Guest guest Posted September 22, 2006 Report Share Posted September 22, 2006 Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running! Cranial nerves From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Cranial nerve) You have new messages (last change). Jump to: navigation, search Gray's Fig. 686 - Upper part of medulla spinalis and hind- and mid-brains; posterior aspect, exposed in situ. (Illustrates several, though not all, of the cranial nerves.) Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge from the brainstem instead of the spinal cord. Contents [hide] 1 Names of nerves 2 Cranial nerves in non-human vertebrates 3 Mnemonic devices 4 Thirteen cranial nerves? 5 See also 6 External links // [edit] Names of nerves In human anatomy, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, traditionally abbreviated by the corresponding Roman numerals. They are numbered according to where their nucleii lie in the brain stem, i.e Cranial Nerve III (the Oculomotor nerve) leaves the brainstem at a higher position then Cranial nerve XII, whose origin is located more caudally (lower) than the other cranial nerves. All cranial nerves except for the olfactory and optic nerves belong to the peripheral nervous system, having axons that are myelinated by Schwann cells (myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system) rather than oligodendrocytes (myelinating cells of the central nervous system). The olfactory and optic nerves are named as such, but are technically not nerves, and are continuations of the central nervous system. Note: technically the accessory nerve splits into the spinal accessory nerve and the cranial accessory nerve, but the latter quickly combines with the vagus nerve. # Name Nuclei Function I Olfactory nerve Anterior olfactory nucleus Sense of smell II Optic nerve Lateral geniculate nucleus Transmits visual information to the brain III Oculomotor nerve Oculomotor nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus Controls most of the eye movements IV Trochlear nerve Trochlear nucleus Rotates the eye away or down from the nose V Trigeminal nerve Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, Spinal trigeminal nucleus, Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, Trigeminal motor nucleus Gives sensations to the face VI Abducent nerve (or abducens nerve) Abducens nucleus Controls each eye's ability to move away from the midline VII Facial nerve (VII) Facial nucleus, Solitary nucleus, Superior salivary nucleus Controls facial expression and taste to two-thirds of the tongue, salivary glands VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve (or auditory nerve) Vestibular nuclei, Cochlear nuclei Senses sound, rotation and gravity (essential for balance & movement) IX Glossopharyngeal nerve Nucleus ambiguus, Inferior salivary nucleus, Solitary nucleus Controls various sensations, glands, and muscles X Vagus nerve Nucleus ambiguus, Dorsal motor vagal nucleus, Solitary nucleus Supplies sensory parasympathetic fibers to nearly all internal organs XI Accessory nerve (or cranial accessory nerve or spinal accessory nerve) Nucleus ambiguus, Spinal accessory nucleus Controls muscles of the neck and overlaps with functions of the vagus XII Hypoglossal nerve Hypoglossal nucleus Controls most of the tongue muscles as well as others [edit] Cranial nerves in non-human vertebrates Human cranial nerves are evolutionarily homologous to those found in many other vertebrates. The first ten pairs of cranial nerves arose in the common ancestor of tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles including birds, and mammals). Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs. These characters are synapomorphies for their respective clades. In some primitive cartilagenous fishes, such as the dogfish (Squalos acanthos), there is a terminal nerve numbered 0 (as it exits the brain before the first cranial nerve). [edit] Mnemonic devices As the list is important to keep in mind during the examination of the nervous system, there are many mnemonic devices in circulation to help remember the names and order of the cranial nerves. Oliver the optimistic octopus trots triumphantly about facing audiances glossily vaguely spinning hippos. (Note that the accessory nerve is referred to by its alternate name Spinal accessory nerve, and the Vestibulocochlear nerve by its former name, Auditory, in this mnemonic.) "Old Opticians Occasionally Too Try And Feel Audrey Glossop's Vagina AcH!" On Old Olympus' Towering Top A Fin And German Viewed Some Hops (Note that the accessory nerve is referred to by its alternate