Re: DAO enzyme and histamine

[Guest guest]

THANK YOU FOR THIS!! Histamine is HUGE for my family and I agree that it is

probably a major player in the biochemistry of autism. I think it is one of the

least understood parts of the equation as many DAN!s don't know much, if

anything, about it. I will look into this. Can I have your permission to

forward your post to some other lists that I'm on? Holy cow- I had no idea that

histamine increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier! I have been

studying the histamine issue for awhile now but hadn't come across much of this.

If you can recommend any resources for information please do.

-Sierra

http://grainfreefoodie.blogspot.com/

>

> I think someone should look into using a supplement of Diamine oxidase (DAO)

in some cases of autism. The DAO enzyme is available commercially for the

purpose of reducing histamine in the intestines. And there are several things

that suggest the DAO enzyme might be off in autism. Here are the things that

make me think that measuring and using the DAO enzyme may be worth considering..

>

> The DAO enzyme breaks down extracellular histamine in the body. In the

intestines, this reduces the reaction you will get from high histamine foods.

>

> There is a genetic variation of the DAO gene associated with autism. [1]

>

> Mercury may lower DAO activity. [2]

>

> Diamine oxidase (DAO) breaks down histamine found outside of cells in the

intestines, nasal passages, and other parts of the body. Presently, Dirk Budka

is conducting clinical trials of DAO's effectiveness in treating

gastrointestinal problems. The medication he uses is called Histrelief DAO. It

contains the enzyme DAO along with a little B6 and quercetin. There is another

DAO product available over-the-counter called Histame, but it is not as strong

as Histrelief. Dirk Budka measures levels of DAO before and after starting

treatment.

>

> The DAO enzyme also appears in the brain, where it is extremely important, but

DAO doesn't cross the blood brain barrier. So, ingesting DAO wouldn't directly

affect the brain function. However, since DAO would affect histamine, and other

amines / aminos, I assume that using DAO would have an affect on the brain.

Therefore, one should proceed with caution. However, since histamine increases

the blood brain permeability, maybe something good can come of reducing

histamine levels in the body --- at least for those whose levels are too high.

>

> References:

> Association of the DAO and DAOA gene polymorphisms with autism spectrum

disorders in boys in Korea: A preliminary study

>

> Seockhoon Chung, Jin Pyo Hong, Hanik K. Yoo

>

> Received 23 May 2006; received in revised form 16 August 2006; accepted 3

February 2007.

>

> Abstract

> We examined the association of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with

polymorphisms in the DAO and DAOA genes. The sample comprised 57 children with

ASD, 47 complete trios, and 83 healthy controls in Korea. Although the

transmission disequilibrium test showed no association, a population-based

case-control study showed significant associations between the rs3918346 and

rs3825251 SNPs of the DAO gene and boys with ASD.

>

> ----------------------------------

> The role of L-arginine in toxic liver failure: interrelation of arginase,

polyamine catabolic enzymes and nitric oxide synthase

> Journal

> Amino Acids

>

> Issue

> Volume 32, Number 1 / January, 2007

>

> Pages

> 127-131

>

> SpringerLink Date

> Sunday, May 14, 2006

>

>

>

>

> J. Nikolic1, I. Stojanovic1, R. Pavlovic2, D. Sokolovic1, G. Bjelakovic1 and

S. Beninati3

>

> Received: 17 November 2005 Accepted: 2 March 2006 Published online: 15 May

2006

>

> Summary. The existing interrelation in metabolic pathways of L-arginine to

polyamines, nitric oxide (NO) and urea synthesis could be affected in sepsis,

inflammation, intoxication and other conditions. The role of polyamines and NO

in the toxic effect of mercury chloride on rat liver function was studied.

Administration of mercury chloride for 24?h led to significantly elevated plasma

activities of Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST).

Malondyaldehyde (MDA) levels were unaffected (p > 0.05) and arginase activity

was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) while nitrate/nitrite production was

significantly elevated (p < 0.001) in liver tissue. Polyamine oxidase (PAO) and

diamine oxidase (DAO) activities, enzymes involved in catabolism of polyamines,

were decreased. L-arginine supplementation to intoxicated rats potentiated the

effect of mercury chloride on NO production and it was ineffective on arginase

activity.

>

> Results obtained in this study show that mercury chloride-induced toxicity

leads to abnormally high levels of ALT and AST that may indicate liver damage

with the involvement of polyamine catabolic enzymes and NO.

>

> Keywords: Arginase - Nitric oxide synthase - Polyamine oxidase - Diamine

oxidase - Mercury chloride - Liver

>

>

>

>

>

>

[Guest guest]

Ok, haven't looked into this histamine thing myself. Question please. Would

high histamine mean more food intolerances or food allergies?

