Re: a dentist's view

January 8, 2008

Bill:

Electromagnetic fields increase the release of mercury from amalgam tooth

fillings. See research by Prof Olle Johansson. The use of celphones and

towers has added to already high levels of elctromagnetic radiation.

One shouldn't trust the dental associations - they own patents for amalgam.

The rising consumption of white sugar in the Third World will lead to a rise

in demand for dentistry. Who would want to forgo the prospect of a multi

billion $ profit? That is called a conflict of interest.

I'm copying and pasting a long article from 's website.

Regards,

Dorothee

http://www.cqs.com/amalgam.htm

*Facts about Mercury and Dental Amalgam*

(with Medical Study References)

Bernard Windham, Editor- Chemical Engineer 12164 Whitehouse Road

Tallahassee, FL,32311 850-878-9024

I. Introduction

II. Toxicity and Health Effects of Mercury

III. Systemic Mercury Intake Levels from Amalgam Filling Exposure

IV. Immune System Effects and Autoimmune Disease

V. Medical Studies Finding Health Problems Related to Amalgam Fillings

VI. Documented Results of Removal of Amalgam Fillings

VII. Health Effects from Dental Staff Exposure to Mercury

VIII. Scientific Panel and Government Bodies That Have Found Amalgam

Fillings Unsafe

I. Toxic metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, etc. have been documented to

be neurotoxic, immunotoxic, reproductive/developmental toxins that according

to U.S. Government agencies cause adverse health effects and learning

disabilities to millions in the U.S. each year, especially children and the

elderly(105,160). Exposure of humans and animals to toxic metals such as

mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, aluminum, arsenic, chromium, manganese, etc.

is widespread and in many areas increasing. . The U.S. Center for Disease

Control(276) ranks toxic metals as the number one environmental health

threat to children. According to an EPA/ATSDR assessment, the toxic metals

mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium are all ranked in the top 7 toxics

having the most adverse health effects on the public based on toxicity and

current exposure levels in the U.S., with nickel and chromium also highly

listed. While there is considerable commonality to the health effects

commonly caused by these toxic metals, and effects are cumulative and

synergistic in many cases, this paper will concentrate on the health effects

of elemental mercury from amalgam fillings. The reason is that the public

appears to be generally unaware that considerable scientific evidence

supports that mercury is the metal causing the most widespread adverse

health effects to the public, and amalgam fillings have been well documented

to be the number one source of exposure of mercury to most people, with

exposure levels often exceeding Government health guidelines and levels

documented to cause adverse health effects.

II. Toxicity and Health Effects of Mercury

1. Dental amalgam contains about 50 % mercury. The average filling has 1

gram of mercury and leaks mercury vapor continuously due to mercury's low

vapor pressure along with loss due to galvanic action of mercury with

dissimilar metals in the mouth(182,192,292,348,349), resulting in

significant exposure for most with amalgam fillings(see Section III).

Mercury vapor is transmitted rapidly throughout the body, easily crosses

cell membranes, and like organic methyl mercury has significant toxic

effects at much lower levels of exposure than other inorganic mercury

forms(38,281,287,304,329). According to the U.S. EPA & ATSDR, mercury is

among the top 3 toxic substances adversely affecting large numbers of

people(217), and amalgam is the number one source of exposure for most

people(see III).

2. Mercury is the most toxic of the toxic metals. Mercury (vapor) is carried

by the blood to cells in all organs of the body where it:

(a) is cytotoxic(kills cells)

(2,21,27,36,56,147,148,150,160,210,259,295,333/333)

( penetrates and damages the blood brain barrier(311), resulting in

accumulation of mercury and other toxic substances in the brain(14,20,25,85,

99,175,273,301/262,274); also accumulates in the motor function

areas of the brain and CNS(48,291,327,329).

cells (19,27,34,36,43,69,70,147,148,175,207, 211,273,

291,295,327,329,301,303,395/39,262,274,303); generates high levels of

reactive oxygen species(ROS) and oxidative stress, depletes gluatathione and

thiols causing increased neurotoxicity from interactions of ROS, glutamate,

and dopamine(13,56,98,102,126,145,169,170,184,213,219, 250,

257,259,286,290,291,302,324,326,329); kills or inhibits production of brain

tubulin cells (66,67,161,166, 207,300); inhibits production of

neurotransmitters by inhibiting: calcium-dependent neurotransmitter

release(372), dihydroteridine reductase(27,122,257),nitric oxide

synthase(259), and effecting phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan

transport to neurons) (34,122,126,257,285,288,333/255,333)

(d) is immunotoxic(damages and inhibits immune T-cells, B-cells, neutraphil

function, etc.)

(17,27,31,38,44,45,46,60,127,128,129,130,152,155,165,181,226,252,270,285,316,355\

/272)

and induces ANA antibodies and autoimmune

disease(38,43,45,59,60,118,131,181,226,234,269,270,313,334,342,343)

(e) is nephrotoxic(toxic to kidneys) (14,20,203,223,260,268,334)

(f) is endocrine system-disrupting chemical(accumulates in pituitary gland

and damages or inhibits pituitary glands hormonal functions at very low

levels(9,19,20,25,85,99,105,273,312,327,348,369/274), adrenal gland

function(84,369), thyroid gland function(50,212,369), and disrupts enzyme

production processes at very low levels of exposure

(9,13,33,56,111,194,348,355,410-412)

(g) exposure to mercury vapor (or methyl mercury) causes rapid transmittal

through the placenta to the fetus

(20,22-24,27,38,39,61,112,186,281,287,304,311,338,339,348,361,366,20/4,22,37,39,\

41,42)

and significant developmental effects-much more damage to the fetus than for

maternal exposure to inorganic mercury and at lower exposure levels than for

for organic mercury(287,304,etc.).

(h) reproductive and developmental toxin

(2,4,9,10,22,23,24,37,38,41,61,105,149,160,275,276,281,305,338, 361,367,

20/4,39,55,149,162,255,308,339,357); damages

DNA(296,327,272,392,142,38,41,42) and inhibits DNA & RNA synthesis(114/149);

damages sperm, lowers sperm counts and reduces motility.

