after EX & it will have to go through large-scale pt trials

before the FDA can approve it www.scientificamerican.com/article.

cfm?id=putting-diabetes-on-autopilot

14.%% ADA 10/7/11 FDA approves a new combination therapy for T2 Juvisync

combines Januvia, which helps lower high BS levels, with simvastatin, a

statin that helps lower cholesterol alongside diet & EX. About 20 million

Americans have T2, & many of them also have high cholesterol levels. The

conditions can lead to increased risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney

disease & blindness, especially if poorly treated. ADA guidelines recommend

statin Rx for anyone who has both DM & CV disease, regardless of cholesterol

levels. They also recommend statins for anyone over 40 with DM & CV disease

risk factors, such as high BP. The most common side effects of Juvisync

include upper resp infection, sore throat, headache, nausea,muscle & stomach

pain, & constipation . Merck will now have to conduct a post-marketing

clinical trial to compare how Januvia lowers glucose alone compared to its

combo with simvastatin, the FDA said.

15.%% ADA 10/7/11 The cure for DM could be sitting in our brains,

researchers say. Beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin, which regulates

glucose levels. The team focussed on developing methods of human stem cell

differentiation, the process through which cells can be adapted to a

specialized role, for use in cell replacement. The hippocampus & olfactory

bulb, at the front of the brain provide an easily accessible source for

cells that could be transplanted directly into the pancreas. Normally

neuronal cells do not produce high levels of insulin.. However, once they

had been transplanted into DM rats the cells not only started to show

characteristics of pancreatic beta cells, but insulin production was

increased & BS levels reduced. Removal of the transplant increased levels of

BS, showing that [this procedure] could be an effective treatment for DM.

16. %% M 10/5/11 Pioglitazone [actos] - An Agent Which Reduces Stroke,

Myocardial Infarction [MI] & Death is Also a Key Component of the

Modern..Optimum Management of T2. There is reasonable concern that the high

profile story of the demise of rosiglitazone [avandia] has led to a lower

than appropriate appreciation of the potential CV benefit of Actos for T2.

While the potential risk:benefit of pioglitazone needs to be acknowledged in

terms of fracture risk & a possible weak risk of bladder cancer, it also

needs to be recognised that pioglitazone & metformin are the only

glucose-lowering agents used in T2 that have proven benefit on CV disease.

T2 is more than anything a disease of people dying prematurely of CV

disease. Actos should be particularly considered in pts with known vascular

disease, especially MI & stroke. The risk of heart failure should be taken

into account - if there is concern, lft ventricular function can be assessed

with echocardiography prior to starting Rx. Even in pts who do not already

have known CV disease there is an increasingly strong case developing in

favour of using the combo of metformin, pioglitazone & a GLP-1 agonist

management of T2.

17.%% M 10/12/11 The effect of intra-articular [joint] triamcinolone

[injections] on blood glucose levels in DM pts with symptomatic

osteoarthritis of the knee. [30 pts ] Intra-articular injection of either

form of triamcinolone [a steroid] is associated with significantly increased

BS levels in [these pts]

18.%% ADA 10/10/11 Elevated Liver Function Enzymes Tied to DM Risk Elevated

liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ?-glutamyl transferase (GGT) are

potentially useful for predicting the risk of young adults developing T2

[1015pts] Pts with elevated baseline ALT & GGT levels were 1.16 & 1.20

times, more likely to develop T2 " These findings in younger adults suggest

potential clinical utility of using ALT & GGT as biomarkers in DM risk

assessment , " the authors write.

19.%% ADA 10/11/11 Glycemic Extremes Affect Brain Development in T1-A team

investigated changes in brain regions depending on the degree of exposure to

glycemic extremes in youth with T1, while their siblings without DM served

as controls. Pts in the T1 grp with more hyperglycemia showed a

significantly greater reduction in whole brain gray matter than those with

less hyperglycemia. The white matter volume decreased significantly more in

those who had severe hypoglycemia compared to those with no severe hypo, &

compared to the controls . " Within DM, exposure to hyperglycemia & severe

hypo may result in subtle deviation from normal development of the brain, "

authors write.

20.%% MTD 10/9/11 DM Susceptibility Gene Identified:Tomosyn -2 Regulates

Insulin Secretion This gene confers DM susceptibility in obese mice & its

protein tomosyn-2 acts as a brake on insulin secretion by the pancreas.

