Re: Incessant humming

[Guest guest]

When you find out,,,,let me know! He he.

My son is 14 and still does it. He also used to make a call, kind of,,,,,like, "Whoo - who"...

............which would make kids all say, "Stop it, Ian"....or whatevrer at school.

SIgh........

It's gotten better, for the most part. But,,,,last week, he was asked to leave Study Hall adn finish it in the Office because he couldn't stop humming songs out loud. ugh.....

Robin

"Normal is just

a cycle

on a washing machine....."

From: Debbie Goldberg <debbiegoldberg@...>Subject: ( ) Incessant humming Date: Sunday, January 23, 2011, 11:30 AM

My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to "get the air out of him." It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to humming without realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an annoying person. Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!

[Guest guest]

How strange but my ds went through a humming phase as well. He's slowed down with it now as it used to be constant and kids did complain at school (sometimes I can't help but find the similarities between our kids so very compelling which makes me hate it when teachers say, {{insert condescending tone}} ...if you've seen one kid with aspergers's you've seen one kid with asperger's.) I've been in my son's classroom when he was humming and there was a ton of background noise going on. No way my son's humming was loud or bothersome with all the competing noises.

What I realized is that many kids do annoying/distracting things such as humming, talking out loud, singing to themselves, tapping their pencils, etc. Think about the work place, don't you see adults with  " noisy " habits, too? I honestly don't find humming terribly irritating and unless the room is extremely quiet, so I wonder if it's just one or two kids that are bothered by it and why aren't' THEY being taught how to cope with background noises? This is assuming your son isn't a loud hummer, btw. Just a different perspective for you to think about.

On Sun, Jan 23, 2011 at 12:30 PM, Debbie Goldberg <debbiegoldberg@...> wrote:

 

My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to " get the air out of him. " It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to humming without realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an annoying person.

Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!

[Guest guest]

Is it possible he does it in noisy situations as a reaction to overstimulation

from auditory input? It just occurred to me that the humming might give him one

noise to focus on and help him block out all the other distractions...Just a

thought.

-Tania

>

> My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it

when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the

way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to " get the air out of him. "

It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed

with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to

humming without realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad

about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an

annoying person.

>

> Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of

self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with

his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it

if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!

>

[Guest guest]

Yes, my son (age 5) gets discipline marks every day for making noises at school. They are often humming or tuneless humming-type noises. Sometimes it's more like grunting. My son was just diagnosed, so I'm hoping we will be able to get accommodations for this issue. Last week he got marks for hitting other children and throwing things - I guess he figures he might as well be naughty if he's going to get discipline marks regardless. Someone on this list recently said their child chews gum to solve this problem, so I just tried that with my son yesterday. It worked, but I never give my kids candy, so I think the shock of being offered the gum may have shut him up rather than the gum itself! He gave me a look like "who are you, and what have you done with my mother?"Elsewhere I read that a gluten-free diet can stop autistic kids from making noises.

We're going to look into that more as well. I've also read about kids listening to music or white noise. I guess the theory to that is they are making noises themselves to block out other noises in the room that they don't like. I haven't tried this one yet, but he does sometimes make noises in bed before he falls asleep at night, even though he's got his music on, so not sure if that one would work for him.

My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to "get the air out of him." It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to humming without realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an annoying person.

Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!

[Guest guest]

Debbie,

My son does the humming too, but not all the time. He will switch from humming to making clicking or smacking noises or blurting out random words or phrases like the word "epic" and repeat them over and over. He does this mostly either in very noisy and busy environments to help calm himself. Or when it is very quite, like in the classroom, he says it helps him concentrate or think. This is usually a problem in class as it is distracting to other students and he usually gets in trouble and sent to the office. We are currently fighting the school on this issue.

But for you, If he is doing this at school, I would recommend requesting a FBA be done to find out what the antecedent or "triggers" are for the humming. Then try to find out a more appropriate method for him to gain the same function of the behavior. If liking the way it feels is because it helps him stay calm due to anxiety then finding something to replace that humming with something more appropriate in class would be the way to go.

Has he ever been assessed by OT for sensory issues? Most AS kids have lot's of sensory issues. If he hasn't been assessed for OT, then doing should help you find out what they are.

