Book excerpt: In Sheep's Clothing by K Simon

[Guest guest]

" Dealing with manipulative people "

Two Basic Types of Aggression

There are two basic types of aggression: overt-aggression and covert-aggression.

When you're determined to have something and you're open, direct and obvious in

your manner of fighting, your behavior is best labeled overtly aggressive. When

you're out to " win, " dominate or control, but are subtle, underhanded or

deceptive enough to hide your true intentions, your behavior is most

appropriately labeled covertly aggressive. Now, avoiding any overt display of

aggression while simultaneously intimidating others into giving you what you

want is a powerfully manipulative maneuver. That's why covert-aggression is most

often the vehicle for interpersonal manipulation.

Acts of Covert-Aggression vs. Covert-Aggressive Personalities

Most of us have engaged in some sort of covertly aggressive behavior from time

to time. Periodically trying to manipulate a person or a situation doesn't make

someone a covert-aggressive personality. Personality can be defined by the way a

person habitually perceives, relates to and interacts with others and the world

at large.

The tactics of deceit, manipulation and control are a steady diet for

covert-aggressive personality. It's the way they prefer to deal with others and

to get the things they want in life.

The Process of Victimization

For a long time, I wondered why manipulation victims have a hard time seeing

what really goes on in manipulative interactions. At first, I was tempted to

fault them. But I've learned that they get hoodwinked for some very good

reasons:

A manipulator's aggression is not obvious. Our gut may tell us that they're

fighting for something, struggling to overcome us, gain power, or have their

way, and we find ourselves unconsciously on the defensive. But because we can't

point to clear, objective evidence they're aggressing against us, we can't

readily validate our feelings.

The tactics manipulators use can make it seem like they're hurting, caring,

defending, ..., almost anything but fighting. These tactics are hard to

recognize as merely clever ploys. They always make just enough sense to make a

person doubt their gut hunch that they're being taken advantage of or abused.

Besides, the tactics not only make it hard for you to consciously and

objectively tell that a manipulator is fighting, but they also simultaneously

keep you or consciously on the defensive. These features make them highly

effective psychological weapons to which anyone can be vulnerable. It's hard to

think clearly when someone has you emotionally on the run.

All of us have weaknesses and insecurities that a clever manipulator might

exploit. Sometimes, we're aware of these weaknesses and how someone might use

them to take advantage of us. For example, I hear parents say things like:

" Yeah, I know I have a big guilt button. " – But at the time their manipulative

child is busily pushing that button, they can easily forget what's really going

on. Besides, sometimes we're unaware of our biggest vulnerabilities.

Manipulators often know us better than we know ourselves. They know what buttons

to push, when and how hard. Our lack of self-knowledge sets us up to be

exploited.

What our gut tells us a manipulator is like, challenges everything we've been

taught to believe about human nature. We've been inundated with a psychology

that has us seeing everybody, at least to some degree, as afraid, insecure or

" hung-up. " So, while our gut tells us we're dealing with a ruthless conniver,

our head tells us they must be really frightened or wounded " underneath. " What's

more, most of us generally hate to think of ourselves as callous and insensitive

people. We hesitate to make harsh or seemingly negative judgments about others.

We want to give them the benefit of the doubt and assume they don't really

harbor the malevolent intentions we suspect. We're more apt to doubt and blame

ourselves for daring to believe what our gut tells us about our manipulator's

character.

Recognizing Aggressive Agendas

Accepting how fundamental it is for people to fight for the things they want and

becoming more aware of the subtle, underhanded ways people can and do fight in

their daily endeavors and relationships can be very consciousness expanding.

Learning to recognize an aggressive move when somebody makes one and learning

how to handle oneself in any of life's many battles, has turned out to be the

most empowering experience for the manipulation victims with whom I've worked.

It's how they eventually freed themselves from their manipulator's dominance and

control and gained a much needed boost to their own sense of self esteem.

Recognizing the inherent aggression in manipulative behavior and becoming more

aware of the slick, surreptitious ways that manipulative people prefer to

aggress against us is extremely important. Not recognizing and accurately

labeling their subtly aggressive moves causes most people to misinterpret the

behavior of manipulators and, therefore, fail to respond to them in an

appropriate fashion. Recognizing when and how manipulators are fighting with

covertly aggressive tactics is essential.