(4,37,104.105,159,160/4,

55,162); causes menstrual disturbances (9,27,146); reduces bloods ability to

transport oxygen to fetus and transport of essential nutrients including

amino acids, glucose, magnesium, zinc and Vit

B12(43,96,198,263,264,338,339,347); depresses enzyme isocitric dehydrogenase

(ICD) in fetus, causes reduced iodine uptake &

hypothyroidism(50,91,212,222,369) & learning deficits; causes learning

disabilities and impairment, and reduction in

IQ(1,3,38,110,160,285c,263,264/39), causes infertility

(4,9,10,24,38,121,146,357,365,367/4,10,55,162), causes birth defects

(23,35,37,38,110,142,241/241).

(i) prenatal/early postnatal exposure affects level of nerve growth factor

in the brain,impairs astrocyte function, and causes imbalances in

development of brain(38,119,161,175,194,305/175,255,39)

(j) causes cardiovascular damage and disease: including damage to vascular

endothelial cells, damage to sarcoplasmic reticula, sarcolemma, and

contractile proteins, increased white cell count, decreased oxyhemoglobin

level, high blood pressure, tachycardia, inhibits cytochrome P450/heme

synthesis(84), and increased risk of acute myocardial infarction

(35,59,202,205,212,232,306,310,351/201,308).

(k) causes immune system damage resulting in allergies, asthma, chronic

fatigue syndrome(CFS),and multiple sensitivities(MCS)

(8,17,45,46,52,60,75,86,87,90,97,101,128,129,131,154,168,181,212,226,228,230,265\

,

267,296,313,342,388/272) and neutrophil functional impairment(285/59,etc.).

(l) causes interruption of the cytochrome oxidase system/ATP energy

function(84) and progressive coproporphyrinuria, resulting in low energy,

digestive problems, and porphyrins in urine

(34,69,70,73,210,212,226,232,260)

(m) inhibition of immune system facilitates increased damage by bacterial,

viral, and fungal infections (17,45,59,129,131,251,296,350,40), and

increased antibiotic resistance(116,117,161,258,389,53).

(n) mercury causes significant destruction of stomach and intestine

epithelial cells, resulting in damage to stomach lining(leaky

gut)(222,Shelton,228) and accumulation of heliobacter pylori, a suspected

major factor in stomach ulcers and stomach cancer(256).

(o) causes mitochondrial release of calcium induced by modification of

the--SH groups of proteins (1,21,35,38,43,329,333),as well as damaging

enzymatic process(33,111,194,252,338,410-412) resulting in improper cysteine

regulation(194), inhibited glucose transfer(338,254), damaged sulfur

oxidation processes(33,338), and reduced glutathione availability (necessary

for detoxification)(13,126,54).

3. Mercury has been well documented to be an endocrine system disrupting

chemical in animals and people, disrupting function of the pituitary gland,

thyroid gland, enzyme production processes, and many hormonal functions at

very low levels of exposure . Mercury (especially mercury vapor) rapidly

crosses the blood brain barrier and is stored preferentially in the

pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and occipital cortex in direct proportion to

the number and extent of dental amalgam surfaces

(1,14,16,19,20,25,34,38,61,85,99,162,211, 273,274,287,327,348,360,366,369)

Thus mercury has a greater effect on the functions of these areas. The

pituitary gland controls many of the body's endocrine system functions and

secretes hormones that control most bodily processes, including the immune

system and reproductive systems . One study found mercury levels in the

pituitary gland ranged from 6.3 to 77 ppb(85), while another(348) found the

mean level to be 30ppb- levels found to be neurotoxic and cytotoxic in

animal studies. The hypothalamus regulates body temperature and many

metabolic processes. Mercury damage thus commonly results in poor bodily

temperature control, in addition to many problems caused by hormonal

imbalances. Such hormonal secretions are affected at levels of mercury

exposure much lower than the acute toxicity effects normally tested, as

previously confirmed by hormonal/reproductive problems in animal

populations(104). Mercury also damages the blood brain barrier and

facilitates penetration of the brain by other toxic metals and

substances(311).

4. Mercury's biochemical damage at the cellular level include DNA damage,

inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis(4,38,41,42,114,142,197,272,296,392/149);

alteration of protein structure(33,111,114,194,252/114); alteration of the

transport of calcium(333,43,254,329); inhibitation of glucose

transport(338,254), and of enzyme function and other essential

nutrients(96,198,254,263,264,338,339,347,410-412); induction of free radical

formation(13,54), depletion of cellular gluthathione(necessary for

detoxification processes) (111,126), inhibition of glutathione peroxidase

enzyme(13), endothelial cell damage(202), abnormal migration of neurons in

the cerebral cortex(149), and immune system damage (34,38,111,194,

226,252,272,316,325,355). Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species(ROS)

have been implicated as major factors in neurological disorders including

stroke, PD, Alzheimer's, ALS, etc.(13). Mercury induced lipid peroxidation

has been found to be a major factor in mercury's neurotoxicity, along with

leading to decreased levels of glutathione peroxidation and superoxide

dismustase(SOD)(13). Only a few micrograms of mercury severely disturb

cellular function and inhibit nerve growth(175,147,175,226,255,305).

Exposure to mercury results in metalloprotein compounds that have genetic

effects, having both structural and catalytic effects on gene

expression(114,241,296). Some of the processes affected by such

metalloprotein control of genes include cellular respiration, metabolism,

enzymatic processes, metal-specific homeostasis, and adrenal stress response

systems. Significant psysiological changes occur when metal ion

concentrations exceed threshold levels. Such metalloprotein formation also

appears to have a relation to autoimmune reactions in significant numbers of

people(114,60,313,342,368,369). Of a population of over 3000 tested by the

immune lymphocyte reactivity test(MELISA,60,275), 22% tested positive for

inorganic mercury and 8% for methyl mercury .