Just my thoughts...hope it helps. ne

From: sopranotania <sopranotania@...>Subject: ( ) Re: Incessant humming Date: Monday, January 24, 2011, 1:50 PM

Is it possible he does it in noisy situations as a reaction to overstimulation from auditory input? It just occurred to me that the humming might give him one noise to focus on and help him block out all the other distractions...Just a thought. -Tania>> My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to "get the air out of him." It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to humming without

realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an annoying person. > > Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!>

[Guest guest]

Wow so crazy i just read this post , because just like ten minutes ago , my 5 year old son would not stop humming!!He does it all the time now! It didnt even click in my head that it could have something of more meaning on why he is doing it , until i read this! I can tell a lot of times when he does it , that he doesnt even realize he is doing it! MeaghanFrom: susanne hansen <s_hansen34@...> Sent: Mon, January 24, 2011 8:09:48 PMSubject: Re: ( ) Re: Incessant humming

Debbie,

My son does the humming too, but not all the time. He will switch from humming to making clicking or smacking noises or blurting out random words or phrases like the word "epic" and repeat them over and over. He does this mostly either in very noisy and busy environments to help calm himself. Or when it is very quite, like in the classroom, he says it helps him concentrate or think. This is usually a problem in class as it is distracting to other students and he usually gets in trouble and sent to the office. We are currently fighting the school on this issue.

But for you, If he is doing this at school, I would recommend requesting a FBA be done to find out what the antecedent or "triggers" are for the humming. Then try to find out a more appropriate method for him to gain the same function of the behavior. If liking the way it feels is because it helps him stay calm due to anxiety then finding something to replace that humming with something more appropriate in class would be the way to go.

Has he ever been assessed by OT for sensory issues? Most AS kids have lot's of sensory issues. If he hasn't been assessed for OT, then doing should help you find out what they are.

Just my thoughts...hope it helps. ne

From: sopranotania <sopranotania@...>Subject: ( ) Re: Incessant humming Date: Monday, January 24, 2011, 1:50 PM

Is it possible he does it in noisy situations as a reaction to overstimulation from auditory input? It just occurred to me that the humming might give him one noise to focus on and help him block out all the other distractions...Just a thought. -Tania>> My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to "get the air out of him." It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to humming without

realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an annoying person. > > Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!>

[Guest guest]

May be Listening Therapy or the Tomatis Therapy would help.From:

<jennywatson@...> Sent: Mon, January 24, 2011 2:20:34 PMSubject: Re: ( ) Incessant humming

Yes, my son (age 5) gets discipline marks every day for making noises at school. They are often humming or tuneless humming-type noises. Sometimes it's more like grunting. My son was just diagnosed, so I'm hoping we will be able to get accommodations for this issue. Last week he got marks for hitting other children and throwing things - I guess he figures he might as well be naughty if he's going to get discipline marks regardless. Someone on this list recently said their child chews gum to solve this problem, so I just tried that with my son yesterday. It worked, but I never give my kids candy, so I think the shock of being offered the gum may have shut him up rather than the gum itself! He gave me a look like "who are you, and what have you done with my mother?"Elsewhere I read that a gluten-free diet can stop autistic kids from

making noises.

We're going to look into that more as well. I've also read about kids listening to music or white noise. I guess the theory to that is they are making noises themselves to block out other noises in the room that they don't like. I haven't tried this one yet, but he does sometimes make noises in bed before he falls asleep at night, even though he's got his music on, so not sure if that one would work for him.

My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to "get the air out of him." It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to humming without realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an annoying person.

Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!

[Guest guest]

My son hummed and cleared his throat a lot in grade school, and the doctor

thought it was a kind of Tourettes.

He did this to help calm himself down. Actually, he really had no control over

the noises he made, which scared him, since he was not trying to annoy the

teacher or others around him. He felt like a freak. It was a real relief for the

doctor to tell him that he understood that my son couldn't help it and that

there were lots of kids like that, too. He also told him that as he got older

the sounds would either completely go away or that he would be able to control

them most of the time. Which is exactly what happened.

[Guest guest]

I wish I had some suggestions because then maybe I could get myself to stop! I

hum almost constantly and the more stressed I am the more I hum. I do have some

control when I'm out in public, though. I think maybe I've developed the

ability as I've gotten older. Nobody in my house complains, though. I don't

know if I did this as much as a child. I can't remember. I love to sing and I

love the sensory stimulation. The sound in my head and the feeling in my throat

is soothing. I'll get a song going through my head first thing in the morning

and that will get stuck with me all day. That is until my daughter starts

singing Ebay just to get me on another song. LOL. My son doesn't like when I

sing but he doesn't complain about the humming. Right now I have music from

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix going through my head. It's the music

used for the Ministry of Magic. I have it as a ringer on my phone and used it

as my alarm this morning. So now I'm stuck with it. Once someone said, " Are

you HUMMING?! " I didn't even know I was doing it. AGG!

Miriam

>

> My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it

when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the

way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to " get the air out of him. "

It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed

with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to

humming without realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad

about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an

annoying person.

>

> Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of

self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with

his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it

if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!