Defense Mechanisms and Offensive Tactics

Almost everyone is familiar with the term defense mechanism. Defense mechanisms

are the " automatic " (i.e. unconscious) mental behaviors all of us employ to

protect or defend ourselves from the " threat " of some emotional pain. More

specifically, ego defense mechanisms are mental behaviors we use to " defend " our

self-images from " invitations " to feel ashamed or guilty about something. There

are many different kinds of ego defenses and the more traditional

(psychodynamic) theories of personality have always tended to distinguish the

various personality types, at least in part, by the types of ego defenses they

prefer to use. One of the problems with psychodynamic approaches to

understanding human behavior is that they tend to depict people as most always

afraid of something and defending or protecting themselves in some way; even

when they're in the act of aggressing. Covert-aggressive personalities (indeed

all aggressive personalities) use a variety of mental behaviors and

interpersonal maneuvers to help ensure they get what they want. Some of these

behaviors have been traditionally thought of as defense mechanisms.

While, from a certain perspective we might say someone engaging in these

behaviors is defending their ego from any sense of shame or guilt, it's

important to realize that at the time the aggressor is exhibiting these

behaviors, he is not primarily defending (i.e. attempting to prevent some

internally painful event from occurring), but rather fighting to maintain

position, gain power and to remove any obstacles (both internal and external) in

the way of getting what he wants. Seeing the aggressor as on the defensive in

any sense is a set-up for victimization. Recognizing that they're primarily on

the offensive, mentally prepares a person for the decisive action they need to

take in order to avoid being run over. Therefore, I think it's best to

conceptualize many of the mental behaviors (no matter how " automatic " or

" unconscious " they may appear) we often think of as defense mechanisms, as

offensive power tactics, because aggressive personalities employ them primarily

to manipulate, control and achieve dominance over others. Rather than trying to

prevent something emotionally painful or dreadful from happening, anyone using

these tactics is primarily trying to ensure that something they want to happen

does indeed happen. Using the vignettes presented in the previous chapters for

illustration, let's take a look at the principal tactics covert-aggressive

personalities use to ensure they get their way and maintain a position of power

over their victims:

Denial – This is when the aggressor refuses to admit that they've done something

harmful or hurtful when they clearly have. It's a way they lie (to themselves as

well as to others) about their aggressive intentions. This " Who... Me? " tactic

is a way of " playing innocent, " and invites the victim to feel unjustified in

confronting the aggressor about the inappropriateness of a behavior. It's also

the way the aggressor gives him/herself permission to keep right on doing what

they want to do. This denial is not the same kind of denial that a person who

has just lost a loved one and can't quite bear to accept the pain and reality of

the loss engages in. That type of denial really is mostly a " defense " against

unbearable hurt and anxiety. Rather, this type of denial is not primarily a

" defense " but a maneuver the aggressor uses to get others to back off, back down

or maybe even feel guilty themselves for insinuating he's doing something wrong.

In the story of the minister, ' denial of his ruthless ambition is

massive. He denied he was hurting and neglecting his family. He especially

denied he was aggressively pursuing any personal agenda. On the contrary, he

cast himself as the humble servant to a honorable cause. He managed to convince

several people (and maybe even himself) of the nobility and purity of his

intentions. But underneath it all, knew he was being dishonest: This fact

is borne out in his reaction to the threat of not getting a seat on the Elders'

Council if his marital problems worsened. When learned he might not get

what he was so aggressively pursuing after all, he had an interesting

" conversion " experience. All of a sudden, he decided he could put aside the

Lord's bidding for a weekend and he might really need to devote more time to his

marriage and family. ' eyes weren't opened by the pastor's words. He always

kept his awareness high about what might hinder or advance his cause. He knew if

he didn't tend to his marriage he might lose what he really wanted. So, he chose

(at least temporarily) to alter course.

In the story of Joe and , confronted Joe several times about what she

felt was insensitivity and ruthlessness on his part in his treatment of .

Joe denied his aggressiveness. He also successfully convinced that what she

felt in her gut was his aggressiveness was really conscientiousness, loyalty,

and passionate fatherly concern. Joe wanted a daughter who got all A's.

stood in the way. Joe's denial was the tactic he used to remove as an

obstacle to what he wanted.