A direct mechinism involving mercury's inhibition of cellular enzymatic

processes by binding with the hydroxyl radical(SH) in amino acids appears to

be a major part of the connection to allergic/immune reactive conditions

such as autism, schizophrenia, eczema, psoriasis, and

allergies(410-412,etc.). For example mercury has been found to strongly

inhibit the activity of dipeptyl peptidase (DPP IV) which is required in the

digestion of the milk protein cassein(411,412). Studies involving a large

sample of autistic and schizophrenic patients found that over 90 % of those

tested had high levels of the milk protein beta-casomorphin-7 in their blood

and urine and defective enzymatic processes for digesting milk protein(410).

Elimination of milk products from the diet has been found to improve the

condition. Such populations have also been found to have high levels of

mercury and to recover after mercury detox(413,60,313). As mercury levels

are reduced the protein binding is reduced and improvement in the enzymatic

process occurs. Additional cellular level enzymatic effects of mercury's

binding with proteins include blockage of sulfur oxidation

processes(33,114), enzymatic processes involving vitimins B6 and B12,

effects on the cytochrome-C energy processes, along with mercury's adverse

effects on cellular mineral levels of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and lithium.

And along with these blockages of cellular enzymatic processes, mercury has

been found to cause additional neurological and immune system effects in

many through immune/autoimmune reactions (60,313).

But the effect on the immune system of exposure to various toxic substances

such as toxic metals and environmental pollutants has also been found to

have additive or synergistic effects and to be a factor in increasing

eczema, allergies, asthma, and sensitivity to other lesser allergens. Most

of the children tested for toxic exposures have found high or reactive

levels of other toxic metals, and organochlorine

compounds(413,313,414).Much mercury in saliva and the brain is also

organic, the most acutely

neurotoxic form(220,272), since mouth bacteria and other organisms in the

body methylate inorganic mercury to organic mercury(51, 81,225).

5. Because of the extreme toxicity of mercury, only ½ gram is required to

contaminate a 10 acre lake to the extent that a health warning would be

issued by the government to not eat the fish(151,160). Over half the rivers

and lakes in Florida have such health warnings(160). Some Florida panthers

that eat birds and animals that eat fish containing very low levels of

mercury(about 1 part per million) have died from chronic mercury

poisoning(104,160). Since mercury is an estrogenic chemical and reproductive

toxin, the majority of the rest cannot reproduce. The average male Florida

panther has higher estrogen levels than females, due to the estrogenic

properties of mercury(105,160). Similar is true of some other animals at the

top of the food chain like alligators, which are affected by mercury and

other hormone disrupting chemicals..

6. In addition to having estrogenic effects, mercury has other documented

hormonal effects including effects on the reproductive system resulting in

lowered sperm counts, defective sperm cells, and lowered testosterone levels

in males; menstrual disturbances and infertility in women; and increased

neurological problems related to lowered levels of neurotransmitters

dopamine, serotonin, and noreprenephrine

(4,9,38,104,105,107,140,141,275,276, 288,290,365,367,372).

7. An average amalgam filling contains over ½ gram of mercury, and the

average adult had at least 5 grams of mercury in fillings(unless most has

vaporized). Mercury in solid form is not stable, having low vapor pressure

and being subject to galvanic action with other metals in an oral

environment(182,192,292,348,349),so that within 10 years up to half has been

found to have been transferred to the and body of the host(34,35,182, &

section III).

8. Elemental mercury vapor is more rapidly transmitted throughout the body

than most other forms of mercury and has more much toxic effects on the CNS

and other parts of the body than inorganic mercury due to its much greater

capacity to cross cell membranes, according to the World Health Organization

and other studies (38,183, 282,287,360,section III). Mercury vapor rapidly

crosses the blood-brain barrier(14,85,311) and placenta of pregnant women

(20,22-24,27,38,105,162,186,231,281,287,304,308, 311,361) Developmental,

learning, and behavioral effects have been found from mercury vapor at much

lower levels than for exposure to methyl mercury(287,304). Similarly for

inhibition of some essential cellular processes(333,338,329).

9. Running shoes with ½ gram of mercury in the heels were banned by several

states, because the amount of mercury was considered dangerous to public

health and created a serious disposal problem. Mercury from dental offices

and human waste from people with amalgam fillings has much higher levels and

is a major source of mercury in Florida waters. One study found dental

offices discharge into waste water between 65 and 842 milligrams per dentist

per day(231), amounting to several hundred grams per year per office. This

is in addition to air emissions.

10. Studies have found that levels of exposure to the toxic metals mercury,

cadmium, and lead have major effects on classroom behavior, learning

ability, and also in mental patients and criminals behavior(3,160).

11. Long term occupational exposure to low levels of mercury can induce

slight cognitive deficits, lability, fatigue, decreased stress tolerance,

etc. Higher levels have been found to cause more serious neurological

problems(119,128,285,etc.). Occupational exposure studies have found mercury

impairs the body's ability to kill Candida albicans by impairment of the

lytic activity of neutrophils and myeloperoxidase in workers whose mercury

excretion levels are withing current safety limits(285). Such levels of

mercury exposure were also found to inhibit cellular respiratory burst. A

population of plant workers with average mercury excretion of 20 ug/ g

creatinine was found to have long lasting impairment of neutrophil function.

Another study(59) found such impairment of neutraphils decreases the body's

ability to combat viruses such as those that cause heart damage, resulting

in more inflamatory damage. Another group of workers with average excretion

rates of 24.7 ug/ g creatinine had long lasting increases in humoral

immunological stimulation of IgG, IgA, and IgM levels. Another study(285b)

found that workers exposed at high levels at least 20 years previous(urine

peak levels above 600 ug/L demonstrated significantly decreased strength,

decreased coordination, increased tremor, decreased sensation,

polyneuropathy, etc. Another study found that many of the symptoms and signs

of chronic candidiasis, multiple chemical sensitivity and chronic fatigue

syndromes are identical to those of chronic mercurialism and remit after

removal of amalgam combined with appropriate supplementation and gave

evidence to

implicate amalgam as the only underlying etiologic factor that is common to

all(404).

