Guest guest Posted May 19, 2009 Report Share Posted May 19, 2009 Any chance you can locate a BCBA familiar with a verbal behavior approach? That's what I would do. > > Please help! My son has been in speech therapy since he was 18 mths old. He didn't walk until he was 19 mths old. He started saying a few words around a year old. He could say " mama " , " dada " , " light " , " flair " (our dog), " hot, hot, hot " (for the heater), " bye-bye " and a few more random things. He seemed to be picking up words fairly well. When he didn't walk for so long, we had him evaluated for PT (the late walking was my initial concern!). A few months before, and right after he started walking, he started losing the words he had aquired. His therapists all assurred me that working on a gross motor skill like walking would take over for a while, but that he would get the words back, plus some. However, he is now 34 mths old and can only say " dada " (for daddy, pop, pawpaw, and most other men), " uh-oh " , " uh-uh " (like no..), and he makes approximations of a few more words. He says " ou " for out, " own " for down, " a-a " for mama (and granny and nana, and most other women). His word for yes is " oww " . He is extremely bright and social. He communicates well with other means. He has several signs, and can get his point across rather nicely...With all of that said, when I started researching apraxia, I felt like someone hit me in the chest with a brick! This is my ! I was excited (I know that sounds crazy, but when you don't know what you're facing, any information is exciting!) and took all of my new found knowledge to his very young, very inexperienced speech therapist. I told her I thought he has apraxia. She didn't agree and said that apraxia is hard to diagnosis if the child isn't talking yet. She says that apraxia is more about HOW speech sounds rather than whether there is speech or not...She said that what does say comes out sounding correct (even though at the time all he was saying was dada and uh-oh). He now has more vowel only word approximations. Soooo, my question is, how to I approach the therapist again, and how do I get the help I need, living in a very small rural community with not a lot of offered services. It is very frustrating knowing that there is something wrong, but the " professionals " don't really agree. Also, does this sound like it is even apraxia to anyone? Am I on the right track? I have put in for an appt with a developmental peditrician, but it takes months to get the appt. I feel like I'm losing precious time! > Thanks for any input in this matter. > Jill Chaney > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 19, 2009 Report Share Posted May 19, 2009 Thanks for the reply, but I'm sorry, what is a BCBA? > > > > Please help! My son has been in speech therapy since he was 18 mths old. He didn't walk until he was 19 mths old. He started saying a few words around a year old. He could say " mama " , " dada " , " light " , " flair " (our dog), " hot, hot, hot " (for the heater), " bye-bye " and a few more random things. He seemed to be picking up words fairly well. When he didn't walk for so long, we had him evaluated for PT (the late walking was my initial concern!). A few months before, and right after he started walking, he started losing the words he had aquired. His therapists all assurred me that working on a gross motor skill like walking would take over for a while, but that he would get the words back, plus some. However, he is now 34 mths old and can only say " dada " (for daddy, pop, pawpaw, and most other men), " uh-oh " , " uh-uh " (like no..), and he makes approximations of a few more words. He says " ou " for out, " own " for down, " a-a " for mama (and granny and nana, and most other women). His word for yes is " oww " . He is extremely bright and social. He communicates well with other means. He has several signs, and can get his point across rather nicely...With all of that said, when I started researching apraxia, I felt like someone hit me in the chest with a brick! This is my ! I was excited (I know that sounds crazy, but when you don't know what you're facing, any information is exciting!) and took all of my new found knowledge to his very young, very inexperienced speech therapist. I told her I thought he has apraxia. She didn't agree and said that apraxia is hard to diagnosis if the child isn't talking yet. She says that apraxia is more about HOW speech sounds rather than whether there is speech or not...She said that what does say comes out sounding correct (even though at the time all he was saying was dada and uh-oh). He now has more vowel only word approximations. Soooo, my question is, how to I approach the therapist again, and how do I get the help I need, living in a very small rural community with not a lot of offered services. It is very frustrating knowing that there is something wrong, but the " professionals " don't really agree. Also, does this sound like it is even apraxia to anyone? Am I on the right track? I have put in for an appt with a developmental peditrician, but it takes months to get the appt. I feel like I'm