Thanks in advance!

Tammy

Re: DAO enzyme and histamine

THANK YOU FOR THIS!! Histamine is HUGE for my family and I agree that it is

probably a major player in the biochemistry of autism. I think it is one of the

least understood parts of the equation as many DAN!s don't know much, if

anything, about it. I will look into this. Can I have your permission to forward

your post to some other lists that I'm on? Holy cow- I had no idea that

histamine increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier! I have been

studying the histamine issue for awhile now but hadn't come across much of this.

If you can recommend any resources for information please do.

-Sierra

http://grainfreefoodie.blogspot.com/

>

> I think someone should look into using a supplement of Diamine oxidase (DAO)

in some cases of autism. The DAO enzyme is available commercially for the

purpose of reducing histamine in the intestines. And there are several things

that suggest the DAO enzyme might be off in autism. Here are the things that

make me think that measuring and using the DAO enzyme may be worth considering..

>

> The DAO enzyme breaks down extracellular histamine in the body. In the

intestines, this reduces the reaction you will get from high histamine foods.

>

> There is a genetic variation of the DAO gene associated with autism. [1]

>

> Mercury may lower DAO activity. [2]

>

> Diamine oxidase (DAO) breaks down histamine found outside of cells in the

intestines, nasal passages, and other parts of the body. Presently, Dirk Budka

is conducting clinical trials of DAO's effectiveness in treating

gastrointestinal problems. The medication he uses is called Histrelief DAO. It

contains the enzyme DAO along with a little B6 and quercetin. There is another

DAO product available over-the-counter called Histame, but it is not as strong

as Histrelief. Dirk Budka measures levels of DAO before and after starting

treatment.

>

> The DAO enzyme also appears in the brain, where it is extremely important,

but DAO doesn't cross the blood brain barrier. So, ingesting DAO wouldn't

directly affect the brain function. However, since DAO would affect histamine,

and other amines / aminos, I assume that using DAO would have an affect on the

brain. Therefore, one should proceed with caution. However, since histamine

increases the blood brain permeability, maybe something good can come of

reducing histamine levels in the body --- at least for those whose levels are

too high.

>

> References:

> Association of the DAO and DAOA gene polymorphisms with autism spectrum

disorders in boys in Korea: A preliminary study

>

> Seockhoon Chung, Jin Pyo Hong, Hanik K. Yoo

>

> Received 23 May 2006; received in revised form 16 August 2006; accepted 3

February 2007.

>

> Abstract

> We examined the association of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with

polymorphisms in the DAO and DAOA genes. The sample comprised 57 children with

ASD, 47 complete trios, and 83 healthy controls in Korea. Although the

transmission disequilibrium test showed no association, a population-based

case-control study showed significant associations between the rs3918346 and

rs3825251 SNPs of the DAO gene and boys with ASD.

>

> ----------------------------------

> The role of L-arginine in toxic liver failure: interrelation of arginase,

polyamine catabolic enzymes and nitric oxide synthase

> Journal

> Amino Acids

>

> Issue

> Volume 32, Number 1 / January, 2007

>

> Pages

> 127-131

>

> SpringerLink Date

> Sunday, May 14, 2006

>

>

>

>

> J. Nikolic1, I. Stojanovic1, R. Pavlovic2, D. Sokolovic1, G. Bjelakovic1 and

S. Beninati3

>

> Received: 17 November 2005 Accepted: 2 March 2006 Published online: 15 May

2006

>

> Summary. The existing interrelation in metabolic pathways of L-arginine to

polyamines, nitric oxide (NO) and urea synthesis could be affected in sepsis,

inflammation, intoxication and other conditions. The role of polyamines and NO

in the toxic effect of mercury chloride on rat liver function was studied.

Administration of mercury chloride for 24?h led to significantly elevated plasma

activities of Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST).

Malondyaldehyde (MDA) levels were unaffected (p > 0.05) and arginase activity

was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) while nitrate/nitrite production was

significantly elevated (p < 0.001) in liver tissue. Polyamine oxidase (PAO) and

diamine oxidase (DAO) activities, enzymes involved in catabolism of polyamines,

were decreased. L-arginine supplementation to intoxicated rats potentiated the

effect of mercury chloride on NO production and it was ineffective on arginase

activity.

>

> Results obtained in this study show that mercury chloride-induced toxicity

leads to abnormally high levels of ALT and AST that may indicate liver damage

with the involvement of polyamine catabolic enzymes and NO.

>

> Keywords: Arginase - Nitric oxide synthase - Polyamine oxidase - Diamine

oxidase - Mercury chloride - Liver

>

>

>

>

>

>

[Guest guest]

You are more than welcome to relay the previous post to any group that might be

interested. You can use this post or parts of it too, if you think it might

help.