Other studies(285c) found that mercury at levels below the current

occupational safety limit causes adverse effects on mood, personality, and

memory- with effects on memory at very low exposure levels.

More studies found that long term exposure causes increased micronuclei in

lymphocytes and significantly increased IgE levels at exposures below

current safety levels(128), as well as maternal exposure being linked to

mental retardation(110) and birth defects(23,35,37,38,142,241,361/241).

III. Systemic Mercury Intake Level from Amalgam Fillings

* *

*1. The tolerable daily exposure* level for mercury developed in a report

for *Health Canada* is .014 micrograms/kilogram body weight(ug/kg) or

approximately 1 ug/day for average adult(217). The *U.S. EPA Health Standard

* for elemental mercury exposure(vapor) is 0.3 micrograms per cubic meter of

air(2). The U.S. ATSDR health standard(MRL) for mercury vapor is 0.2 ug/ M3

of air, and the MRL for methyl mercury is 0.3 ug/kg body weight/day(217).

For the average adult breathing 20 M3 of air per day, this amounts to an

exposure of 4 or 6 ug/day for the 2 elemental mercury standards. The EPA

health guideline for methyl mercury is 0.1 ug/kg body weight per day or 7 ug

for the average adult(2), or approx. 14 ug for the ATSDR acute oral

toxicicity standard. Since mercury is methylized in the body, some of both

types are present in the body. The older World Health Organization(183)

mercury health guideline(PTWI) is 300 ug per week total exposure or approx.

42 ug/day.

2. Mercury in the presence of other metals in the oral environment undergoes

galvanic action, causing movement out of amalgam and into the oral mucosa

and saliva(192). Mercury in solid form is not stable due to low vapor

pressure and evaporates continuously from amalgam fillings in the mouth,

being transferred over a period of time to the

host(15-19,26,31,36,79,83,211,182,183,199,298,299,303,332,335,371). The

daily total exposure of mercury from fillings is from 3 to 1000 micrograms

per day, with the average exposure being above 10 micrograms per day and the

average uptake over 5 ug/day (183,199,209,18,19,77,83,

85,100,335,352,371,etc.). (see further details continued)

A large study was carried out at the Univ. Of Tubingen Health Clinic in

which the level of mercury in saliva of 20,000 persons with amalgam fillings

was measured(199). The level of mercury in unstimulated saliva was found to

average 11.6 ug Hg/L, with the average after chewing being 3 times this

level. Several were found to have mercury levels over 1100 ug/L, 1 % had

unstimulated levels over 200 ug/L, and 10 % had unstimulated mercury saliva

levels of over 100 ug/L.. The level of mercury in saliva has been found to

be proportional to the number of amalgam fillings, and generally was higher

for those with more fillings. The following table gives the average daily

mercury exposure from saliva alone for those tested, based on the average

levels found per number of fillings and using daily saliva volumes of 890 ml

for unstimulated saliva flow and 80 ml for stimulated flow (estimated from

measurements made in the study and comparisons to other studies). It also

gives the 84th percentile mercury exposure from saliva for the 20,000 tested

by number of fillings. Note that 16% of all of those tested with 4 amalgam

fillings had daily exposure from their amalgam fillings of over 17 ug per

day, and even more so for those with more than 4 fillings.

Table: Average daily mercury exposure in saliva by number of amalgam

fillings(199)

Number of fillings: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Av. Daily Hg(ug) 6.5 8 9.5 11 12.4 14 15.4 16.9 18.3 19.8 21.3 22.8 24.3

84th percentile(ug) 17 23.5 26 30.5 35 41.5 43.8 48.6 50.3 46.7 56.6 61.4

64.5

Saliva tests for mercury are commonly performed in Europe, and many other

studies have been carried out with generally comparable

results(292,315,79,9b,335,179,317,352). Another large German study(352)

found significantly higher levels than the study summarized here, with some

with exposure levels over 1000 ug/day.

Three studies that looked at a population with more than 12 fillings found

generally higher levels than this study, with average mercury level in

unstimulated saliva of 29 ug/L(18), 32.7 ug/L (292c), and 175 ug/day(352).

The average for those with 4 or less fillings was 8 ug/L(18). While it will

be seen that there is a significant correlation between exposure levels and

number of amalgam surfaces and exposure generally increases as number of

fillings increases, there is considerable variability for a given number of

fillings. Some of the factors that will be seen to influence this

variability include composition of the amalgam, whether person chews gum or

drinks hot liquids, bruxism, oral environmental factors, type of tooth patse

used, etc.

The Tubingen study did not assess the significant exposure route of

intraoral air and lungs. One study that looked at this estimated a daily

average burden of 20 ug from ionized mercury from amalgam fillings absorbed

through the lungs(191), while a Norwegian study found the average level in

oral air to be 0.8 ug/M3(176). Another study at a Swedish University(335)

measured intraoral air mercury levels from fillings of from 20 to 125 ug per

day, for persons with from 18 to 82 filling surfaces. Another study found

similar results(83), and some individuals have been found to have intraoral

air mercury levels above 400 ug/ M3 (319). Most of those whose intraoral air

mercury levels were measured exceeded Gov't health guidelines for workplace

exposure(2).

The studies also determined that the number of fillings is the most

important factor related to mercury level, with age of filling being much

less significant(319b). Different filling composition/manufacturer can also

make a difference in exposure levels( as will be further discussed). The

authors of the Tubingen study calculated that based on the test results with

estimates of mercury from food and oral air included, over 40 % of those

tested in the study received daily mercury exposure higher than the WHO

standard(PTWI). As can be seen most people with several fillings have daily

exposure exceeding the Health Canada TDE and the U.S. EPA and ATSDR health

guideline for mercury(2,209,199,etc.), and many tested in past studies have

exceeded the older and higher WHO guideline for mercury(183), without

consideration of exposure from food, etc..