losing precious time! > > Thanks for any input in this matter. > > Jill Chaney > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 19, 2009 Report Share Posted May 19, 2009 Jill, I know that feeling, and you are the best person to know what is going on with ! I had the same problem with my son, no one want to lable a child that younf with apraxia but lable mean nothing the right treatment is what is needed I went thru 4 therapist before I found the one who care and helped me and my son. You have to fight and keep pushing until you get what u need for your son. Try the local school system and get an IEP team and have him evaled. If that does not work call any and every SLP and tell them what you belive is the case and you will hopefull get a listening ear. Good luck Zoey Sent on the Now Network™ from my Sprint® BlackBerry [ ] i need help with diagnosis/treatment/etc Please help! My son has been in speech therapy since he was 18 mths old. He didn't walk until he was 19 mths old. He started saying a few words around a year old. He could say " mama " , " dada " , " light " , " flair " (our dog), " hot, hot, hot " (for the heater), " bye-bye " and a few more random things. He seemed to be picking up words fairly well. When he didn't walk for so long, we had him evaluated for PT (the late walking was my initial concern!). A few months before, and right after he started walking, he started losing the words he had aquired. His therapists all assurred me that working on a gross motor skill like walking would take over for a while, but that he would get the words back, plus some. However, he is now 34 mths old and can only say " dada " (for daddy, pop, pawpaw, and most other men), " uh-oh " , " uh-uh " (like no..), and he makes approximations of a few more words. He says " ou " for out, " own " for down, " a-a " for mama (and granny and nana, and most other women). His word for yes is " oww " . He is extremely bright and social. He communicates well with other means. He has several signs, and can get his point across rather nicely...With all of that said, when I started researching apraxia, I felt like someone hit me in the chest with a brick! This is my ! I was excited (I know that sounds crazy, but when you don't know what you're facing, any information is exciting!) and took all of my new found knowledge to his very young, very inexperienced speech therapist. I told her I thought he has apraxia. She didn't agree and said that apraxia is hard to diagnosis if the child isn't talking yet. She says that apraxia is more about HOW speech sounds rather than whether there is speech or not...She said that what does say comes out sounding correct (even though at the time all he was saying was dada and uh-oh). He now has more vowel only word approximations. Soooo, my question is, how to I approach the therapist again, and how do I get the help I need, living in a very small rural community with not a lot of offered services. It is very frustrating knowing that there is something wrong, but the " professionals " don't really agree. Also, does this sound like it is even apraxia to anyone? Am I on the right track? I have put in for an appt with a developmental peditrician, but it takes months to get the appt. I feel like I'm losing precious time! Thanks for any input in this matter. Jill Chaney Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 19, 2009 Report Share Posted May 19, 2009 It's a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. You can see who is in your area by going here: www.bacb.com > > > > > > Please help! My son has been in speech therapy since he was 18 mths old. He didn't walk until he was 19 mths old. He started saying a few words around a year old. He could say " mama " , " dada " , " light " , " flair " (our dog), " hot, hot, hot " (for the heater), " bye-bye " and a few more random things. He seemed to be picking up words fairly well. When he didn't walk for so long, we had him evaluated for PT (the late walking was my initial concern!). A few months before, and right after he started walking, he started losing the words he had aquired. His therapists all assurred me that working on a gross motor skill like walking would take over for a while, but that he would get the words back, plus some. However, he is now 34 mths old and can only say " dada " (for daddy, pop, pawpaw, and most other men), " uh-oh " , " uh-uh " (like no..), and he makes approximations of a few more words. He says " ou " for out, " own " for down, " a-a " for mama (and granny and nana, and most other women). His word for yes is " oww " . He is extremely bright and social. He communicates well with other means. He has several signs, and can get his point across rather nicely...With all of that said, when I started researching apraxia, I felt like someone hit me in the chest with a brick! This is my ! I was excited (I know that sounds crazy, but when you don't know what you're facing, any information is exciting!) and took all of my new found knowledge to his very young, very inexperienced speech therapist. I told her I thought he has apraxia. She didn't agree and said that apraxia is hard to