Selective Inattention – This tactic is similar to and sometimes mistaken for

denial It's when the aggressor " plays dumb, " or acts oblivious. When engaging in

this tactic, the aggressor actively ignores the warnings, pleas or wishes of

others, and in general, refuses to pay attention to everything and anything that

might distract them from pursuing their own agenda. Often, the aggressor knows

full well what you want from him when he starts to exhibit this " I don't want to

hear it! " behavior. By using this tactic, the aggressor actively resists

submitting himself to the tasks of paying attention to or refraining from the

behavior you want him to change. In the story of and , tried

to tell she was losing privileges because she was behaving irresponsibly.

But wouldn't listen. Her teachers tried to tell her what she needed to do

to improve her grade: but she didn't listen to them either. Actively listening

to and heeding the suggestions of someone else are, among other things, acts of

submission. And, as you may remember from the story, is not a girl who

submits easily. Determined to let nothing stand in her way and convinced she

could eventually " win " most of her power struggles with authority figures

through manipulation, closed her ears. She didn't see any need to listen.

From her point of view, she would only have lost some power and control if she

submitted herself to the guidance and direction offered by those whom she views

as less powerful, clever and capable as herself.

Rationalization – A rationalization is the excuse an aggressor tries to offer

for engaging in an inappropriate or harmful behavior. It can be an effective

tactic, especially when the explanation or justification the aggressor offers

makes just enough sense that any reasonably conscientious person is likely to

fall for it. It's a powerful tactic because it not only serves to remove any

internal resistance the aggressor might have about doing what he wants to do

(quieting any qualms of conscience he might have) but also to keep others off

his back. If the aggressor can convince you he's justified in whatever he's

doing, then he's freer to pursue his goals without interference.

In the story of little , felt uneasy about the relentlessness with

which Joe pursued his quest to make his daughter an obedient, all-A student once

again. And, she was aware of 's expressed desire to pursue counseling as a

means of addressing and perhaps solving some of her problems. Although felt

uneasy about Joe's forcefulness and sensed the impact on her daughter, she

allowed herself to become persuaded by his rationalizations that any concerned

parent ought to know his daughter better than some relatively dispassionate

outsider and that he was only doing his duty by doing as much as he possibly

could to " help " his " little girl. " When a manipulator really wants to make

headway with their rationalizations they'll be sure their excuses are combined

with other effective tactics. For example, when Joe was " selling " on the

justification for shoving his agenda down everyone's throat he was also sending

out subtle invitations for her to feel ashamed (shaming her for not being as

" concerned " a parent as he was) as well as making her feel guilty

(guilt-tripping her) for not being as conscientious as he was pretending to be.

Diversion – A moving target is hard to hit. When we try to pin a manipulator

down or try to keep a discussion focused on a single issue or behavior we don't

like, he's expert at knowing how to change the subject, dodge the issue or in

some way throw us a curve. Manipulators use distraction and diversion techniques

to keep the focus off their behavior, move us off-track, and keep themselves

free to promote their self-serving hidden agendas.

Rather than respond directly to the issue being addressed, diverted

attention to her teacher's and classmates' treatment of her. allowed

to steer her off track. She never got a straight answer to the question.

Another example of a diversion tactic can be found in the story of Don and Al.

Al changed the subject when Don asked him if he had any plans to replace him. He

focused on whether he was unhappy or not with Don's sales performance – as if

that's what Don had asked him about in the first place. He never gave Don a

straight answer to a straight question (manipulators are notorious for this). He

told him what he thought would make Don feel less anxious and would steer him

away from pursuing the matter any further. Al left feeling like he'd gotten an

answer but all he really got was the " runaround. "

Early in the current school year, I found it necessary to address my son's

irresponsibility about doing his homework by making a rule that he bring his

books home every night. One time I asked: " Did you bring your books home today? "

His response was: " Guess what, Dad. Instead of tomorrow, we're not going to have

our test – until Friday. " My question was simple and direct. His answer was

deliberately evasive and diversionary. He knew that if he answered the question

directly and honestly, he would have received a consequence for failing to bring

his books home. By using diversion (and also offering a rationalization) he was

already fighting with me to avoid that consequence. Whenever someone is not

responding directly to an issue, you can safely assume that for some reason,

they're trying to give you the slip.