On the Histrelief website you will find a fair amount of information about

histamine. At www.histrelief.com/3/SYMPTOMS-and-TESTS.html they state:

Primary symptoms Group a:

hay fever, flushing, redness, wheezing, hay fever related symptoms also in

winter, urticaria, asthma.

Primary symptoms group b:

IBS-related symptoms, bloating, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal miraines,

nausea, unspecified food intolerances, hypersensitivity to many foods which give

different and changing symptoms, allergies to pollen and cross allergies with

OAS (oral allergy symptoms).

Other primary symptoms (group c): low blood pressure, migraine, tension

headaches, palpitation, anxiety, panic attacks, depression, over-emotional.

The page goes on to talk about how they test for DAO activity by seeing how well

you can break down an amine called putrescine. Apparently, DAO will break this

down, but monoamine oxidase (MAO) will not.

Owens, in a 1998 paper presented at an autism conference, mentioned that a

histamine reaction to parasites in the gut would stop the housekeeper wave. This

isn't the only thing that will stop the housekeeper wave, but it is an important

consideration.

In case any of you haven't heard about the housekeeper wave. Here is a brief

explanation. The housekeeper wave is formally called the phase three motility

wave of the small intestine. This is strong contraction wave that keeps the

small intestine clear of excess bacteria. Hence the nick-name of the

housekeeper. If this housekeeper isn't doing its job, there will be too much

bacteria in the small intestine. (This overgrowth is called small bowel

bacterial overgrowth, or SIBO.) If there is too much bacteria in the small

intestine, several things happen.

1. You are likely to experience bloating and gas.

2. The excess bacteria breaks apart the bond between B12 and intrinsic factor,

so that the B12 doesn't get absorbed.

3. The excess bacteria breaks down bile before it has a chance to facilitate the

absorption of your fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.

4. Sometimes the excess bacteria creates folic acid, leading to a further

imbalance between B12 and folates.

5. The bacteria produce beta-glucuronidase which breaks down the bonds the liver

has made between toxins and glucuronic acid. (People on a high meat diet are

more likely to have the type of bacteria that create this beta-glucuronidase.)

The liver binds toxins to glucuronic acid so that the resulting compound is too

large to get back through the gut. When the bond is broken, the toxins get

absorbed back into the bloodstream. The liver has to remove them again. When the

glucuronic pathway is under this type of a strain, this shuffles more work off

onto the PST enzyme and other detoxification pathways of the liver. If you

suspect that there is too much bacteria in the small intestine, you can use a

supplement of calcium-d-glucarate to inhibit the beta-glucuronidase enzyme and

thus take a load off of the liver. However, if you employ this supplement, you

must start slowly and gradually build up the dose with each meal. Gradually come

off of it too.

6. The overgrowth of bacteria may consist of gram negative bacteria. This

exposes the body to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which is in the shell of the

bacteria. There is a whole website devoted to how LPS is a major / key player in

autism.

Currently, some gastroenterologists use antibiotics, specifically Rifaximin, to

kill off the excess bacteria in the small intestine. Diets similar to the SCD

diet can also be employed. After the bacteria are killed off, there are various

things to try and get the housekeeper wave working again. One such option is

using the DAO enzyme. With any patient who measures low on the DAO enzyme, Dirk

Budka is giving them the DAO enzyme to try and get the intestines working

properly again. If you are interested, I've posted my personal thoughts on how

to get rid of the bacterial overgrowth at

www.dysbiosis.com/forum/showthread.php?t=10

Lately, I've been using the internet to search for abstracts on this DAO enzyme.

I've come across some miscellaneous things about the DAO enzyme. Maybe some of

it will be of interest to you, although it is just a jumble of bits of

information that I have.

DAO will break down D-serine. D-serine is a major player in the brain. Too much

and you are more likely to have seizures. Not enough, and you can't think

properly. Since the DAO enzyme in the brain breaks down D-serine, some people

are looking into how to alter levels of the DAO enzyme in the brain. I get the

distinct impression that taking an oral supplement of DAO is not going to change

the amount of DAO enzyme in the brain. However, I wonder what are the secondary

effects on the brain of taking a DAO enzyme supplement?

D-serine is harmful to the kidney, yet L-serine is not. Removing a kidney will

lower L-serine levels. L-serine is needed to convert formyl-folate into

methyl-folate. I saw a post where a child measured low on L-serine. When they

gave him L-serine, it helped his autism symptoms quite a bit. L-serine may lower

blood pressure.

Heparin will deplete DAO. DAO is a copper dependent enzyme. DAO breaks down some

amines like putrescine and histamine.