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> Vitamin B12 Liquid Healthy Red Blood Cells

Reduce Homocysteine Levels

[Coenzyme Q10] Vitamin B12 aids in red blood cell formation and helps

promote healthy mental and motor functions. B12 combined with folic acid

is more effective in reducing homocysteine levels than is folic acid

alone.

Vitamin B12 is a member of the vitamin B complex. It contains cobalt,

and so is also known as cobalamin. It is exclusively synthesised by

bacteria and is found primarily in meat, eggs and dairy products. There

has been considerable research into proposed plant sources of vitamin

B12. Fermented soya products, seaweeds, and algae such as spirulina have

all been suggested as containing significant B12. However, the present

consensus is that any B12 present in plant foods is likely to be

unavailable to humans and so these foods should not be relied upon as

safe sources. Many vegan foods are supplemented with B12. Vitamin B12 is

necessary for the synthesis of red blood cells, the maintenance of the

nervous system, and growth and development in children. Deficiency can

cause anaemia. Vitamin B12 neuropathy, involving the degeneration of

nerve fibres and irreversible neurological damage, can also occur.

Functions

Vitamin B12's primary functions are in the formation of red blood cells

and the maintenence of a healthy nervous system. B12 is necessary for

the rapid synthesis of DNA during cell division. This is especially

important in tissues where cells are dividing rapidly, particularly the

bone marrow tissues responsible for red blood cell formation. If B12

deficiency occurs, DNA production is disrupted and abnormal cells called

megaloblasts occur. This results in anaemia. Symptoms include excessive

tiredness, breathlessness, listlessness, pallor, and poor resistance to

infection. Other symptoms can include a smooth, sore tongue and

menstrual disorders. Anaemia may also be due to folic acid deficiency,

folic acid also being necessary for DNA synthesis.

B12 is also important in maintaining the nervous system. Nerves are

surrounded by an insulating fatty sheath comprised of a complex protein

called myelin. B12 plays a vital role in the metabolism of fatty acids

essential for the maintainence of myelin. Prolonged B12 deficiency can

lead to nerve degeneration and irreversible neurological damage.

When deficiency occurs, it is more commonly linked to a failure to

effectively absorb B12 from the intestine rather than a dietary

deficiency. Absorption of B12 requires the secretion from the cells

lining the stomach of a glycoprotein, known as intrinsic factor. The

B12-intrinsic factor complex is then absorbed in the ileum (part of the

small intestine) in the presence of calcium. Certain people are unable

to produce intrinsic factor and the subsequent pernicious anaemia is

treated with injections of B12.

Vitamin B12 can be stored in small amounts by the body. Total body store

is 2-5mg in adults. Around 80% of this is stored in the liver.

Vitamin B12 is excreted in the bile and is effectively reabsorbed. This

is known as enterohepatic circulation. The amount of B12 excreted in the

bile can vary from 1 to 10ug (micrograms) a day. People on diets low in

B12, including vegans and some vegetarians, may be obtaining more B12

from reabsorption than from dietary sources. Reabsorption is the reason

it can take over 20 years for deficiency disease to develop in people

changing to diets absent in B12. In comparison, if B12 deficiency is due

to a failure in absorption it can take only 3 years for deficiency

disease to occur.

Dietary Sources

The only reliable unfortified sources of vitamin B12 are meat, dairy

products and eggs. There has been considerable research into possible

plant food sources of B12. Fermented soya products, seaweeds and algae

have all been proposed as possible sources of B12. However, analysis of

fermented soya products, including tempeh, miso, shoyu and tamari, found

no significant B12.

Spirulina, an algae available as a dietary supplement in tablet form,

and nori, a seaweed, have both appeared to contain significant amounts

of B12 after analysis. However, it is thought that this is due to the

presence of compounds structurally similar to B12, known as B12

analogues. These cannot be utilised to satisfy dietary needs. Assay

methods used to detect B12 are unable to differentiate between B12 and

it's analogues, Analysis of possible B12 sources may give false positive

results due to the presence of these analogues.

Researchers have suggested that supposed B12 supplements such as

spirulina may in fact increase the risk of B12 deficiency disease, as

the B12 analogues can compete with B12 and inhibit metabolism.

The current nutritional consensus is that no plant foods can be relied

on as a safe source of vitamin B12.

Bacteria present in the large intestine are able to synthesise B12. In

the past, it has been thought that the B12 produced by these colonic

bacteria could be absorbed and utilised by humans. However, the bacteria

produce B12 too far down the intestine for absorption to occur, B12 not

being absorbed through the colon lining.

Human faeces can contain significant B12. A study has shown that a group

of Iranian vegans obtained adequate B12 from unwashed vegetables which

had been fertilised with human manure. Faecal contamination of

vegetables and other plant foods can make a significant contribution to

dietary needs, particularly in areas where hygiene standards may be low.

This may be responsible for the lack of aneamia due to B12 deficiency in

vegan communities in developing countries.

Good sources of vitamin B12 for vegetarians are dairy products or

free-range eggs. ½ pint of milk (full fat or semi skimmed) contains

1.2 µg. A slice of vegetarian cheddar cheese (40g) contains 0.5

µg. A boiled egg contains 0.7 µg. Fermentation in the manufacture

of yoghurt destroys much of the B12 present. Boiling milk can also

destroy much of the B12.

Vegans are recommended to ensure their diet includes foods fortified

with vitamin B12. A range of B12 fortified foods are available. These

include yeast extracts, Vecon vegetable stock, veggieburger mixes,

textured vegetable protein, soya milks, vegetable and sunflower

margarines, and breakfast cereals.

Also contains water, fructose, natural flavors, citric acid and

potassium sorbate.

Each teaspoon contains 1000 mcg of liquid vitamin B12.

The suggested usage of this supplement is 1 teaspoon (5mL) per day.

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