diagnosis if the child isn't talking yet. She says that apraxia is more about HOW speech sounds rather than whether there is speech or not...She said that what does say comes out sounding correct (even though at the time all he was saying was dada and uh-oh). He now has more vowel only word approximations. Soooo, my question is, how to I approach the therapist again, and how do I get the help I need, living in a very small rural community with not a lot of offered services. It is very frustrating knowing that there is something wrong, but the " professionals " don't really agree. Also, does this sound like it is even apraxia to anyone? Am I on the right track? I have put in for an appt with a developmental peditrician, but it takes months to get the appt. I feel like I'm losing precious time! > > > Thanks for any input in this matter. > > > Jill Chaney > > > > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 19, 2009 Report Share Posted May 19, 2009 Thanks Zoey! You're right. I need to be more assertive and let these people know that I know my son better than anyone. I've always been very quiet and one to go along with what the " professional " thinks. But since having , I have had to step outside of that comfort zone many times. It's amazing how much the " professionals " (some of them) really don't know anything about what is going on with . He doesn't fit in a neat little box, so it's just " well, we don't know " or " lets wait and see " ....I know we've all probably heard that one! When turns 3 he will be referred to the local school district and will get a new speech therapist. I just really want to be prepared to tell her specifically what to look for and what to work on....I did find out today that his appt with the developmental ped/testing center is July 21st, so I'm excited about that! Again, thanks for the feedback and to all for the great group! ________________________________ From: " zoeyar8@... " <zoeyar8@...> Sent: Tuesday, May 19, 2009 12:20:51 PM Subject: Re: [ ] i need help with diagnosis/treatment/etc Jill, I know that feeling, and you are the best person to know what is going on with ! I had the same problem with my son, no one want to lable a child that younf with apraxia but lable mean nothing the right treatment is what is needed I went thru 4 therapist before I found the one who care and helped me and my son. You have to fight and keep pushing until you get what u need for your son. Try the local school system and get an IEP team and have him evaled. If that does not work call any and every SLP and tell them what you belive is the case and you will hopefull get a listening ear. Good luck Zoey Sent on the Now Network™ from my Sprint® BlackBerry [childrensapraxiane t] i need help with diagnosis/treatment /etc Please help! My son has been in speech therapy since he was 18 mths old. He didn't walk until he was 19 mths old. He started saying a few words around a year old.. He could say " mama " , " dada " , " light " , " flair " (our dog), " hot, hot, hot " (for the heater), " bye-bye " and a few more random things. He seemed to be picking up words fairly well. When he didn't walk for so long, we had him evaluated for PT (the late walking was my initial concern!). A few months before, and right after he started walking, he started losing the words he had aquired. His therapists all assurred me that working on a gross motor skill like walking would take over for a while, but that he would get the words back, plus some. However, he is now 34 mths old and can only say " dada " (for daddy, pop, pawpaw, and most other men), " uh-oh " , " uh-uh " (like no..), and he makes approximations of a few more words. He says " ou " for out, " own " for down, " a-a " for mama (and granny and nana, and most other women). His word for yes is " oww " . He is extremely bright and social.. He communicates well with other means. He has several signs, and can get his point across rather nicely...With all of that said, when I started researching apraxia, I felt like someone hit me in the chest with a brick! This is my ! I was excited (I know that sounds crazy, but when you don't know what you're facing, any information is exciting!) and took all of my new found knowledge to his very young, very inexperienced speech therapist. I told her I thought he has apraxia. She didn't agree and said that apraxia is hard to diagnosis if the child isn't talking yet. She says that apraxia is more about HOW speech sounds rather than whether there is speech or not....She said that what does say comes out sounding correct (even though at the time all he was saying was dada and uh-oh). He now has more vowel only word approximations. Soooo, my question is, how to I approach the therapist again, and how do I get the help I need, living in a very small rural community with not a lot of offered services. It is very frustrating knowing that there is something wrong, but the " professionals " don't really agree. Also, does this sound like it is even apraxia to anyone? Am I on the right track? I have put in for an appt with a developmental peditrician, but it takes months to get the appt. I feel like I'm losing precious time! Thanks for any input in this matter. Jill Chaney Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 20, 2009 Report Share Posted May 20, 2009 thank you, i'll check that out. ________________________________ From: Soliday <elizabethsoliday@...