Author says " the concept of negative regulation is one of the most

interesting things to come out of this study & that very likely applies to

humans. " In a properly tuned system, insulin secreted into the blood after

eating helps maintain BS at a safe level. Too little insulin (T1) or insulin

resistance (T2) leads to high blood sugar & DM symptoms. Though DM is

unlikely to be caused by a single gene, identifying important biological

pathways can suggest clinically useful targets.

21.%% 10/5/11 People with a good vitamin D supply are at lower risk of

developing T2 than those with lower concentrations in their blood. This

effect could be attributable to the anti-inflammatory effect of vit D. The

human body can produce its own vit D if it has enough exposure to sunlight.

UVB radiation in natural daylight splits the precursor of vitD in the skin &

forms provitamin D3. Further vitamin D synthesis occurs in the liver &

kidneys. The supply can also be improved by eating oily fish, eggs & milk

products, or by taking vit D supplements.

22.%% ADA 10/12/11 Stroke Risk Surges After 10 Years with Diabetes [3,298

pts;9yr] in this study the risk of ischemic stroke was elevated 70% among

pts with DM for 5 yrs or less, 80% for those with a 5-10 yr history of

diabetes, & 3.3-fold for those with at least a 10-year history. The majority

of pts in the study had T2, " Diabetes, like hypertension and all of the

other risk factors for CV disease, takes a while to really cause big

damage, " The author said that warning DM pts of impending problems with

their eyes, hearts, or extremities does not always seem to get their

attention. Perhaps it would be more sobering to tell them that they have 10

yrs to get the disease under control, or face a tripling of their risk of a

potentially fatal or disabling stroke.

23.%% Sci.Daily 10/7/11 Natural Compound Helps Reverse DM in Mice

nicotinamide mononucleotide, or NMN, plays a vital role in how cells use

energy. " After giving NMN, glucose tolerance goes back to normal in female

DM mice, " said team leader. " In males, we see a milder effect .. All cells in

the body make NMN in a chain of reactions leading to production of NAD, a

vital molecule that harvests energy from nutrients & puts it into a form

cells can use...aging & eating a high-fat diet reduce production of NMN,

slowing production of NAD & leading to abnormal metabolic conditions such as

DM... " Once we can get a grade of NMN that humans can take, we would like to

launch a pilot human study. "

24.%% NIH 10/15/11 Frequency of fundus [back of eye-macula,retina, optic

disk etc] pathology related to patients' dissatisfaction after

phaco-emulsification [phaco] cataract surgery. [397 pts] Best Corrected

Visual Acuity was measured before & after surgery & pts' satifacationthe

result of the surgery was also recorded. Macular disease, diabetic

retinopathy & glaucoma were the main factors limiting the final visual

result after phaco surgery. It is very important for the pts to be fully

aware preop of the presence of the above pathology & to be warned about the

predicted visual outcome after cataract surgery.

25.%% ADA 10/14/11 Hypoglycemic Brain Function Different in T1 -- During

hypo, pts with T1 who perform a working- memory task have more activation of

brain regions & less deactivation of the default- mode network than control

subjects - Harvard ..Brain activation responses were compared during normal

& low BS periods using blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI. [32pts]

The percentage of correct responses was used to assess behavioral

performance. .. The higher level of brain activation required by T1 subjects

to attain the same level of cognitive performance as control subjects

suggests reduced cerebral efficiency in T1, " the authors write.

26.%% M 10/7/11 No Cognitive Benefit Seen in Intensive Blood Glucose

Lowering. Persons older than 70 with T2 are twice as likely as those without

DM to go on to have cognitive impairment & brain atrophy. Vascular.. &

neurodegenerative processes may all play some role in the development of

these brain disorders. The underlying mechanisms may include inflammation,

oxidative stress, energy imbalance, protein misfolding.. & genetic

factors...However, it is too early to abandon the approach of targeting

abnormal BS levels to prevent cognitive decline in pts with DM, said author.