>

[Guest guest]

My son is 5 and hums often. He sings alot too, jingles from any commercial or song that stick with him. During a recent evaluation he hummed through a long part of it, but was still engaged and responsive to the evaluator. He was very tired that day, so I can relate to the idea that he may have been using it to help focus. And when doing worksheets at our table (alphabet, dot-dot, coloring, etc) he tends to sing or hum a tune. He also makes automobile sounds when playing with vehicles, cars, trucks, trains, helicopters, airplanes all have different sounds.

And SUSAN, the doctor you had for your son sounds wonderful! We moved and our current pediatrician looked at our son like he was an alien at the last appointment, I am trying to find another Ped that takes our insurance.

From: <tamaoki_s@...>Subject: ( ) Re: Incessant humming Date: Monday, January 24, 2011, 9:17 PM

My son hummed and cleared his throat a lot in grade school, and the doctor thought it was a kind of Tourettes. He did this to help calm himself down. Actually, he really had no control over the noises he made, which scared him, since he was not trying to annoy the teacher or others around him. He felt like a freak. It was a real relief for the doctor to tell him that he understood that my son couldn't help it and that there were lots of kids like that, too. He also told him that as he got older the sounds would either completely go away or that he would be able to control them most of the time. Which is exactly what happened.

[Guest guest]

Thank you all for your ideas!

1. - Thanks for the encouragement; your doctor is very understanding. I

will tell my son your story.

2. - Thank you for putting things into perspective. It's true that people

need to be more tolerant.

3. - Thank you for the chewing gum suggestion. I will try sugarless and

hope that his teacher allows it in school. Good luck with getting your son the

accommodations he needs.

4. - I don't know what Tomatis Therapy is, but I will google it. Thank

you.

5. Tania - He hums when he's engaged in what he considers to be work or a chore

(eating, brushing teeth, showering, etc.). Maybe the humming helps him

concentrate.

6. ne - I don't know what an FBA is, but I will find out. He has not been

assessed for sensory issues, so I will look into that, too. I am so sorry about

your son getting sent to the office. What is wrong with the so-called adults

running a school?

Thanks again, everyone. This is new terrain for me. I hope I can be as helpful

with others one day. It's difficult to know whether behavior is due to

Asperger's or is part of typical childhood development.

[Guest guest]

Thanks for your comments about my son's doctor. I could almost see a weight lift

off of my son's shoulders when the doctor talked to him and explained that there

were many other kids just like him.

Just wanted to mention that there is a wide range of fidget toys or chew toys

for kids available over the web. So you don't need to always use chewing gum or

candy. I've even heard of " chewelry " - necklaces and bracelets made of soft

plastic that are safe to chew. Squidoo.com has an article that recommends

different products for different types of sensory input. This information may

help you figure out what might work best with your child. For my son, he was

comfortable with a tight belt and a weighted vest (which I made). Weird, but it

seemed to help.

[Guest guest]

Debbie you are very welcome! I just hope it helps you. An FBA is a functional behavior assessment that helps to determine the function of a certain behavior and what triggers it. If it is done properly it can be great in developing a Behavior Support Plan to address the behavior and teach replacement behavior. Check out www.wrightslaw.com for more information on FBAs, BSPs and many other things. Good luck and hugs! ne

From: Debbie Goldberg <debbiegoldberg@...>Subject: ( ) Re: Incessant humming Date: Tuesday, January 25, 2011, 10:00 AM

Thank you all for your ideas!1. - Thanks for the encouragement; your doctor is very understanding. I will tell my son your story.2. - Thank you for putting things into perspective. It's true that people need to be more tolerant.3. - Thank you for the chewing gum suggestion. I will try sugarless and hope that his teacher allows it in school. Good luck with getting your son the accommodations he needs.4. - I don't know what Tomatis Therapy is, but I will google it. Thank you.5. Tania - He hums when he's engaged in what he considers to be work or a chore (eating, brushing teeth, showering, etc.). Maybe the humming helps him concentrate.6. ne - I don't know what an FBA is, but I will find out. He has not been assessed for sensory issues, so I will look into that, too. I am so sorry about your son getting sent to the office. What is wrong with the so-called adults running a

school?Thanks again, everyone. This is new terrain for me. I hope I can be as helpful with others one day. It's difficult to know whether behavior is due to Asperger's or is part of typical childhood development.

[Guest guest]

Well, I think it's important to teach kids to be good neighbors. Some people never learned, that is true. But you don't want everyone in the class thinking of your kid as "that annoying kid who hums all the time." It isn't going to win them any party invites or friends. So I would think it a good idea to teach all kids not to hum.

They might do it when they are bored or to calm down. Sometimes it can become a habit. You should also consider if this is a tic as some kids with AS/HFA are prone to Tourette Syndrome.