3. The main exposure paths for mercury from amalgam fillings are absorption

by the lungs from intraoral air; vapor absorbed by saliva or swallowed;

amalgam particles swallowed; and membrane, olfactory, venous, and neural

path transfer of mercury absorbed by oral mucosa, gums, etc.

(6,17,18,31,34,77,79,83,94,133,182,209,211, 216,222,319, 335,348,364) A

study at Stockholm Univ.(335) made an effort to determine the respective

parts in exposure made by these paths. It found that the majority of

excretion is through feces, and that the majority of mercury exposure was

from elemental vapor. Daily exposure from intraoral air ranged from 20 to

125 ug of mercury vapor, for subjects with number of filling surfaces

ranging from 18 to 82. Daily excretion through feces amounted to from 30 to

190 ug of mercury, being more variable than other paths. Other studies had

similar findings(6,15,16,18,19,25,31,36,79,80,83,115,196,386.)

The feces mercury was essentially all inorganic with particles making up at

most 25%, and the majority being mercury sulfuhydryl compounds- likely

originating as vapor. Their study and others reviewed found that at least

80% of mercury vapor reaching the lungs is absorbed and enters the blood

from which it is taken to all other parts of the body(335,348,349,363).

Elemental mercury swallowed in saliva can be absorbed in the digestive tract

by the blood or bound in sulfhydryl compounds and excreted through the

feces. A review determined that approx.20 % of swallowed mercury sulfhydryl

compounds are absorbed in the digestive tract, but approx 60% of swallowed

mercury vapor is absorbed(292,335,348). At least 80% of particle mercury is

excreted. Approx. 80% of swallowed methyl mercury is

absorbed(335,199,etc.)e, with most of the rest being converted to inorganic

forms apparently. The primary detoxification/excretion pathway for mercury

absorbed by the body is as mercury-glutathione compounds through the

liver/bile loop to feces(111,252), but some mercury is also excreted though

the kidneys in urine and in sweat. The range of mercury excreted in urine

per day by those with amalgams is usually less than 15

ug(6,49,83,138,174,335,etc.), but some patients are much higher(93). A large

NIDH study of the U.S. military population(49) with an average of

19.9amalgam surfaces and range of 0 to 60 surfaces found the average

urine level

was 3.1 ug/L, with 93% being inorganic mercury. The average in those with

amalgam was 4.5 times that of controls and more than the U.S. EPA maximum

limit for mercury in drinking water(218). The avergage level of those with

over 49 surfaces was over 8 times that of controls. The same study found

that the average blood level was 2.55 ug/L, with 79 % being organic mercuy.

The total mercury level had a significant correlation to the number of

amalgam fillings, with fillings appearing to be reponsible for over 75% of

total mercury. From the study results it was found that each 10 amalgam

surfaces increased urine mercury by approx. 1 ug/L. A study of mercury

species found blood mercury was 89% organic and urine mercury was 87%

inorganic(349b), whicle another study(363) found on average 77% of the

mercury in the occipital cortex was inorganic. In a population of women

tested In the Middle East(254), the number of fillings was highly correlated

with the mercury level in urine, mean= 7 ug/L. Nutrient transport and renal

function were also found to be adversely affected by higher levels of

mercury in the urine.

As is known from autopsy studies for those with chronic exposure such as

amalgam fillings (1,14,17,20,31,34,85,94), mercury also bioaccumulates in

the brain/CNS(301,274,327,329,348,18,19,85),liver, kidneys,

(14,85)heart(59,205,348)), and oral mucosa(174,192) with the half life in

the brain being over 20 years. Elemental mercury vapor is transmitted

throughout the body via the blood and readily enters cells and crosses the

blood-brain barrier, and the placenta of pregnant women(38,61,287,311,361),

at much higher levels than inorganic mercury and also higher levels than

organic mercury. Significant levels are able to cross the blood brain

barrier, placenta, and also cellular membranes into major organs such as the

heart since the oxidation rate of Hg0 though relatively fast is slower than

the time required by pumped blood to reach these organs(290,370). Thus the

level in the brain and heart is higher after exposure to Hg vapor than for

other forms(360,370). While mercury vapor and methyl Hg readily cross cell

membranes and the blood-brain barrier, once in cells they form inorganic

mercury that does not readily cross cell membranes or the blood brain

barrier readily and is responsible for the majority of toxicity effects.

Thus inorganic mercury in the brain has a very long half life(274,etc.).

4. The average amalgam filling has approximately 0.5 grams(500,000 ug) of

mercury. As much as 50% of mercury in fillings has been found to have

vaporized after 5 years and 80% by 20 years(182,204). Mercury vapor from

amalgam is the *single largest source of systemic mercury intake* for

persons with amalgam fillings, ranging from 50 to 90 % of total exposure.

(14,16,17,19,36,57,61,78-83,94,129,130,138,161,167,183, 191,

196,211,216,273,292,303,332,), averaging about 80% of total systemic intake.

After filling replacement levels of mercury in the blood, urine, and feces

typically temporarily are increased for a few days, but levels usually

decline in blood and urine within 6 months to from 60 to 85% of the original

levels(57,79,82,89,196,303). Mercury levels in saliva and feces usually

decline between 80 to 95% (79,196,335,386)

5. Having dissimilar metals in the teeth(e.g.-gold and mercury) causes

galvanic action, electrical currents, and much higher mercury vapor levels

and levels in tissues. (182,192,292,348,349,390,19,25,27,29,30,47,48,100)

Average mercury levels in gum tissue near amalgam fillings are about 200

ppm, and are the result of flow of mercury into the mucous membrane because

of galvanic currents with the mucous membrane serving as cathode and amalgam

as cathode(192). Average mercury levels are often 1000 ppm near a gold cap

on an amalgam filling due to higher currents when gold is in contact with

amalgam (30,25,35,48,58). These levels are among the highest levels ever

measured in tissues of living organisms, exceeding the highest levels found

in chronically exposed chloralkali workers, those who died in Minamata, or

animals that died from mercury poisoning. Concentrations of mercury in oral

mucosa for a population of patients with 6 or more amalgam fillings taken

during oral surgery were 20 times the level of controls(174). These levels

are much higher than the FDA/EPA action level for prohibiting use of food

with over 1 ppm mercury. Likewise the level is tremendously over the U.S.