> Sent: Tuesday, May 19, 2009 4:01:58 PM Subject: [ ] Re: i need help with diagnosis/treatment/etc It's a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. You can see who is in your area by going here: www.bacb.com > > > > > > Please help! My son has been in speech therapy since he was 18 mths old. He didn't walk until he was 19 mths old. He started saying a few words around a year old. He could say " mama " , " dada " , " light " , " flair " (our dog), " hot, hot, hot " (for the heater), " bye-bye " and a few more random things. He seemed to be picking up words fairly well. When he didn't walk for so long, we had him evaluated for PT (the late walking was my initial concern!). A few months before, and right after he started walking, he started losing the words he had aquired. His therapists all assurred me that working on a gross motor skill like walking would take over for a while, but that he would get the words back, plus some. However, he is now 34 mths old and can only say " dada " (for daddy, pop, pawpaw, and most other men), " uh-oh " , " uh-uh " (like no..), and he makes approximations of a few more words. He says " ou " for out, " own " for down, " a-a " for mama (and granny and nana, and most other women). His word for yes is " oww " . He is extremely bright and social. He communicates well with other means. He has several signs, and can get his point across rather nicely...With all of that said, when I started researching apraxia, I felt like someone hit me in the chest with a brick! This is my ! I was excited (I know that sounds crazy, but when you don't know what you're facing, any information is exciting!) and took all of my new found knowledge to his very young, very inexperienced speech therapist. I told her I thought he has apraxia. She didn't agree and said that apraxia is hard to diagnosis if the child isn't talking yet. She says that apraxia is more about HOW speech sounds rather than whether there is speech or not...She said that what does say comes out sounding correct (even though at the time all he was saying was dada and uh-oh). He now has more vowel only word approximations. Soooo, my question is, how to I approach the therapist again, and how do I get the help I need, living in a very small rural community with not a lot of offered services. It is very frustrating knowing that there is something wrong, but the " professionals " don't really agree. Also, does this sound like it is even apraxia to anyone? Am I on the right track? I have put in for an appt with a developmental peditrician, but it takes months to get the appt. I feel like I'm losing precious time! > > > Thanks for any input in this matter. > > > Jill Chaney > > > > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 20, 2009 Report Share Posted May 20, 2009 Hi, I’m new to the list, and I wanted to introduce myself as a parent with a child who has apraxia. My name is a, and I’m a stay at home and writer. My son Al is 3 years old, and was diagnosed with 1) Congenital Encephalopathy manifesting as developmental delays, 2) Aphasia manifesting as a moderate language delay and apraxia, 3) Developmental Coordination Disorder manifesting as delayed fine motor. My son has been receiving speech therapy since June of 2008, and at first, the ECI speech therapist thought he was a stubborn child/late talker. I honestly thought the same. We had no progress with her, and she left ECI after only seeing him twice. Alastair’s new speech therapist thought said he wasn’t a stubborn child and noticed groping around his mouth and wanted her boss to see him and see if he had apraxia. Both thought he had apraxia, and proceeded with his therapy on that assumption. In February, the developmental pediatrician confirmed the diagnosis, and in April he took a neurological/developmental test to make sure that he didn’t have other problems. It turns out that he does have some fine motor issues and may be at risk for dysgraphia, dyslexia, and AD/HD. He is currently in the PPCD program in our school district, and he has group therapy with three other kids twice a week and attends class for two hours a day, five days a week. I wanted to let Jill know that she should take to a developmental pediatrician, and make sure that that doctor has a good grasp of what apraxia is. My son has some very clear pop outs as well, and he has gained and lost words. The past two months he has picked up a lot more sounds, but his groping has become more obvious because he is trying hard to make himself understood. He speaks in sentences with proper grammar, and while a lot of the words are garbled, I can understand him. My point is, trust your instincts and find a doctor or speech pathologist with experience with apraxia and get him tested for other neurological problems. With late walking, he could have fine or gross motor problems, and you should get a head start on those