My ds makes a lot of noises all day long. We e-school. So I don't have to deal with classmates being annoyed. But it is really distracting and annoying to ME! I just have been trying to make him aware he is doing it when he's doing it. He doesn't seem to pay attention or realize he is doing it. So we are just focusing on self-awareness. But out in public, people stare when he gets started. The ones he does are really weird.

Roxanna

“Our lives begin to end the day we

become silent about things that matter.†- Luther King, Jr.

Re: ( ) Incessant humming

How strange but my ds went through a humming phase as well. He's slowed down with it now as it used to be constant and kids did complain at school (sometimes I can't help but find the similarities between our kids so very compelling which makes me hate it when teachers say, {{insert condescending tone}} ...if you've seen one kid with aspergers's you've seen one kid with asperger's.) I've been in my son's classroom when he was humming and there was a ton of background noise going on. No way my son's humming was loud or bothersome with all the competing noises.

What I realized is that many kids do annoying/distracting things such as humming, talking out loud, singing to themselves, tapping their pencils, etc. Think about the work place, don't you see adults with "noisy" habits, too? I honestly don't find humming terribly irritating and unless the room is extremely quiet, so I wonder if it's just one or two kids that are bothered by it and why aren't' THEY being taught how to cope with background noises? This is assuming your son isn't a loud hummer, btw. Just a different perspective for you to think about.

On Sun, Jan 23, 2011 at 12:30 PM, Debbie Goldberg <debbiegoldberg@...> wrote:

My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to "get the air out of him." It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to humming without realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an annoying person.

Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!

[Guest guest]

He he. I love it.

Robin

"Normal is just

a cycle

on a washing machine....."

From: tsnoo1 <tsnoo1@...>Subject: ( ) Re: Incessant humming Date: Tuesday, January 25, 2011, 7:03 PM

I just thought everyone might get a kick out of knowing my 6 year old Aspie incessantly sings patriotic songs he has learned in school. I constantly feel like I'm in a recruitment office, or on the set of a M. Cohen play.It's always an adventure!--> >> > My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to "get the air out of him." It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to humming without realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an annoying person. > > > > Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!> >>

[Guest guest]

lol, that's cute! lol.

Roxanna

“Our lives begin to end the day we

become silent about things that matter.†- Luther King, Jr.

( ) Re: Incessant humming

I just thought everyone might get a kick out of knowing my 6 year old Aspie incessantly sings patriotic songs he has learned in school. I constantly feel like I'm in a recruitment office, or on the set of a M. Cohen play.

It's always an adventure!

--

> >

> > My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to "get the air out of him." It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to humming without realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an annoying person.

> >

> > Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!

> >

>

[Guest guest]

Thanks, . I'll find out if listening therapy is available here. I see

the FDA has banned importation of Tomatis Therapy equipment on the grounds that

it is not a proven method. I want to do more research on that one before I

pursue it.

> >

> >

> >>My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it

> >>when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes

the

> >>way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to " get the air out of

him. "

> >>It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting

annoyed

> >>with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to

> >>humming without realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad

> >>about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an

> >>annoying person.

> >>

> >>

> >>Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of

> >>self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles

with

> >>his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore

it

> >>if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!

> >>

> >>

> >

>

[Guest guest]

You make up a " busy act " for him to do as an alternative. I know it isn't the

best solution, but if you show him his pointer finger and middle finger, ..how

they sit together.. and if they rub against each other.. like two legs walking,

...you can tell him to try and make his fingers " walk " every time he wants to

hum. Explain that his humming is just his body's way of trying to use up some

energy.. and that if he wants, he can make his fingers " take a jog " .. they can

just rub back and forth on each other, very quickly and most people won't notice

too much.

It's tough though. I understand. With my daughter.. she needs to make noise

whenever possible.

>

> My eight year old son has taken to humming all day. He doesn't seem to do it

when he's particularly anxious. I asked him about it and he says he likes the

way it feels. He said he likes to make noises and to " get the air out of him. "

It doesn't bother me, but he said that the kids at school are getting annoyed

with him and have asked him to stop. He said he stops and then goes back to

humming without realizing it a few minutes later. He says that he feels bad

about annoying others because he doesn't want them to think of him as an

annoying person.

>

> Does anyone have any suggestions? He seems to need to have some kind of

self-stimulating behavior. Before the humming, it forming saliva bubbles with

his mouth, which looked kind of disgusting to others, but they could ignore it

if they wanted. Thank you for any ideas!!

>

[Guest guest]

My son makes humming noises all the time when he's watching videos on You Tube

or playing a video game. He says he doesn't realize he's doing it. If I

mention it, it stops for awhile and then he'll fall into it again later. He

doesn't do it at school, it's usually during his own downtime. We usually let it

go as something that helps him relax unless he or his sister have friends over.

Then we'll remind him that although the humming doesn't bother us, it might

bother his friends and he makes attempts to stop humming at that time.