Lying – It's often hard to tell when a person is lying at the time he's doing

it. Fortunately, there are times when the truth will out because circumstances

don't bear out somebody's story. But there are also times when you don't know

you've been deceived until it's too late. One way to minimize the chances that

someone will put one over on you is to remember that because aggressive

personalities of all types will generally stop at nothing to get what they want,

you can expect them to lie and cheat. Another thing to remember is that

manipulators – covert-aggressive personalities that they are – are prone to lie

in subtle, covert ways. Courts are well aware of the many ways that people lie,

as they require that court oaths charge that testifiers tell " the truth, the

whole truth, and nothing but the truth. " Manipulators often lie by withholding a

significant amount of the truth from you or by distorting the truth. They are

adept at being vague when you ask them direct questions. This is an especially

slick way of lying' omission. Keep this in mind when dealing with a suspected

wolf in sheep's clothing. Always seek and obtain specific, confirmable

information.

Covert Intimidation – Aggressors frequently threaten their victims to keep them

anxious, apprehensive and in a one-down position. Covert-aggressives intimidate

their victims by making veiled (subtle, indirect or implied) threats.

Guilt-tripping and shaming are two of the covert-aggressive's favourite weapons.

Both are special intimidation tactics.

Guilt-tripping – One thing that aggressive personalities know well is that other

types of persons have very different consciences than they do. Manipulators are

often skilled at using what they know to be the greater conscientiousness of

their victims as a means of keeping them in a self-doubting, anxious, and

submissive position. The more conscientious the potential victim, the more

effective guilt is as a weapon. Aggressive personalities of all types use

guilt-tripping so frequently and effectively as a manipulative tactic, that I

believe it illustrates how fundamentally different in character they are

compared to other (especially neurotic) personalities. All a manipulator has to

do is suggest to the conscientious person that they don't care enough, are too

selfish, etc., and that person immediately starts to feel bad. On the contrary,

a conscientious person might try until they're blue in the face to get a

manipulator (or any other aggressive personality) to feel badly about a hurtful

behavior, acknowledge responsibility, or admit wrongdoing, to absolutely no

avail.

Shaming – This is the technique of using subtle sarcasm and put-downs as a means

of increasing fear and self-doubt in others. Covert-aggressives use this tactic

to make others feel inadequate or unworthy, and therefore, defer to them. It's

an effective way to foster a continued sense of personal inadequacy in the

weaker party, thereby allowing an aggressor to maintain a position of dominance.

When Joe loudly proclaimed any " good " parent would do just as he was doing to

help , he subtly implied would be a " bad " parent if she didn't attempt

to do the same. He " invited " her to feel ashamed of herself. The tactic was

effective. eventually felt ashamed for taking a position that made it

appear she didn't care enough about her own daughter. Even more doubtful of her

worth as a person and a parent, deferred to Joe, thus enabling him to rein

a position of dominance over her. Covert-aggressives are expert at using shaming

tactics in the most subtle ways. Sometimes it can just be in the glances they

give or the tone of voice they use. Using rhetorical comments, subtle sarcasm

and other techniques, they can invite you to feel ashamed of yourself for even

daring to challenge them. Joe tried to shame when I considered accepting

the educational assessment performed by 's school. He said something like:

" I'm not sure what kind of doctor you are or just what kind of credentials you

have, but I'm sure you'd agree that a youngster's grades wouldn't slip as much

as 's for no reason. You couldn't be entirely certain she didn't have a

learning disability unless you did some testing, could you?' With those words,

he " invited " to feel ashamed of herself for not at least considering doing

just as he asked. If didn't have a suspicion about what he was up to, she

might have accepted this invitation without a second thought.

Playing the Victim Role – This tactic involves portraying oneself as an innocent

victim of circumstances or someone else's behavior in order to gain sympathy,

evoke compassion and thereby get something from another. One thing that

covert-aggressive personalities count on is the fact that less calloused and

less hostile personalities usually can't stand to see anyone suffering.

Therefore, the tactic is simple. Convince your victim you're suffering in some

way, and they'll try to relieve your distress.