problems as soon as possible (assuming they are, but they could be and it is better to check). At any rate, I looked forward to any hints anyone can give with at home therapies as well. We will have to go to private therapy this summer, so that he doesn’t lose any progress since he doesn’t qualify for summer extension. I’m working on some cards to use with my son to help him with words. Sincerely, a P. Broussard Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 21, 2009 Report Share Posted May 21, 2009 Thanks a! He has an appt with a developmental ped. at Arkansas Children's Hospital on July 21st. That day honestly can't get here quick enough! Someone mentioned in an earlier post that a diagnosis is not as important to me as getting him the proper therapy. I totally agree with that. I don't care if she doesn't agree with the term, I just want her (the SLP) to try different approaches because obviously what she's doing isn't working! I'm also looking forward to switching therapists. We will switch at his 3rd birthday, July 13. He is getting much better with his signing. Just this morning I was in the kitchen, and from the living room he initiated a conversation by signing eat and drink to me. He was ready for breakfast! It was precious! He has also started groping a lot more, because he has so much more to say! Thanks for your help! ________________________________ From: a P. Broussard <spooky@...> Sent: Wednesday, May 20, 2009 11:17:29 AM Subject: RE: [ ] i need help with diagnosis/treatment/etc Hi, I’m new to the list, and I wanted to introduce myself as a parent with a child who has apraxia. My name is a, and I’m a stay at home and writer. My son Al is 3 years old, and was diagnosed with 1) Congenital Encephalopathy manifesting as developmental delays, 2) Aphasia manifesting as a moderate language delay and apraxia, 3) Developmental Coordination Disorder manifesting as delayed fine motor. My son has been receiving speech therapy since June of 2008, and at first, the ECI speech therapist thought he was a stubborn child/late talker. I honestly thought the same. We had no progress with her, and she left ECI after only seeing him twice. Alastair’s new speech therapist thought said he wasn’t a stubborn child and noticed groping around his mouth and wanted her boss to see him and see if he had apraxia. Both thought he had apraxia, and proceeded with his therapy on that assumption. In February, the developmental pediatrician confirmed the diagnosis, and in April he took a neurological/ developmental test to make sure that he didn’t have other problems. It turns out that he does have some fine motor issues and may be at risk for dysgraphia, dyslexia, and AD/HD. He is currently in the PPCD program in our school district, and he has group therapy with three other kids twice a week and attends class for two hours a day, five days a week. I wanted to let Jill know that she should take to a developmental pediatrician, and make sure that that doctor has a good grasp of what apraxia is. My son has some very clear pop outs as well, and he has gained and lost words. The past two months he has picked up a lot more sounds, but his groping has become more obvious because he is trying hard to make himself understood. He speaks in sentences with proper grammar, and while a lot of the words are garbled, I can understand him. My point is, trust your instincts and find a doctor or speech pathologist with experience with apraxia and get him tested for other neurological problems. With late walking, he could have fine or gross motor problems, and you should get a head start on those problems as soon as possible (assuming they are, but they could be and it is better to check). At any rate, I looked forward to any hints anyone can give with at home therapies as well. We will have to go to private therapy this summer, so that he doesn’t lose any progress since he doesn’t qualify for summer extension. I’m working on some cards to use with my son to help him with words. Sincerely, a P. Broussard Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 21, 2009 Report Share Posted May 21, 2009 Jill, Just thought I should mention that the diagnosis can be very important as to whether your insurance company will pay for the therapy. If the doctor just diagnoses speech delay and developmental delays without specifying a cause, then the insurance may not pay for it. Knowing what needs to be done makes it easier, too. a Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 21, 2009 Report Share Posted May 21, 2009 Hi a, I'm sure you've seen it, but this site has been really helpful for us: www.apraxia-kids.org There is alot of info to sort through, but well worth it. If you look under The Apraxia Library, you will find TONS of info, including some recommendations on things you can do at home. HTH! : ) Marie Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 22, 2009 Report Share Posted May 22, 2009 That is a good point a. Fortunately so far I haven't had any problems with my insurance paying anything. His speech and PT have all been paid for through an EI voucher, based on his qualifications. We are now in the process of applying for a medicaid program offered in AR called TEFRA. If he is approved for this, (which he should based on his history) it will cover any needed therapy as well. Also, our insurance has been very good to pay for testing, etc. But down the road, that may become a factor. Hopefully once we see the dev. ped. we will have a more concrete answer. Thanks again! ________________________________ From: a P. Broussard <spooky@...