Dept. Of Health/EPA drinking water limit for mercury which is 2 parts per

billion(218). Studies have shown that mercury in the gums such as from root

caps for root canaled teeth result in chronic inflammation, in addtion to

migration to other parts of the body(200,47). Mercury and silver from

fillings can be seen in the tissues as amalgam " tatoos " , which have been

found to accumulate in the oral mucosa as granules along collagen bundles,

blood vessels, nerve sheaths, elastic fibers, membranes, striated muscle

fibers, and acini of minor salivary glands. Dark granules are also present

intracellularly within macrophasges, multinucleated giant cells, endothelial

cells, and fibroblasts. There is in most cases chronic inflammatory response

or macrophagic reaction the the metals(47), usually in the form of a

foreingn body granuloma with multinucleated giant cells of the foreign body

and Langhans types.

The component mix in amalgams has also been found to be an important factor

in mercury vapor emissions. The level of mercury and copper released from

high copper amalgam is as much as 50 times that of low copper amalgams(191).

Studies have consistently found modern high copper non gamma-two amalgams

have greater release of mercury vapor than conventional silver amalgams

(298,299). While the non gamma-two amalgams were developed to be less

corrosive and less prone to marginal fractures than conventional silver

amalgams, they have been found to be instable in a different mechanism when

subjected to wear/polishing/ chewing/ brushing: they form droplets of

mercury on the surface of the amalgams(182,297). This has been found to be a

factor in the much higher release of mercury vapor by the modern non

gamma-two amalgams. Recent studies have concluded that because the high

mercury release levels of modern amalgams, mercury poisoning from amalgam

fillings is widespread throughout the population " (95,199,238). Numerous

other studies also support this finding(Section IV).

Amalgam also releases significant amounts of silver, tin, and copper which

also have toxic effects, with organic tin compounds formed in the body being

even more neurotoxic than mercury(51,222,262)

7. Feces is the major path of excretion of mercury from the body, having a

higher correlation to systemic body burden than urine or blood, which tend

to correlate with recent exposure level (35,36,79,80,183, 278). For this

reason many researchers consider feces to be the most reliable indicator of

daily exposure level to mercury or other toxics. The average level of

mercury in feces of those with fillings is over 1 ppm and approx. 10 times

that of a similar group without fillings (79,80,83,335,386,25,), with

significant numbers of those with several filings having over 10 ppm and 170

times those without fillings(80). The *saliva test* is another good test for

daily mercury exposure, done commonly in Europe and representing one of the

largest sources of mercury exposure.

There is only a weak correlation between blood or urine mercury levels and

body burden or level in a target organ(36,157,183,278,11,etc.). Mercury

vapor passes through the blood rapidly(half-life in blood is 3 seconds,370)

and accumulates in other parts of the body such as the brain, kidneys,

liver, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, etc. Thus blood test measures mostly

recent exposure. As damage occurs to kidneys over time, mercury is less

efficiently eliminated (11,36,57,183, 216,260), so urine tests are not

reliable for body burden after long term exposure. Some researchers suggest

hair offers a better indicator of mercury body burden than blood or

urine(279), though still not totally reliable and may be a better indicator

for organic mercury than inorganic. Mercury hair level in a population

sampled in Madrid Spain ranged from 1.3 to 92.5 ppm. This study found a

significant positive correlation between maternal hair mercury and mercury

level in nursing infants. Hair mercury levels did not have a significant

correlation with urine mercury in one study(340) and did not have a

significant correlation to number of fillings(350). One researcher suggests

that mercury levels in hair of greater than 5 ppm are indicative of mercury

intoxication.

A new test approved by the FDA for diagnosing damage that has been caused by

toxic metals like mercury is the fractionated porphyrin test(260), that

measures amount of damage as well as likely source. Provocation challenge

tests after use of chemical chelators such as DMPS or DMSA also are

effective at measuring body burden(57), but can be dangerous to some people-

especially those still having amalgam fillings or those allergic to sulfur

drugs or sulfites. Many studies using chemical chelators such as DMPS or

DMSA have found post chelation levels to be poorly correlated with

prechelation blood or urine levels(57,115,303), but one study (340) found a

significant correlation between pre and post chelation values when using

DMPS. Challange tests using DMPS or DMSA appear to have a better correlation

with body burden and toxicity symptoms such as concentration , memory, and

motor deficits(290)- with many studies finding a significant correration

between post chelation mercury level and the number of amalgam

surfaces(57,172,173,222,290,292,273,303). Several doctors use 16 ug/L as the

upper bound for mercury after DMPS challange, and consider anyone with

higher levels to have excess body burdern(222,352). However one study(290)

found significant effects at lower levels. Some researchers believe DMSA has

less adverse side effects than DMPS and prefer to use DMSA for chelation for

this reason. Some studies have also found DMSA as more effective at removing

mercury from the brain. Another chelator used for clogged arteries, EDTA,

forms toxic compounds with mercury and can damage brain function(307). Use

of EDTA may need to be restricted in those with high Hg levels.

N-acetylcystein(NAC) has been found to be effective at increasing cellular

glutathione levels and chelating mercury(54). Experienced doctors have also

found additional zinc to be useful when chelating mercury(222). Also lipoic

acid has been found to dramatically increase excretion of inorganic

mercury(over 12 fold), but to cause decreased excretion of organic

mercury(54).