In the story of and , was good at playing the victim role

too. She had her mother believing that she () was the victim of extremely

unfair treatment and the target of unwarranted hostility. I remember

telling me: " Sometimes I think 's wrong when she says her teacher hates

her and I hate her. But what if that's what she really believes? Can I afford to

be so firm with her if she believes in her heart that I hate her? " I remember

telling : " Whether has come to believe her own distortions is almost

irrelevant. She manipulates you because you believe that she believes it and

allow that supposed belief to serve as an excuse for her undisciplined

aggression. "

Vilifying the Victim – This tactic is frequently used in conjunction with the

tactic of playing the victim role. The aggressor uses this tactic to make it

appear he is only responding (i.e. defending himself against) aggression on the

part of the victim. It enables the aggressor to better put the victim on the

defensive.

Returning again to the story of and , when accuses her mother

of " hating " her and " always saying mean things " to her, she not only invites

to feel the " bully, " but simultaneously succeeds in " bullying " into

backing off. More than any other, the tactic of vilifying the victim is a

powerful means of putting someone unconsciously on the defensive while

simultaneously masking the aggressive intent and behavior of the person using

the tactic.

Playing the Servant Role – Covert-aggressives use this tactic to cloak their

self-serving agendas in the guise of service to a more noble cause. It's a

common tactic but difficult to recognize. By pretending to be working hard on

someone else's behalf, covert-aggressives conceal their own ambition, desire for

power, and quest for a position of dominance over others. In the story of

(the minister) and , appeared to many to be the tireless servant. He

attended more activities than he needed to attend and did so eagerly. But if

devoted service to those who needed him was his aim, how does one explain the

degree to which habitually neglected his family? As an aggressive

personality, submits himself to no one. The only master he serves is his

own ambition. Not only was playing the servant role an effective tactic for

, but also it's the cornerstone upon which corrupt ministerial empires of

all types are built. A good example comes to mind in the recent true story of a

well-known tele-evangelist who locked himself up in a room in a purported

display of " obedience " and " service " to God. He even portrayed himself' a

willing sacrificial lamb who was prepared to be " taken by God " if he didn't do

the Almighty's bidding and raise eight million dollars. He claimed he was a

humble servant, merely heeding the Lord's will. He was really fighting to save

his substantial material empire.

Another recent scandal involving a tele-evangelist resulted in his church's

governance body censuring him for one year. But he told his congregation he

couldn't stop his ministry because he had to be faithful to the Lord's will (God

supposedly talked to him and told him not to quit). This minister was clearly

being defiant of his church's established authority. Yet, he presented himself

as a person being humbly submissive to the " highest " authority. One hallmark

characteristic of covert-aggressive personalities is loudly professing

subservience while fighting for dominance.

Seduction – Covert-aggressive personalities are adept at charming, praising,

flattering or overtly supporting others in order to get them to lower their

defenses and surrender their trust and loyalty. Covert-aggressives are also

particularly aware that people who are to some extent emotionally needy and

dependent (and that includes most people who aren't character-disordered) want

approval, reassurance, and a sense of being valued and needed more than

anything. Appearing to be attentive to these needs can be a manipulator's ticket

to incredible power over others. Shady " gurus " like Jim and Koresh

seemed to have refined this tactic to an art. In the story of Al and Don, Al is

the consummate seducer. He melts any resistance you might have to giving him

your loyalty and confidence. He does this by giving you what he knows you need

most. He knows you want to feel valued and important. So, he often tells you

that you are. You don't find out how unimportant you really are to him until you

turn out to be in his way.

Projecting the blame (blaming others) – Aggressive personalities are always

looking for a way to shift the blame for their aggressive behavior.

Covert-aggressives are not only skilled at finding scapegoats, they're expert at

doing so in subtle, hard to detect ways.

Minimization – This tactic is a unique kind of denial coupled with

rationalization. When using this maneuver, the aggressor is attempting to assert

that his abusive behavior isn't really as harmful or irresponsible as someone

else may be claiming. It's the aggressor's attempt to make a molehill out of a

mountain.

I've presented the principal tactics that covert-aggressives use to manipulate

and control others. They are not always easy to recognize. Although all

aggressive personalities tend to use these tactics, covert-aggressives generally

use them slickly, subtly and adeptly. Anyone dealing with a covertly aggressive

person will need to heighten gut-level sensitivity to the use of these tactics

if they're to avoid being taken in by them.

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