Guest guest Posted June 28, 2005 Report Share Posted June 28, 2005 Hi everyone, Ok I'm hoping someone out there can help. My mom has stage 3 or 4 rectal cancer, it was never really staged I guess but the tumor is pretty much through out the pelvic area. She had radiation and chemo. Surgeon said it was not possible to remove tumor, so she began chemo (avastin,oxal,5fu) she has completed 6 treatments so far. They found she had a blockage to the left kidney so she went in to have a stent put in. While there the surgeon (a new one) said that she should consider a pelvic exoneration (removal of bladder, rectum, vagina, ect.). We are so damn confused. I know its a big surgery and the outcome can be bad but I would think leaving the stuff there would be bad too. The wall that separates the vagina and rectum is basically no longer there he said the opening is at least 5 inches long. She is in so much pain from the pressure she feels. She can sit straight up, walking and standing is very painful. Anyone have any ideas, suggestions or feedback about this. Thanks for anything you have to offer! Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted June 28, 2005 Report Share Posted June 28, 2005 I mean she can't sit straight up. me and my typo's...lol Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted June 28, 2005 Report Share Posted June 28, 2005 Your poor mom, what an ordeal to go through. I guess I would do what doc suggests but will she be more comfortable? That is the important thing. Get her comfortable.. Wish I could give you more encouragement here... but here are so BIG HUGS for you and your mom.. Take care God Bless Jolene sftfemme@... wrote: > Hi everyone, > Ok I'm hoping someone out there can help. My mom has stage 3 or 4 rectal > cancer, it was never really staged I guess but the tumor is pretty > much through > out the pelvic area. She had radiation and chemo. Surgeon said it > was not > possible to remove tumor, so she began chemo (avastin,oxal,5fu) she > has completed > 6 treatments so far. They found she had a blockage to the left kidney > so she > went in to have a stent put in. While there the surgeon (a new one) said > that she should consider a pelvic exoneration (removal of bladder, > rectum, > vagina, ect.). We are so damn confused. I know its a big surgery and > the outcome > can be bad but I would think leaving the stuff there would be bad > too. The > wall that separates the vagina and rectum is basically no longer there > he said > the opening is at least 5 inches long. She is in so much pain from > the pressure > she feels. She can sit straight up, walking and standing is very > painful. > Anyone have any ideas, suggestions or feedback about this. > Thanks for anything you have to offer! > > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted June 29, 2005 Report Share Posted June 29, 2005 Here's an article from the National Cancer Institute that may help Treatment statement for Patients Rectal Cancer ____________________________________ ____________________________________ General Information About Rectal Cancer Rectal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the rectum. The _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) is part of the body's _digestive system_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046446.html) . The digestive system removes and processes _nutrients_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044697.html) (_vitamins_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044744.html) , _minerals_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045787.html) , _carbohydrates_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000285960.html) , fats, _proteins_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046092.html) , and water) from foods and helps pass waste material out of the body. The digestive system is made up of the _esophagus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046408.html) , _stomach_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046604.html) , and the _small_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046582.html) and _large intestines_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045097.html) . The first 6 feet of the large intestine are called the large _bowel_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046500.html) or _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) . The last 6 inches are the rectum and the anal canal. The anal canal ends at the _anus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046523.html) (the opening of the large intestine to the outside of the body). (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415499.jpg) _Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415499.jpg) Age and family history can affect the risk of developing rectal cancer. The following are possible _risk factors_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045873.html) for _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) : * Age 50 years or older. * A _family history_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000302456.html) of cancer of the colon or rectum. * A personal history of cancer of the colon, rectum, _ovary_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046687.html) , _endometrium_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046108.html) , or _breast_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000304766.html) . * A history of _ulcerative colitis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045493.html) (ulcers in the lining of the large intestine) or _Crohn's disease_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045661.html) . * Certain _hereditary_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045983.html) conditions, such as _familial adenomatous polyposis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045688.html) and _hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044884.html) (HNPCC; Lynch syndrome). Possible signs of rectal cancer include a change in bowel habits or blood in the stool. These and other _symptoms_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045022.html) may be caused by rectal cancer or other conditions. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur: * A change in bowel habits. * _Blood_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270735.html) (either bright red or very dark) in the _stool_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046605.html) . * _Diarrhea_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000306496.html) , _constipation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000407757.html) , or feeling that the bowel does not empty completely. * Stools that are narrower than usual. * General _abdominal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046684.html) discomfort (frequent gas pains, bloating, fullness, or cramps). * Weight loss with no known reason. * Constant tiredness. * Vomiting. Tests that examine the rectum and colon are used to detect (find) and diagnose rectal cancer. Tests used in _diagnosing_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045959.html) rectal cancer include the following: * _Fecal occult blood test_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045050.html) : A test to check stool (solid waste) for blood that can only be seen with a microscope. Small samples of stool are placed on special cards and returned to the doctor or laboratory for testing. (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415502.jpg) _Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) kit to check for blood in stool._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415502.jpg) * _Digital rectal exam_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045668.html) : An exam of the rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for lumps or _abnormal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044636.html) areas. * _Barium enema_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046513.html) : A series of _x-rays_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045944.html) of the lower _gastrointestinal tract_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046189.html) . A liquid that contains _barium_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046514.html) (a silver-white metallic compound) is put into the rectum. The barium coats the lower gastrointestinal tract and x-rays are taken. This procedure is also called a _lower GI series_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046310.html) . (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415505.jpg) _Barium enema procedure. The patient lies on an x-ray table. Barium liquid is put into the rectum and flows through the colon. X-rays are taken to look for abnormal areas._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415505.jpg) * _Sigmoidoscopy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045880.html) : A procedure to look inside the rectum and _sigmoid_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000357588.html) (lower) colon for _polyps_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045844.html) , abnormal areas, or cancer. A _sigmoidoscope_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046680.html) (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the rectum into the sigmoid colon. Polyps or _tissue_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046683.html) samples may be taken for _biopsy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045164.html) . (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415503.jpg) _Sigmoidoscopy. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the anus and rectum and into the lower part of the colon to look for abnormal areas._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415503.jpg) * _Colonoscopy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045648.html) : A procedure to look inside the rectum and colon for polyps, abnormal areas, or cancer. A _colonoscope_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046463.html) (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the rectum into the colon. Polyps or tissue samples may be taken for biopsy. (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415504.jpg) _Colonoscopy. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the anus and rectum and into the colon to look for abnormal areas._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415504.jpg) * _Biopsy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045164.html) : The removal of _cells_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046476.html) or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope to check for signs of cancer. Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following: * The _stage_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045885.html) of the cancer (whether it affects the inner lining of the rectum only, involves the whole rectum, or has spread to other places in the body). * The patient’s general health. * Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back). Stages of Rectal Cancer After rectal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the rectum or to other parts of the body. The process used to find out whether _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread within the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) or to other parts of the body is called _staging_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046597.html) . The information gathered from the staging process determines the _stage_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045885.html) of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process: * _Digital rectal exam_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045668.html) : An exam of the rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for lumps or _abnormal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044636.html) areas. * _CT scan_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046033.html) (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an _x-ray_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045944.html) machine. A dye may be _injected_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044678.html) into a vein or swallowed to help the _organs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) or _tissues_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046683.html) show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. * _MRI_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045788.html) (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI). * _Sigmoidoscopy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045880.html) or _colonoscopy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045648.html) and _biopsy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045164.html) : A procedure to look inside the rectum and _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) for _polyps_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045844.html) , abnormal areas, or cancer. A _sigmoidoscope_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046680.html) or _colonoscope_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046463.html) is inserted through the rectum into the colon. Polyps or tissue samples may be taken for biopsy. * _Endoscopic ultrasound_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046602.html) (EUS): A procedure in which an _endoscope_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046428.html) (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into the body. The endoscope is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (_ultrasound_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046157.html) ) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a _sonogram_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046587.html) . This procedure is also called endosonography. The following stages are used for rectal cancer: (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415501.jpg) _As rectal cancer progresses from Stage 0 to Stage IV, the cancer cells grow through the layers of the rectum wall and spread to lymph nodes and other organs._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415501.jpg) Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ) In stage 0, _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) is found in the innermost lining of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) only. Stage 0 cancer is also called _carcinoma in situ_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046488.html) .Stage I In _stage I_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045890.html) , _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread beyond the innermost lining of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) to the second and third layers and involves the inside wall of the rectum, but it has not spread to the outer wall of the rectum or outside the rectum. Stage I _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) cancer is sometimes called Dukes’ A rectal cancer. Stage II In _stage II_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045891.html) , _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread outside the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) to nearby _tissue_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046683.html) , but it has not gone into the _lymph nodes_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045762.html) (small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the body that filter substances in a fluid called _lymph_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046305.html) and help fight _infection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045364.html) and _disease_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045669.html) ). Stage II rectal cancer is sometimes called Dukes’ B rectal cancer.Stage III In _stage III_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045892.html) , _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread to nearby _lymph nodes_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045762.html) , but it has not spread to other parts of the body. Stage III rectal cancer is sometimes called Dukes’ C rectal cancer. Stage IV In _stage IV_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045893.html) , _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni- bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread to other parts of the body, such as the _liver_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046312.html) , _lungs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270740.html) , or _ovaries_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046687.html) . Stage IV rectal cancer is sometimes called Dukes’ D rectal cancer. Recurrent Rectal Cancer _Recurrent_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045862.html) _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) or in other parts of the body, such as the _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) , _pelvis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046246.html) , _liver_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046312.html) , or _lungs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270740.html) . Treatment Option Overview There are different types of treatment for patients with rectal cancer. Different types of treatment are available for patients with _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) . Some treatments are _standard_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044930.html) (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in _clinical trials_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045961.html) . Before starting treatment, patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the _NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials) . Choosing the most appropriate cancer treatment is a decision that ideally involves the patient, family, and health care team. Three types of standard treatment are used: Surgery _Surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) is the most common treatment for all _stages_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045885.html) of _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) . A doctor may remove the cancer using one of the following types of surgery: * _Local_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045755.html) _excision_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000269459.html) : If the cancer