8. The number of amalgam surfaces has a statistically significant

correlation to :

(a) blood plasma mercury level (17,49,79,89,133,211)(usually not as strong

as other measures)

( urine mercury level

(38,49,57,76,77,79,82,83,134,138,167,176,254,303,332,335)

(d) saliva and oral mucosa(18,58,77,79,117,179,174,199,211,222,292,315,317)

(e) feces mercury (25,79,80,83,115,117,182,335,386)

(f) pituitary gland (19,20,25,85,99,273/274)

(g) brain occipital cortex (14,16,19,25,34,85,211,273,348,366/274)

(h) renal(kidney) cortex(14,16,19,20,85,273,348,366)

(I) liver(14,19,85,366)

(j) motor function areas of the brain & CNS: brain stem, cerebellum,

rhombencephalon, dorsal root ganglia, and anterior horn motor neurons

(48,291,327,329,etc.)

(k) fetal and infant liver/brain levels(61,112,186,231) related to maternal

fillings.

9. A person with amalgam fillings has daily systemic intake from mercury

vapor of between 3 and 70 micrograms of mercury, with the average being at

least 7 micrograms(ug) per day (18,77,83,85,93,138,183,199,211,292,315,335).

In a large German study, the median daily exposure for those with fillings

through saliva was approx. 10 ug/day, 4% of those with fillings had daily

exposure through saliva of over 80 ug/day, and 1% had over 160 ug/day(199).

The methods and results of the Tubingen study(199) were similar to those of

other German studies(292,315,9, 138, 317,335). Total intake is proportional

to the number and extent of amalgam surfaces, but other factors such as

chewing gum, drinking hot liquids, brushing or polishing, and using fluoride

toothpaste significantly increase the intake(15,18,28,31,100,134-137,182,

183,199,209,211,292,317,319,348,349,350). Vapor emissions range up to 200

ug/M3 (35) and are much higher after chewing(137,319). After chewing, those

with amalgams had levels over 50 times higher than those without, and the

average level of exposure was 29 ug/day for those with at least 12 occlusal

surfaces(18). At least 30% of those having amalgam fillings tested in a

large German study had ingested mercury levels exceeding the WHO PTWI

mercury standard of 43 ug/day (199,183), and over 50% of those with 6 or

more fillings had daily exposures more than the U.S. EPA health guideline

level(199) of 0.1 ug/kg body weight/day(199). The median daily exposure

through saliva for those with 10 or more fillings was over 10 times that of

those with no fillings(199,292,315,318). Mercury level in saliva has been

found to give much better indication of body levels than blood or urine

levels(36). Most people with fillings have daily exposure levels exceeding

the U.S. ATSDR and EPA health guideline levels

(2,36,83,89,183,199,209,217,261,292,335,93)

10. The blood and urine mercury load of a person with amalgam fillings is

often 5 times that of a similar person

without.(14,16,17,79,80,82,93,136,138, 303,315,317,318) The average blood

level for one large population was 5 ug/l(176). Normal blood levels are less

than 20 ppb, but health effects have been observed in patients in the upper

part of this range. A Swedish study estimated the total amount mercury

swallowed per day from intra-oral vapor was 10 micrograms per day(177),and a

large German study(199) found median exposure through saliva alone for those

with fillings to be about 10 ug/day, with many having several fillings with

over 10 times that level. Other studies have found similar

amounts(18,83,211,183,209).

11. Teeth are living tissue and have massive communication with the rest of

the body via blood, lymph, and nerves. Mercury vapor (and bacteria in teeth

) have paths to the rest of the body. (34,etc.) German studies of mercury

loss from vapor in unstimulated saliva found the saliva of those with

amalgams had at least 5 times as much mercury as for

controls(138,199,292,315).

12. Mercury (especially mercury vapor) rapidly crosses the blood brain

barrier and is stored preferentially in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus,

and occipital cortex in direct proportion to the number and extent of

amalgam surfaces.(14,19,20,25,34,38,85,99,273,274,287,348,366) Thus mercury

has a greater effect on the functions of these areas. The range in one study

was 2.4 to 28.7 ppb(85), and one study found on average that 77% of the

mercury in the occipital cortex was inorganic(363).

13. Some mercury entering nasal passages is absorbed directly into the

olfactory lobe and brain without coming from blood(34,35,182,222,348,364).

Mercury also is transported along the axons of nerve fibres

(5,25,34,35,327,329).

14. Mercury has a long half life in the body and over 20 years in the brain,

and chronic low level intake results in a slow accumulation in body tissues.

(20,34,35,38,85,etc.)

15. Methyl mercury is more toxic to some body processes than inorganic

mercury. Mercury from amalgam is methylated by bacteria and candida albicans

in the mouth and intestines(51,81,98,182,225). Oral bacteria streptococommus

mitior,S.mutans, and S.sanguis were all found to methylate mercury(81). High

levels of Vit B12 in the system also have been found to result in increased

methyl mercury concentrations in the liver and brain(51). Methyl mercury is

10 times more potent in causing genetic damage than any other known chemical

(Ramel, in(35)), and also crosses the blood-brain barrier readily. Once

mercury vapor or methyl mercury are converted to inorganic mercury in cells

or the brain, the mercury does not readily cross cell membranes or the

blood-brain barrier. Thus mercury has a very long half life in the brain.

N-acetylcysteine(NAC) has been found to be effective at increasing

glutathione levels and chelating methyl mercury(54,126).

16. The level of mercury in the tissue of the fetus, new born, and young

children is directly proportional to the number of amalgam surfaces in the

mother's mouth. (20,23,61,112,210,361) The level of mercury in umbilical

cord blood and placenta was higher than that in mother's blood(22,186). The

saliva and feces of children with amalgams have approximately 10 times the

level of mercury as children without(25,315,386), and much higher levels in

saliva after chewing. A group of German children with amalgam fillings had

urine mercury level 4 times that of a control group without amalgams(76),

and in a Norwegian group with average age 12 there was a significant

correlation between urine mercury level and number of amalgam fillings(167).

The level of mercury in maternal hair was significantly correlated to level

of mercury in nursing infants(279). One study found a 60% increase in

average cord blood mercury level between 1980 and 1990 in Japan(186).