name Spinal accessory nerve, and the Vestibulocochlear nerve by its former name, Auditory, in this mnemonic.) Ooh, Ooh, Ooh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas, Ahh Heaven! Ooh, Ooh, Ooh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas And Hymens! Ooh Ooh Ooh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Voluptuous Anterior Humps Ooh, Ooh, Ooh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet. Such Heaven! (Note that the accessory nerve is referred to by its alternate name Spinal accessory nerve in this mnemonic.) Ooh, Ooh, Ooh Toppless And Fat Got Vaganitis And Hepatitis Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly Another to help remember the types of information these nerves carry (sensory, motor, or both) is thus: Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More. Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More. Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Butts Matter More. Small Ships Make Money, But My Brother Says Big Boats Make More. [edit] Thirteen cranial nerves? Although twelve nerves are classically described in humans, there is a theory that finds favour with some authors, that humans really have thirteen cranial nerves (Andy Lelli , 1999). If the C1 spinal nerve were considered the thirteenth cranial nerve, C2 through C8 would be renamed as the first through seventh cervical nerves (though anatomists might change the term 'cervical' to 'nuchal' or some other term to avoid confusion between the two nomenclatures). This would make the numbering system consistent all the way through the spinal column - every nerve would exit below its corresponding vertebra, and the number of vertebrae would equal the number of spinal nerves. Alternatively, C1 could be considered the spinal root of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). This would, again, make the numbering system consistent. [edit] See also Cranial nerve nucleus [edit] External links Examination of the cranial nerves - University of Toronto Medicine Diagram of all 12 cranial nerves Modalities and pathways Cranial nerves I-IV: olfactory - optic - oculomotor - trochlear V: trigeminal: semilunar ganglion V1: ophthalmic: lacrimal - frontal (supratrochlear, supraorbital) - nasociliary (long root of ciliary, long ciliary, infratrochlear, ethmoidal) - ciliary ganglion - short ciliary V2: maxillary: middle meningeal - in the pterygopalatine fossa (zygomatic, zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofacial, sphenopalatine, posterior superior alveolar) in the infraorbital canal (middle superior alveolar, anterior superior alveolar) on the face (inferior palpebral, external nasal, superior labial, infraorbital plexus) - pterygopalatine ganglion (deep petrosal, nerve of pterygoid canal) branches of distribution (palatine, nasopalatine, pharyngeal) V3: mandibular: nervus spinosus - internal pterygoid - anterior (masseteric, deep temporal, buccinator, external pterygoid) posterior (auriculotemporal, lingual, inferior alveolar, mylohyoid, mental) - otic ganglion - submaxillary ganglion VI: abducent VII: facial: nervus intermedius - geniculate - inside facial canal (great petrosal, nerve to the stapedius, chorda tympani) at exit from stylomastoid foramen (posterior auricular, digastric - stylohyoid) on face (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical) VIII: vestibulocochlear: cochlear (striae medullares, lateral lemniscus) - vestibular IX: glossopharyngeal: fasciculus solitarius - nucleus ambiguus - sympathetic efferent fibers - ganglia (superior, petrous) - tympanic X: vagus: ganglia (jugular, nodose) - Alderman's nerve - in the neck (pharyngeal branch, superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal) - in the thorax (pulmonary branches, esophageal plexus) - in the abdomen (gastric plexuses, celiac plexus, gastric plexus) XI: accessory XII: hypoglossal Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves" Categories: Peripheral nervous system | Cranial nerves Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Sign in / create account if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); Navigation Main Page Community Portal Featured articles Current events Recent changes Random article Help Contact Wikipedia Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this article In other languages Français ?? Deutsch Español Suomi Français ????? Italiano Lietuviu Nederlands Norsk (bokmål) ??? Polski Português Slovencina Ti?ng Vi?t ?? This page was last modified 20:13, 22 September 2006. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running! Cranial nerves From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Cranial nerve) You have new messages (last change). Jump to: navigation, search Gray's Fig. 686 - Upper part of medulla spinalis and hind- and mid-brains; posterior aspect, exposed in situ. (Illustrates several, though not all, of the cranial nerves.) Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge from the brainstem instead of the spinal cord. Contents [hide] 1 Names of nerves 2 Cranial nerves in non-human vertebrates 3 Mnemonic devices 4 Thirteen cranial nerves? 5 See also 6 External links // [edit] Names of nerves In human anatomy, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, traditionally abbreviated by the corresponding Roman numerals. They are numbered according to where their nucleii lie in the brain stem, i.e Cranial Nerve III (the Oculomotor nerve) leaves the brainstem at a higher position then Cranial nerve XII, whose origin is located more caudally (lower) than the other cranial nerves. All cranial nerves except for the olfactory and optic nerves belong to the peripheral nervous system, having axons that are myelinated by Schwann cells (myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system) rather than oligodendrocytes (myelinating cells of the central nervous system). The olfactory and optic nerves are named as such, but are technically not nerves, and are continuations of the central nervous system. Note: technically the accessory nerve splits into the spinal accessory nerve and the cranial accessory nerve, but the latter quickly combines with the vagus nerve. # Name Nuclei Function I Olfactory nerve Anterior olfactory nucleus Sense of smell II Optic nerve Lateral geniculate nucleus Transmits visual information to the brain III Oculomotor nerve Oculomotor nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus Controls most of the eye movements IV Trochlear nerve Trochlear nucleus Rotates the eye away or down from the nose V Trigeminal nerve Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, Spinal trigeminal nucleus, Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, Trigeminal motor nucleus Gives sensations to the face VI Abducent nerve (or abducens nerve) Abducens nucleus Controls each eye's ability to move away from the midline VII Facial nerve (VII) Facial nucleus, Solitary nucleus, Superior salivary nucleus Controls facial expression and taste to two-thirds of the tongue, salivary glands VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve (or auditory nerve) Vestibular nuclei, Cochlear nuclei Senses sound, rotation and gravity (essential for balance & movement) IX Glossopharyngeal nerve Nucleus ambiguus, Inferior salivary nucleus, Solitary nucleus Controls various sensations, glands, and muscles X Vagus nerve Nucleus ambiguus, Dorsal motor vagal nucleus, Solitary nucleus Supplies sensory parasympathetic fibers to nearly all internal organs XI Accessory nerve (or cranial accessory nerve or spinal accessory nerve) Nucleus ambiguus, Spinal accessory nucleus Controls muscles of the neck and overlaps with functions of the vagus XII Hypoglossal nerve Hypoglossal nucleus Controls most of the tongue muscles as well as others [edit] Cranial nerves in non-human vertebrates Human cranial nerves are evolutionarily homologous to those found in many other vertebrates. The first ten pairs of cranial nerves arose in the common ancestor of tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles including birds, and mammals). Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs. These characters are synapomorphies for their respective clades. In some primitive cartilagenous fishes, such as the dogfish (Squalos acanthos), there is a terminal nerve numbered 0 (as it exits the brain before the first cranial nerve). [edit] Mnemonic devices As the list is important to keep in mind during the examination of the nervous system, there are many mnemonic devices in circulation to help remember the names and order of the cranial nerves. Oliver the optimistic octopus trots triumphantly about facing audiances glossily vaguely spinning hippos. (Note that the accessory nerve is referred to by its alternate name Spinal accessory nerve, and the Vestibulocochlear nerve by its former name, Auditory, in this mnemonic.) "Old Opticians Occasionally Too Try And Feel Audrey Glossop's Vagina AcH!" On Old Olympus' Towering Top A Fin And German Viewed Some Hops (Note that the accessory nerve is referred to by its alternate name Spinal accessory nerve, and the Vestibulocochlear nerve by its former name, Auditory, in this mnemonic.) Ooh, Ooh, Ooh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas, Ahh Heaven! Ooh, Ooh, Ooh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas And Hymens! Ooh Ooh Ooh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Voluptuous Anterior Humps Ooh, Ooh, Ooh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet. Such Heaven! (Note that the accessory nerve is referred to by its alternate name Spinal accessory nerve in this mnemonic.) Ooh, Ooh, Ooh Toppless And Fat Got Vaganitis And Hepatitis Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly Another to help remember the types of information these nerves carry (sensory, motor, or both) is thus: Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More. Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More. Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Butts Matter More. Small Ships Make Money, But My Brother Says Big Boats Make More. [edit] Thirteen cranial nerves? Although twelve nerves are classically described in humans, there is a theory that finds favour with some authors, that humans really have thirteen cranial nerves (Andy Lelli , 1999). If the C1 spinal nerve were considered the thirteenth cranial nerve, C2 through C8 would be renamed as the first through seventh cervical nerves (though anatomists might change the term 'cervical' to 'nuchal' or some other term to avoid confusion between the two nomenclatures). This would make the numbering system consistent all the way through the spinal column - every nerve would exit below its corresponding vertebra, and the number of vertebrae would equal the number of spinal nerves. Alternatively, C1 could be considered the spinal root of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). This would, again, make the numbering system consistent. [edit] See also Cranial nerve nucleus [edit] External links Examination of the cranial nerves - University of Toronto Medicine Diagram of all 12 cranial nerves Modalities and pathways Cranial nerves I-IV: olfactory - optic - oculomotor - trochlear V: trigeminal: semilunar ganglion V1: ophthalmic: lacrimal - frontal (supratrochlear, supraorbital) - nasociliary (long root of ciliary, long ciliary, infratrochlear, ethmoidal) - ciliary ganglion - short ciliary V2: maxillary: middle meningeal - in the pterygopalatine fossa (zygomatic, zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofacial, sphenopalatine, posterior superior alveolar) in the infraorbital canal (middle superior alveolar, anterior superior alveolar) on the face (inferior palpebral, external nasal, superior labial, infraorbital plexus) - pterygopalatine ganglion (deep petrosal, nerve of pterygoid canal) branches of distribution (palatine, nasopalatine, pharyngeal) V3: mandibular: nervus spinosus - internal pterygoid - anterior (masseteric, deep temporal, buccinator, external pterygoid) posterior (auriculotemporal, lingual, inferior alveolar, mylohyoid, mental) - otic ganglion - submaxillary ganglion VI: abducent VII: facial: nervus intermedius - geniculate - inside facial canal (great petrosal, nerve to the stapedius, chorda tympani) at exit from stylomastoid foramen (posterior auricular, digastric - stylohyoid) on face (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical) VIII: vestibulocochlear: cochlear (striae medullares, lateral lemniscus) - vestibular IX: glossopharyngeal: fasciculus solitarius - nucleus ambiguus - sympathetic efferent fibers - ganglia (superior, petrous) - tympanic X: vagus: ganglia (jugular, nodose) - Alderman's nerve - in the neck (pharyngeal branch, superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal) - in the thorax (pulmonary branches, esophageal plexus) - in the abdomen (gastric plexuses, celiac plexus, gastric plexus) XI: accessory XII: hypoglossal Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves" Categories: Peripheral nervous system | Cranial nerves Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Sign in / create account if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); Navigation Main Page Community Portal Featured articles Current events Recent changes Random article Help Contact Wikipedia Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this article In other languages Français ?? Deutsch Español Suomi Français ????? Italiano Lietuviu Nederlands Norsk (bokmål) ??? Polski Português Slovencina Ti?ng Vi?t ?? This page was last modified 20:13, 22 September 2006. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Recommended Posts
Join the conversation
You are posting as a guest. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.
Note: Your post will require moderator approval before it will be visible.