is found at a very early _stage_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045885.html) , the doctor may remove it without cutting into the _abdomen_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045070.html) . If the cancer is found in a _polyp_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045844.html) (a growth that protrudes from the rectal _mucous membrane_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257212.html) ), the operation is called a _polypectomy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270865.html) . * _Resection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046565.html) : If the cancer is larger, the doctor will perform a resection of the _rectum_ (http://www ..meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) (removing the cancer and a small amount of healthy _tissue_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046683.html) around it). The doctor will then perform an _anastomosis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046534.html) (sewing the healthy parts of the rectum together, sewing the remaining rectum to the _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) , or sewing the colon to the _anus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046523.html) ). The doctor will also take out _lymph nodes_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045762.html) near the rectum and examine them under a microscope to see if they contain cancer. (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415508.jpg) _Rectal cancer surgery with anastomosis. The rectum and part of the colon are removed, and then the colon and anus are joined._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415508.jpg) * Resection and _colostomy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046464.html) : If the doctor is not able to sew the rectum back together, a _stoma_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045104.html) (an opening) is made on the outside of the body for waste to pass through. This procedure is called a colostomy. Sometimes the colostomy is needed only until the rectum has healed, and then it can be reversed. If the doctor needs to remove the entire rectum, however, the colostomy may be permanent. Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the operation, some patients may be offered _chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) or _radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after surgery to increase the chances of a cure is called _adjuvant therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045587.html) ..Radiation therapy _Radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy _x-rays_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045944.html) or other types of _radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045072.html) to kill cancer _cells_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046476.html) . There are two types of radiation therapy. _External radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046686.html) therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. _Internal radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046345.html) therapy uses a _radioactive_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046550.html) substance sealed in needles, _seeds_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257219.html) , wires, or _catheters_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045637.html) that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.Chemotherapy _Chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) is a cancer treatment that uses _drugs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000348921.html) to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or _injected_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044678.html) into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (_systemic chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000301626.html) ). When chemotherapy is placed directly in the _spinal column_ (h ttp://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000396787.html) , an _organ_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) , or a body cavity such as the _abdomen_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045070.html) , the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (_regional chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046559.html) ). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. After treatment, a _blood_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270735.html) test to measure amounts of _carcinoembryonic antigen_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000357558.html) (a substance in the blood that may be increased when cancer is present) may be done to see if the cancer has come back. Other types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. These include the following: Chemotherapy and biologic therapy _Biologic therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045617.html) is a treatment that uses the patient’s _immune system_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046356.html) to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body’s natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy. This summary section refers to specific treatments under study in _clinical trials_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045961.html) , but it may not mention every new treatment being studied. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the _NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials) . Treatment Options by Stage Stage 0 Rectal Cancer Treatment of stage 0 (_carcinoma in situ_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046488.html) ) _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) may include the following: * _Local_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045755.html) _excision_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000269459.html) (_surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _tumor_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046634.html) without cutting into the _abdomen_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045070.html) ) or simple _polypectomy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270865.html) (surgery to remove a growth that protrudes from the rectal _mucous membrane_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257212.html) ). * _Resection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046565.html) (surgery to remove the cancer). This is done when the cancerous _tissue_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046683.html) is too large to remove by local excision. * _Internal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046345.html) or _external radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046686.html) therapy. Stage I Rectal Cancer Treatment of _stage I rectal cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045890.html) may include the following: * _Surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _tumor_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046634.html) with or without _anastomosis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046534.html) (joining the cut ends of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) ). * Surgery to remove the tumor with or without _radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) and _chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) . * _Internal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046345.html) and/or _external radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046686.html) _therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044737.html) . Stage II Rectal Cancer Treatment of _stage II rectal cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045891.html) may include the following: * _Resection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046565.html) with or without _anastomosis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046534.html) (joining the cut ends of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) and _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) , or the colon and _anus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046523.html) ) followed by _chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) and _radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) . * Partial or total _pelvic exenteration_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000322874.html) (_surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _organs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) and nearby structures of the _pelvis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046246.html) ), depending on where the _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread. Surgery is followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. * Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy followed by surgery and chemotherapy. * Radiation therapy during surgery followed by _external-beam radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046751.html) therapy and chemotherapy. * A _clinical trial_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045961.html) evaluating new treatment options. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the _NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials) . Stage III Rectal Cancer Treatment of _stage III rectal cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045892.html) may include the following: * _Resection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046565.html) with or without _anastomosis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046534.html) (joining the cut ends of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) and _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) , or the colon and _anus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046523.html) ) followed by _chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) and _radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) . * Partial or total_ pelvic exenteration_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000322874.html) (_surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _organs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) and nearby structures of the _pelvis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046246.html) ), depending on where the _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread. Surgery is followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. * Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy followed by surgery and chemotherapy. * Radiation therapy during surgery followed by _external-beam radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046751.html) _therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044737.html) and chemotherapy. * Chemotherapy and radiation therapy to relieve _symptoms_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045022.html) caused by advanced cancer. * A _clinical trial_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045961.html) evaluating new treatment options. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the _NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials) . Stage IV Rectal Cancer Treatment of _stage IV rectal cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045893.html) may include the following: * _Resection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046565.html) /_anastomosis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046534.html) (_surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) and join the cut ends of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) and _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) , or colon and _anus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046523.html) ) to relieve _symptoms_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045022.html) caused by advanced cancer. * Surgery to remove parts of other _organs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) , such as the _liver_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046312.html) , _lung_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270740.html) , and _ovaries_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046687.html) , where the cancer may have spread. * _Chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) and _radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) to relieve symptoms caused by advanced cancer. * Chemotherapy following surgery. * _Clinical trials_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045961.html) of chemotherapy and _biological therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045617.html) . This summary section refers to specific treatments under study in clinical trials, but it may not mention every new treatment being studied. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the_ NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials) . Treatment Options for Recurrent Rectal Cancer Treatment of _recurrent_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045862.html) _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) may include the following: * _Surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _tumor_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046634.html) or as _palliative therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045815.html) to relieve _symptoms_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045022.html) caused by advanced cancer. * Surgery to remove parts of other _organs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) , such as the _liver_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046312.html) , _lungs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270740.html) , and _ovaries_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046687.html) , where the cancer may have spread. * _Radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) and/or _chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) as palliative therapy to reduce the size of the tumor and relieve symptoms caused by advanced cancer. Changes to This Summary (01/12/2005) The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above. Images were added to this summary. To Learn More Call For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-) Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Deaf and hard-of-hearing callers with TTY equipment may call 1-. The call is free and a trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions. Web sites and Organizations The _NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/) provides online access to information on cancer, clinical trials, and other Web sites and organizations that offer support and resources for cancer patients and their families. There are also many other places where people can get materials and information about cancer treatment and services. Local hospitals may have information on local and regional agencies that offer information about finances, getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and dealing with problems associated with cancer treatment. Publications The NCI has booklets and other materials for patients, health professionals, and the public. These publications discuss types of cancer, methods of cancer treatment, coping with cancer, and clinical trials. Some publications provide information on tests for cancer, cancer causes and prevention, cancer statistics, and NCI research activities. NCI materials on these and other topics may be ordered online or printed directly from the _NCI Publications Locator_ (https://cissecure.nci.nih.gov/ncipubs) . These materials can also be ordered by telephone from the Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-), TTY at 1-. LiveHelp The NCI's LiveHelp service, a program available on several of the Institute's Web sites, provides Internet users with the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist. The service is available from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can help Internet users find information on NCI Web sites and answer questions about cancer. Write For more information from the NCI, please write to this address: * NCI Public Inquiries Office * Suite 3036A * 6116 Executive Boulevard, MSC8322 * Bethesda, MD 20892-8322 About PDQ PDQ is a comprehensive cancer database available on NCI's Web site. PDQ is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. Most of the information contained in PDQ is available online at _NCI's Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/) . PDQ is provided as a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government's focal point for biomedical research. PDQ contains cancer information summaries. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries are available in two versions. The health professional versions provide detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions provide current and accurate cancer information. The PDQ cancer information summaries are developed by cancer experts and reviewed regularly. Editorial Boards made up of experts in oncology and related specialties are responsible for writing and maintaining the cancer information summaries. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made as new information becomes available. The date on each summary ( " Date Last Modified " ) indicates the time of the most recent change. PDQ also contains information on clinical trials. Before starting treatment, patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about new treatments, the risks involved, and how well they do or do not work. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become " standard. " Listings of clinical trials are included in PDQ and are available online at _NCI's Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinical_trials) . Descriptions of the trials are available in health professional and patient versions. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-); TTY at 1-.Physicians version: _CDR0000062726_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/CDR0000062726.html) Date last modified: 2005-01-12 ____________________________________ Sponsors: The following organisations have financed parts of our PhD research project on improving the quality of online cancer information. * The Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General XIII by contract INCO 962100 (ARGONAUTA) * Health on the Net Foundation (Geneva) * Landesregierung NRW (im Rahmen von HSP III) Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted June 29, 2005 Report Share Posted June 29, 2005 Sorry it didn't send well. Go to: _http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/CDR0000062959.html_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/CDR0000062959.html) to read the article. Narice Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted June 29, 2005 Report Share Posted June 29, 2005 /Narice I tried clicking on either one, tried copy and paste and nothing worked. I tried from original email as well and it didn't work. Hate when that happens. I tried a google and didn't get much at all, most of it dead as well.... Jolene / flipper759@... wrote: > Sorry it didn't send well. Go to: > > _http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/CDR0000062959.html_ > (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/CDR0000062959.html) > http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/CDR0000062959.html%29> > > to read the article. > > Narice > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted June 29, 2005 Report Share Posted June 29, 2005 Heck, all I get on all of these is This page cannot be found, maybe because of the parenthesis, and I dont have time to change them all. I'd like to know what I'd if I was working, I cant keep up with my life now. Taking mom to her regular doc this afternoon and for a blood test. Now trying to cut up material to make a rug, I have yards and yards of it to do. ~~Dianna flipper759@... wrote:Here's an article from the National Cancer Institute that may help Treatment statement for Patients Rectal Cancer ____________________________________ ____________________________________ General Information About Rectal Cancer Rectal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the rectum. The _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) is part of the body's _digestive system_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046446.html) . The digestive system removes and processes _nutrients_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044697.html) (_vitamins_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044744.html) , _minerals_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045787.html) , _carbohydrates_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000285960.html) , fats, _proteins_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046092.html) , and water) from foods and helps pass waste material out of the body. The digestive system is made up of the _esophagus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046408.html) , _stomach_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046604.html) , and the _small_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046582.html) and _large intestines_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045097.html) . The first 6 feet of the large intestine are called the large _bowel_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046500.html) or _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) . The last 6 inches are the rectum and the anal canal. The anal canal ends at the _anus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046523.html) (the opening of the large intestine to the outside of the body). (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415499.jpg) _Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415499.jpg) Age and family history can affect the risk of developing rectal cancer. The following are possible _risk factors_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045873.html) for _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) : * Age 50 years or older. * A _family history_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000302456.html) of cancer of the colon or rectum. * A personal history of cancer of the colon, rectum, _ovary_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046687.html) , _endometrium_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046108.html) , or _breast_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000304766.html) . * A history of _ulcerative colitis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045493.html) (ulcers in the lining of the large intestine) or _Crohn's disease_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045661.html) . * Certain _hereditary_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045983.html) conditions, such as _familial adenomatous polyposis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045688.html) and _hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044884.html) (HNPCC; Lynch syndrome). Possible signs of rectal cancer include a change in bowel habits or blood in the stool. These and other _symptoms_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045022.html) may be caused by rectal cancer or other conditions. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur: * A change in bowel habits. * _Blood_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270735.html) (either bright red or very dark) in the _stool_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046605.html) . * _Diarrhea_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000306496.html) , _constipation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000407757.html) , or feeling that the bowel does not empty completely. * Stools that are narrower than usual. * General _abdominal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046684.html) discomfort (frequent gas pains, bloating, fullness, or cramps). * Weight loss with no known reason. * Constant tiredness. * Vomiting. Tests that examine the rectum and colon are used to detect (find) and diagnose rectal cancer. Tests used in _diagnosing_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045959.html) rectal cancer include the following: * _Fecal occult blood test_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045050.html) : A test to check stool (solid waste) for blood that can only be seen with a microscope. Small samples of stool are placed on special cards and returned to the doctor or laboratory for testing. (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415502.jpg) _Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) kit to check for blood in stool._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415502.jpg) * _Digital rectal exam_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045668.html) : An exam of the rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for lumps or _abnormal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044636.html) areas. * _Barium enema_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046513.html) : A series of _x-rays_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045944.html) of the lower _gastrointestinal tract_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046189.html) . A liquid that contains _barium_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046514.html) (a silver-white metallic compound) is put into the rectum. The barium coats the lower gastrointestinal tract and x-rays are taken. This procedure is also called a _lower GI series_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046310.html) . (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415505.jpg) _Barium enema procedure. The patient lies on an x-ray table. Barium liquid is put into the rectum and flows through the colon. X-rays are taken to look for abnormal areas._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415505.jpg) * _Sigmoidoscopy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045880.html) : A procedure to look inside the rectum and _sigmoid_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000357588.html) (lower) colon for _polyps_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045844.html) , abnormal areas, or cancer. A _sigmoidoscope_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046680.html) (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the rectum into the sigmoid colon. Polyps or _tissue_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046683.html) samples may be taken for _biopsy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045164.html) . (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415503.jpg) _Sigmoidoscopy. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the anus and rectum and into the lower part of the colon to look for abnormal areas._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415503.jpg) * _Colonoscopy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045648.html) : A procedure to look inside the rectum and colon for polyps, abnormal areas, or cancer. A _colonoscope_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046463.html) (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the rectum into the colon. Polyps or tissue samples may be taken for biopsy. (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415504.jpg) _Colonoscopy. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the anus and rectum and into the colon to look for abnormal areas._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415504.jpg) * _Biopsy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045164.html) : The removal of _cells_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046476.html) or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope to check for signs of cancer. Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following: * The _stage_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045885.html) of the cancer (whether it affects the inner lining of the rectum only, involves the whole rectum, or has spread to other places in the body). * The patient’s general health. * Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back). Stages of Rectal Cancer After rectal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the rectum or to other parts of the body. The process used to find out whether _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread within the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) or to other parts of the body is called _staging_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046597.html) . The information gathered from the staging process determines the _stage_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045885.html) of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process: * _Digital rectal exam_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045668.html) : An exam of the rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for lumps or _abnormal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044636.html) areas. * _CT scan_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046033.html) (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an _x-ray_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045944.html) machine. A dye may be _injected_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044678.html) into a vein or swallowed to help the _organs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) or _tissues_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046683.html) show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. * _MRI_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045788.html) (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI). * _Sigmoidoscopy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045880.html) or _colonoscopy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045648.html) and _biopsy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045164.html) : A procedure to look inside the rectum and _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) for _polyps_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045844.html) , abnormal areas, or cancer. A _sigmoidoscope_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046680.html) or _colonoscope_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046463.html) is inserted through the rectum into the colon. Polyps or tissue samples may be taken for biopsy. * _Endoscopic ultrasound_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046602.html) (EUS): A procedure in which an _endoscope_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046428.html) (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into the body. The endoscope is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (_ultrasound_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046157.html) ) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a _sonogram_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046587.html) . This procedure is also called endosonography. The following stages are used for rectal cancer: (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415501.jpg) _As rectal cancer progresses from Stage 0 to Stage IV, the cancer cells grow through the layers of the rectum wall and spread to lymph nodes and other organs._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415501.jpg) Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ) In stage 0, _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) is found in the innermost lining of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) only. Stage 0 cancer is also called _carcinoma in situ_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046488.html) .Stage I In _stage I_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045890.html) , _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread beyond the innermost lining of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) to the second and third layers and involves the inside wall of the rectum, but it has not spread to the outer wall of the rectum or outside the rectum. Stage I _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) cancer is sometimes called Dukes’ A rectal cancer. Stage II In _stage II_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045891.html) , _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread outside the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) to nearby _tissue_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046683.html) , but it has not gone into the _lymph nodes_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045762.html) (small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the body that filter substances in a fluid called _lymph_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046305.html) and help fight _infection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045364.html) and _disease_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045669.html) ). Stage II rectal cancer is sometimes called Dukes’ B rectal cancer.Stage III In _stage III_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045892.html) , _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread to nearby _lymph nodes_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045762.html) , but it has not spread to other parts of the body. Stage III rectal cancer is sometimes called Dukes’ C rectal cancer. Stage IV In _stage IV_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045893.html) , _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni- bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread to other parts of the body, such as the _liver_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046312.html) , _lungs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270740.html) , or _ovaries_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046687.html) . Stage IV rectal cancer is sometimes called Dukes’ D rectal cancer. Recurrent Rectal Cancer _Recurrent_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045862.html) _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) or in other parts of the body, such as the _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) , _pelvis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046246.html) , _liver_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046312.html) , or _lungs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270740.html) . Treatment Option Overview There are different types of treatment for patients with rectal cancer. Different types of treatment are available for patients with _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) . Some treatments are _standard_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044930.html) (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in _clinical trials_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045961.html) . Before starting treatment, patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the _NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials) . Choosing the most appropriate cancer treatment is a decision that ideally involves the patient, family, and health care team. Three types of standard treatment are used: Surgery _Surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) is the most common treatment for all _stages_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045885.html) of _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) . A doctor may remove the cancer using one of the following types of surgery: * _Local_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045755.html) _excision_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000269459.html) : If the cancer is found at a very early _stage_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045885.html) , the doctor may remove it without cutting into the _abdomen_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045070.html) . If the cancer is found in a _polyp_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045844.html) (a growth that protrudes from the rectal _mucous membrane_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257212.html) ), the operation is called a _polypectomy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270865.html) . * _Resection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046565.html) : If the cancer is larger, the doctor will perform a resection of the _rectum_ (http://www ..meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) (removing the cancer and a small amount of healthy _tissue_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046683.html) around it). The doctor will then perform an _anastomosis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046534.html) (sewing the healthy parts of the rectum together, sewing the remaining rectum to the _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) , or sewing the colon to the _anus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046523.html) ). The doctor will also take out _lymph nodes_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045762.html) near the rectum and examine them under a microscope to see if they contain cancer. (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415508.jpg) _Rectal cancer surgery with anastomosis. The rectum and part of the colon are removed, and then the colon and anus are joined._ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/Media/CDR0000415508.jpg) * Resection and _colostomy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046464.html) : If the doctor is not able to sew the rectum back together, a _stoma_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045104.html) (an opening) is made on the outside of the body for waste to pass through. This procedure is called a colostomy. Sometimes the colostomy is needed only until the rectum has healed, and then it can be reversed. If the doctor needs to remove the entire rectum, however, the colostomy may be permanent. Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the operation, some patients may be offered _chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) or _radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after surgery to increase the chances of a cure is called _adjuvant therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045587.html) ..Radiation therapy _Radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy _x-rays_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045944.html) or other types of _radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045072.html) to kill cancer _cells_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046476.html) . There are two types of radiation therapy. _External radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046686.html) therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. _Internal radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046345.html) therapy uses a _radioactive_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046550.html) substance sealed in needles, _seeds_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257219.html) , wires, or _catheters_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045637.html) that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.Chemotherapy _Chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) is a cancer treatment that uses _drugs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000348921.html) to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or _injected_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044678.html) into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (_systemic chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000301626.html) ). When chemotherapy is placed directly in the _spinal column_ (h ttp://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000396787.html) , an _organ_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) , or a body cavity such as the _abdomen_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045070.html) , the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (_regional chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046559.html) ). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. After treatment, a _blood_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270735.html) test to measure amounts of _carcinoembryonic antigen_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000357558.html) (a substance in the blood that may be increased when cancer is present) may be done to see if the cancer has come back. Other types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. These include the following: Chemotherapy and biologic therapy _Biologic therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045617.html) is a treatment that uses the patient’s _immune system_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046356.html) to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body’s natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy. This summary section refers to specific treatments under study in _clinical trials_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045961.html) , but it may not mention every new treatment being studied. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the _NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials) . Treatment Options by Stage Stage 0 Rectal Cancer Treatment of stage 0 (_carcinoma in situ_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046488.html) ) _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) may include the following: * _Local_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045755.html) _excision_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000269459.html) (_surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _tumor_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046634.html) without cutting into the _abdomen_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045070.html) ) or simple _polypectomy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270865.html) (surgery to remove a growth that protrudes from the rectal _mucous membrane_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257212.html) ). * _Resection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046565.html) (surgery to remove the cancer). This is done when the cancerous _tissue_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046683.html) is too large to remove by local excision. * _Internal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046345.html) or _external radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046686.html) therapy. Stage I Rectal Cancer Treatment of _stage I rectal cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045890.html) may include the following: * _Surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _tumor_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046634.html) with or without _anastomosis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046534.html) (joining the cut ends of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) ). * Surgery to remove the tumor with or without _radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) and _chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) . * _Internal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046345.html) and/or _external radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046686.html) _therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044737.html) . Stage II Rectal Cancer Treatment of _stage II rectal cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045891.html) may include the following: * _Resection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046565.html) with or without _anastomosis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046534.html) (joining the cut ends of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) and _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) , or the colon and _anus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046523.html) ) followed by _chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) and _radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) . * Partial or total _pelvic exenteration_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000322874.html) (_surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _organs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) and nearby structures of the _pelvis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046246.html) ), depending on where the _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread. Surgery is followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. * Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy followed by surgery and chemotherapy. * Radiation therapy during surgery followed by _external-beam radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046751.html) therapy and chemotherapy. * A _clinical trial_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045961.html) evaluating new treatment options. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the _NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials) . Stage III Rectal Cancer Treatment of _stage III rectal cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045892.html) may include the following: * _Resection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046565.html) with or without _anastomosis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046534.html) (joining the cut ends of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) and _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) , or the colon and _anus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046523.html) ) followed by _chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) and _radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) . * Partial or total_ pelvic exenteration_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000322874.html) (_surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _organs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) and nearby structures of the _pelvis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046246.html) ), depending on where the _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) has spread. Surgery is followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. * Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy followed by surgery and chemotherapy. * Radiation therapy during surgery followed by _external-beam radiation_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046751.html) _therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044737.html) and chemotherapy. * Chemotherapy and radiation therapy to relieve _symptoms_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045022.html) caused by advanced cancer. * A _clinical trial_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045961.html) evaluating new treatment options. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the _NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials) . Stage IV Rectal Cancer Treatment of _stage IV rectal cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045893.html) may include the following: * _Resection_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046565.html) /_anastomosis_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046534.html) (_surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) and join the cut ends of the _rectum_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046555.html) and _colon_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046462.html) , or colon and _anus_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046523.html) ) to relieve _symptoms_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045022.html) caused by advanced cancer. * Surgery to remove parts of other _organs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) , such as the _liver_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046312.html) , _lung_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270740.html) , and _ovaries_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046687.html) , where the cancer may have spread. * _Chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) and _radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) to relieve symptoms caused by advanced cancer. * Chemotherapy following surgery. * _Clinical trials_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045961.html) of chemotherapy and _biological therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045617.html) . This summary section refers to specific treatments under study in clinical trials, but it may not mention every new treatment being studied. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the_ NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials) . Treatment Options for Recurrent Rectal Cancer Treatment of _recurrent_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045862.html) _rectal_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044083.html) _cancer_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045333.html) may include the following: * _Surgery_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045570.html) to remove the _tumor_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046634.html) or as _palliative therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045815.html) to relieve _symptoms_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045022.html) caused by advanced cancer. * Surgery to remove parts of other _organs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000257523.html) , such as the _liver_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046312.html) , _lungs_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000270740.html) , and _ovaries_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000046687.html) , where the cancer may have spread. * _Radiation therapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000044971.html) and/or _chemotherapy_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/GlossaryTerm/CDR0000045214.html) as palliative therapy to reduce the size of the tumor and relieve symptoms caused by advanced cancer. Changes to This Summary (01/12/2005) The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above. Images were added to this summary. To Learn More Call For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-) Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Deaf and hard-of-hearing callers with TTY equipment may call 1-. The call is free and a trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions. Web sites and Organizations The _NCI Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/) provides online access to information on cancer, clinical trials, and other Web sites and organizations that offer support and resources for cancer patients and their families. There are also many other places where people can get materials and information about cancer treatment and services. Local hospitals may have information on local and regional agencies that offer information about finances, getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and dealing with problems associated with cancer treatment. Publications The NCI has booklets and other materials for patients, health professionals, and the public. These publications discuss types of cancer, methods of cancer treatment, coping with cancer, and clinical trials. Some publications provide information on tests for cancer, cancer causes and prevention, cancer statistics, and NCI research activities. NCI materials on these and other topics may be ordered online or printed directly from the _NCI Publications Locator_ (https://cissecure.nci.nih.gov/ncipubs) . These materials can also be ordered by telephone from the Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-), TTY at 1-. LiveHelp The NCI's LiveHelp service, a program available on several of the Institute's Web sites, provides Internet users with the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist. The service is available from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can help Internet users find information on NCI Web sites and answer questions about cancer. Write For more information from the NCI, please write to this address: * NCI Public Inquiries Office * Suite 3036A * 6116 Executive Boulevard, MSC8322 * Bethesda, MD 20892-8322 About PDQ PDQ is a comprehensive cancer database available on NCI's Web site. PDQ is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. Most of the information contained in PDQ is available online at _NCI's Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/) . PDQ is provided as a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government's focal point for biomedical research. PDQ contains cancer information summaries. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries are available in two versions. The health professional versions provide detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions provide current and accurate cancer information. The PDQ cancer information summaries are developed by cancer experts and reviewed regularly. Editorial Boards made up of experts in oncology and related specialties are responsible for writing and maintaining the cancer information summaries. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made as new information becomes available. The date on each summary ( " Date Last Modified " ) indicates the time of the most recent change. PDQ also contains information on clinical trials. Before starting treatment, patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about new treatments, the risks involved, and how well they do or do not work. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become " standard. " Listings of clinical trials are included in PDQ and are available online at _NCI's Web site_ (http://cancer.gov/clinical_trials) . Descriptions of the trials are available in health professional and patient versions. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-); TTY at 1-.Physicians version: _CDR0000062726_ (http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/CDR0000062726.html) Date last modified: 2005-01-12 ____________________________________ Sponsors: The following organisations have financed parts of our PhD research project on improving the quality of online cancer information. * The Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General XIII by contract INCO 962100 (ARGONAUTA) * Health on the Net Foundation (Geneva) * Landesregierung NRW (im Rahmen von HSP III) Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted June 29, 2005 Report Share Posted June 29, 2005 In a message dated 6/29/2005 10:54:12 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time, jasonsmom285@... writes: Heck, all I get on all of these is This page cannot be found, maybe because of the parenthesis, and I dont have time to change them all. I'd like to know what I'd if I was working, I cant keep up with my life now. Taking mom to her regular doc this afternoon and for a blood test. Now trying to cut up material to make a rug, I have yards and yards of it to do. ~~Dianna Hi Dianna... yep, just hi-lite the address without the parenthesis...copy and paste in to the address thingy at the top of your screen and then click on go...and you'll be there... Let us know how all goes at the drs. for Mom today!!! Donelle Caregiver to Glenn Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted June 29, 2005 Report Share Posted June 29, 2005 Thanks so much Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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