" .. people with DM should follow whatever the recommendations are now until

we do further research. " Pts were randomly assigned to receive either

intensive glycemic Rx targeting HbA1c < 6.0% or standard BS Rx targeting

HbA1c levels of 7.0- 7.9% If it is not lack of glycemic control that is

accelerating cognitive decline, what else could be doing this? People with

DM often have other disorders, including high BP, micro- & macrovascular

disease, all of which can contribute to cognitive decline. study supported

by NIH

27.%% ADA 10/17/11 Badly controlled diabetes found to affect bones

The study showed that too much BS in people with T2 could mean bone marrow

cells start moving next to nerve & other tissue cells & fusing into them

which results in the cells dying off early..Activation of a specific enzyme

is known to be a major determinant for development of DM neuropathy. The

team transplanted bone marrow from mice that were susceptible to DM

neuropathy into mice resistant to the neuropathy - this made those mice also

susceptible.

28.%% M 10/12/11 Guidelines Address (CGM) Continuous Glucose Monitoring CGM

assists people with DMin maintaining target blood glucose levels, according

to an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline [see below] " There are

still concerns about the high costs of CGM & the accuracy of the various

systems available. However, the new guideline shows that CGM can be a

beneficial tool to help maintain target levels of glycemia & limit the risk

of hypoglycemia. " CGM, using various devices, measures BS in interstitial

fluid; the intended use is for pts with T1 or T2 to use that info to make

decisions about food, medicines, & EX. The goals of CGM are to maintain

target levels of glycemia & to limit the risk for hypo .. J Clin Endocrinol

Metabol. 2011;96: Abstract

29.%% M 10/12/11 Significance of LDL-C Lowering Therapy in DM Diabetes is

considered to be a risk factor equivalent of pre-existing coronary heart

disease for the development of future MI & CV death. In a meta-analysis

[91140 ptp] Statin Rx was associated with a slightly increased risk of

getting DM. However, the risk was low both in absolute terms & when compared

with the reduction in coronary events. Conclusion - The relationship between

hyperglycemia & incidence of chronic vascular complications in DM has been

clearly established. However, a good control of glycemia is not enough to

significantly reduce CVD because lipid abnormalities play an important role

in raising cardiovascular risk in diabetics. Most guidelines recommend an

LDL-C target <100 mg/dl in primary prevention & <70 mg/dl n secondary

prevention in people with DM the lipid-lowering Rx of choice in DM are

statins with an adequate dose to achieve target levels of LDL-C. If this is

not achieved with a potent statin, other lipid-lowering drugs could be

added. Ezetimibe is a useful therapeutic option.. Bile acid sequestrants are

useful to reduce LDL-C. - they also lower plasma glucose & glycosylated

hemoglobin. A combination of statins with other lipid- lowering drugs could

be useful to reduce CV disease in high-risk diabetics . Clin Lipidology.

2011;6(4):

30.%% M 10/18/11 Changes in altitude cause unintended insulin delivery from

insulin pumps: mechanisms & implications. Children & adults with T1 who use

insulin pump therapy have reported hypo during air travel. We studied the

effects of atmospheric pressure on insulin pump delivery. 10 insulin pumps

were connected to capillary tubes. During a flight, excess insulin delivery

of 0.623% of the cartridge volume occurred Conclusions: Atmospheric pressure

reduction causes predictable, unintended insulin delivery in pumps by bubble

formation and expansion of existing bubbles.

31.%% MP 10/18/11 Women & Diabetes - Medicines Booklet available

DM can make it hard to control how much sugar ( glucose) is in your blood.

This booklet gives some basic facts about the medicines used to treat people

with T2. see www.fda.gov/womensdiabetes

32.%% M 10/20/11 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Care?

Results from a study examining a nationally representative sample of people

with DM indicate that racial & ethnic minority pts continue to receive

lower-quality care than their white counterparts.

[2452 pts;2005-07] Prev Chronic Dis. 2011;8:A142.

33.%% MP 10/20/11 More breast cancer diagnosed in women with DM

...the findings also hint that at least part of the reason why doctors find

more breast cancer in diabetics is because they're looking harder & not

necessarily because DM itself raises a woman's cancer risk. " When a new

diagnosis of diabetes is made, people undergo a lot of tests & exams. " That

may include breast cancer screening the author added. Previous studies found

that people with DM have a higher risk of colorectal, liver & pancreatic

cancers, along with breast cancer. [170,000 pts] the main message for women

is still to cut out behaviors such as smoking that increase disease risks, &

to get breast cancer screening as recommended.