> Sent: Thursday, May 21, 2009 4:24:04 PM Subject: RE: [ ] i need help with diagnosis/treatment/etc Jill, Just thought I should mention that the diagnosis can be very important as to whether your insurance company will pay for the therapy. If the doctor just diagnoses speech delay and developmental delays without specifying a cause, then the insurance may not pay for it. Knowing what needs to be done makes it easier, too. a Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 22, 2009 Report Share Posted May 22, 2009 Marie, Yes, I have the apraxiakids site bookmarked on my computer. *grin* a Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 23, 2009 Report Share Posted May 23, 2009 Jill--you mentioned your son is 34mos? than you should be in the process of transitioning to the school district program? that comes at 36mos. EI is like a big comfortable blanket--at least it was when I was in it with my dd. They come to your house for all therapy, everything my dd needed was covered including orthotics, swim therapy, EI playgroups--we had it all in NY! Maybe what a meant is that in EI a diagnosis is not as important as it is once you transsiton into the SD program for preschool. My 7dd did not have an Apraxia dx until after 4yrs old. She has severe low muscle tone--so when we transitioned into PS--the Physiatrist gave us a diagnosis of CP--pretty much to make sure that all her therapies in the school district would not be questioned. No one asked for a cause--no one will ask for that. But you need a script to cover all services that the new SD will provide once he transitions out of EI. So a diagnosis from a Ped Neurologist or Dev. Ped of Apraxia or Global Delays will ensure that he gets all the services he needs. We also have wonderful insurance that has covered everything outside of school -but it wasnt until we transitioned that I even knew that Orthotics are covered under DME (Durable Medical Equipment) for any insurance company. Under EI--I never even had to ask insurance about coverage for anything. > > His speech and PT have all been paid for through an EI voucher, based on his qualifications. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted May 23, 2009 Report Share Posted May 23, 2009 We are in the transition process right now to the school district. This does worry me some. He also wears orthotics. They actually just ordered him a new pair through EI since they knew he would be leaving soon. He wears the sure step shoe inserts. You're right, I never thought about the cost of those, or how they would be covered the next go around! The school district so far has given me the impression that everything that is " recommended " by the therapists will be covered by the district. We will wait and see. That is one reason I really want to see the dev. ped. (he goes on 7/21), just so we can have something in writing. You are right though, I've gotten very comfortable with EI and don't know what to expect once we transition out into the wider world!! Thanks! ________________________________ From: Maureen <mosense@...> @... Sent: Saturday, May 23, 2009 6:19:11 AM Subject: [ ] Re: i need help with diagnosis/treatment/etc Jill--you mentioned your son is 34mos? than you should be in the process of transitioning to the school district program? that comes at 36mos. EI is like a big comfortable blanket--at least it was when I was in it with my dd. They come to your house for all therapy, everything my dd needed was covered including orthotics, swim therapy, EI playgroups-- we had it all in NY! Maybe what a meant is that in EI a diagnosis is not as important as it is once you transsiton into the SD program for preschool. My 7dd did not have an Apraxia dx until after 4yrs old. She has severe low muscle tone--so when we transitioned into PS--the Physiatrist gave us a diagnosis of CP--pretty much to make sure that all her therapies in the school district would not be questioned. No one asked for a cause--no one will ask for that. But you need a script to cover all services that the new SD will provide once he transitions out of EI. So a diagnosis from a Ped Neurologist or Dev. Ped of Apraxia or Global Delays will ensure that he gets all the services he needs. We also have wonderful insurance that has covered everything outside of school -but it wasnt until we transitioned that I even knew that Orthotics are covered under DME (Durable Medical Equipment) for any insurance company. Under EI--I never even had to ask insurance about coverage for anything. > > His speech and PT have all been paid for through an EI voucher, based on his qualifications. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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