34.%% ADA 10/21/11 Young adults who were born very prematurely have higher

BP & more fat despite a normal body weight, both signs that may point to an

increased risk of health problems [23 pt born at 33 wks or less] These

traits are associated with T2 & heart disease the team said. " Preterm men &

women might be at greater risk of CV & metabolic diseases but if we look out

for the warning signs, we can help them to stay healthy with lifestyle

interventions, & Rx where appropriate. " Currently more than 90 % of infants

born before 33 wks will survive. But few studies have examined the long-term

health effects of premature birth.

35.%%ADA 10/24/11 Tighter Glycemic Control Linked to Lower Prevalence of

Retinopathy in Adolescents with T1 A trend to more intensively manage BS in

adolescents with T2 over the past two decades has been linked to a

corresponding decrease in retinopathy for this age group. [1,604pts;20yr

fup] pts were treated with Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII)

or Multiple Daily Injections (MDI) of insulin; observational trial.

Retinopathy was found in approximately half of adolescents who had T1 in the

early 1990s, compared with only 12 % in recent years (2005-2009), as 23 %

achieved the target A1C range of 7.5 %. The study also found some evidence

suggesting that those treated with CSII were at reduced risk for retinopathy

compared with those treated with MDI, even though there was no difference in

A1C between the groups. This suggests that the reduced risk level stems from

reduced glycemic variability, the authors hypothesized.

36.%%M 10/26/11 ACIP Recommends HBV Vaccine in Patients With Diabetes

Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in pts with DM who are younger

than 60 years is now recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention's (CDC's) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. The panel

also recommended wording stating that pts with DM older than 60 " may " get

the vaccine. This recommendation was supported by data indicating that pts <

60 have about twice the risk of being infected with HBV compared with those

without DM. Diabetics may be especially at risk of contracting HBV in

settings where pts are receiving assisted monitoring of BS, such as in

assisted-living facilities. studies found no significant increase of HBV

incidence in diabetics >60 yrs.

37.%% MP 10/26/11 Hemoglobin A1c predicts healing rate in DM wounds.

Lower-extremity wounds are a major complication of diabetes. HbA1c reflects

glycemia over 2-3 months. [183 pts] Mean HbA1c was 8.0% & there were 2.3

wounds per pt. Of all measures assessed, only HbA1c was significantly

associated with wound-area healing rate. for each 1.0% point increase in

HbA1c, the daily wound- area healing rate decreased by 0.028 cm(2) per day

38.%% MP 10/26/11 Can a muffin help doctors diagnose diabetes?

Tests for DM & its precursor, impaired glucose tolerance, check how well the

body uses glucose, a type of sugar. In an oral glucose tolerance test, a pt

fasts overnight & then drinks a sugary solution while doctors monitor how

the body reacts & how much sugar sticks around in the blood. A team member

said " A muffin more closely resembles what someone really eats.. " But an

outside expert said " Getting a standardized muffin across the US ..would be

challenging, " Glucose solutions have a longer shelf-life. We know exactly

what's in them. " [73 pts;local muffin]

%% Abbreviations-acronyms fup-follow up; pt - patient; DM - diabetes

Mellitus; T1- type 1 DM;T2 - type 2; DME - diabetic macular edema;DR -

diabetic retinopathy; BS - blood sugar or glucose;HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin

A1C; BP - blood pressure; NV- neovascular-ization; CVD - cardiovascular

disease; CHD -coronary heart disease; MI -myocardial infarction/ heart

attack ; OCT - optical coherence tomography; BCVA - best corrected visual

acuity ;ADA - Am Diab Ass ; M- Medscape Web MD; MP- Medline Abstract,

Medline Plus; MTD- Med News Today;NEI - Nat Eye Institute;SA-Scientific

American Definitions via online Medical dictionaries. Disclaimer, I am a BSN

RN but not a diabetic or diabetic educator. Reports are excerpted unless

otherwise noted. [translations, explanations by thl] This project is done as

a courtesy to the blind/visually impaired & diabetic communities. Dawn

Wilcox RN BSN Coordinator The Health Library at Vista Center; an affiliate

of the Stanford Hospital Health Library. contact above e-mail or

thl@...