17. Mercury from amalgam in the blood of pregnant women crosses the placenta

and appears in amniotic fluid and fetal blood, liver, and pituitary gland

soon after placement (20,22,23,31,36,61,162,186,281,348,366). Dental

amalgams are the main source of mercury in breast milk(112,186,304,339,20).

Milk increases the bioavailability of mercury(112,304,391) and mercury is

often stored in breast milk and the fetus at much higher levels than that in

the mother's tissues (19,20,22,23,61,112,186,210, 287,304). The level of

mercury in breast milk was found to be significantly correlated with the

number of amalgam fillings(61), with milk from mothers with 7 or more

fillings having levels in milk approx. 10 times that of amalgam free

mothers. The milk sampled ranged from 0.2 to 6.9 ug/L. Several authors

suggest use of early mother's milk as a screen for potenital problems since

it is correlated both to maternal and infant mercury levels. The highest

level is in the pituitary gland of the fetus which affects development of

the endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems. The fetal mercury content

after maternal inhalation of mercury vapor was found to be approx. 40 times

that for maternal exposure to an equivalent dose of inorganic

mercury(281,287), and developmental behavioral effects from vapor have been

found at levels considerably below that required for similar effects by

methyl mercury(20,49,119c,264,287,304,338). The level of total mercury in

nursing infants was significantly correlated to total mercury level in

maternal hair(22,279).

18. There is a significant correlation between number of amalgam fillings of

the mother and the level of the fetus and older infants(20,23,61,304), and

also with the level in mother's milk (19,20,38,112, 304). Fertile women

should not be exposed to vapor levels above government health

guidelines(38,61,182,282) ;the U.S. ATSDR mercury health MRL of 0.2 mcg/M3

(2,217); or have amalgams placed or removed during

pregnancy(20,182,231,304,etc.).

IV. Immune System Effects and Autoimmune Disease

1. Many thousands of people with symptoms of mercury toxicity have been

found in tests to have high levels of mercury, and many thousands who have

had amalgam fillings removed(most) have had health problems and symptoms

alleviated or greatly improved(see Section VI). From clinical experience

some of the symptoms of mercury sensitivity/mercury poisoning include

chronic fatigue, dizziness, frequent urination, insomnia, headaches, chronic

skin problems, metallic taste, gastrointestinal problems, asthma(8,97),

stuffy nose, drycrusts in nose, rhinitis, plugged ears, ringing ears, chest

pain, hyperventilation, diabetes, spacy feeling, chilly, chronic skin

problems, immune and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular problems and many

types of neurological problems

(26,34,35,36,38,45,59,60,69,70,71,75,91,109,148,165,204,212,199,246,255,268-270,\

290,291,294,

313,343). Amalgam results is chronic exposure rather than acute exposure and

accumulation in body organs over time, so most health effects are of the

chronic rather than acute in nature, but serious health problems have been

documented to be related to amalgam and researchers have attributed some

deaths as due to amalgam (356,32,245).

2. Mercury vapor exposure at very low levels adversely affects the immune

system(17,27,31,38,45,60,84,118,129,

131,165,226,270,285,296,313,355368,369). From animal studies it has been

determined that mercury damages T-cells by generating reactive oxygen

species(ROS), depleting the thiol reserves of cells, damaging and decreasing

the dimension of mitochondria, causing destruction of cytoplasmic organelles

with loss of cell membrane integrity, inhibiting ability to secrete

interleukin IL-1 and IL-2R, and inactivating or inhibiting enzyme systems

involving the sulphydrol protein groups(226). Mercury caused adverse effects

on both neutrophil and macrophage function and after depletion of thiol

reserves, T-cells were susceptible to Hg induced cellular death

(apoptosis).(226,272,355) Interferon syntheses was reduced in a

concentration dependent manner with either mercury or methyl mercury as well

as other immune functions(131), and low doses also induce aggregation of

cell surface proteins and dramatic tyrosine phosporlation of cellular

proteins related to asthma, allergic diseases such as eczema and lupus, and

autoimmunity(181). One study found that insertion of amalgam fillings or

nickel dental materials causes a supression of the number of

T-lympocytes(270), and impairs the T-4/T-8 ratio. Low T4/T8 ratio has been

found to be a factor in lupus, anemia, MS, eczema, inflamatory bowel

disease, and glomerulonephritis.

Mercury induced autoimmunity in animals and humans has been found to be

associated with mercury's expression of major histocompatibility

complex(MHC) class II genes(226). Both mercuric and methyl mercury chlorides

caused dose dependent reduction in immune B-cell production. (316) B-cell

expression of IgE receptors were significantly reduced(316,165), with a

rapid and sustained elevation in intracellular levels of calcium

induced(316,333). Both forms are immontoxic and cytotoxic ant very low

levels seen in individuals. Mercury also inhibited B-cell and T-cell RNA and

DNA synthesis. The inhibition of these functins by 50 % occurred rapidly at

very low levels, in the range of 10 to 25 ug/L. All types of cells exhibited

a dose dependent reduct in cellular glutathione when exposed to mercury,

inhibiting generation of GSH by lumpocutes and moncytes(252). Workers

occupationally exposed to mercury at levels within guidelines have been

found to have impairment of lytic activity of neutrophils and reduced

abiltiy of neutraphils to kill invaders such as candida(285). Low doses also

induced autoimmuntiy in some species(181,226,314,404,131,129,43). Another

effect found is increase in the average blood white cell count significantly

(35). The increased white count usually normalizes after amalgam removal.

Mercury also blocks the immune function of magnesium and zinc (198,38).

Several studies found adverse health effects at mercury vapor levels of 1 to

5 mcg/M3 (35). Large numbers of people undergoing amalgam removal have

clinically demonstrated significant improvements in the immune system

parameters discussed here and recovery and significant improvement in immune

system problems in most cases surveryed(Section VI).

3. Mercury from amalgam interferes with production of cytokines, disabling

early control of viruses and leading to enhanced infection(131,251). Both

mercuric and methyl mercury were equally highly toxic at the cellular level

and in causing cell volume redcutions(131). However methyl mercury inhibits

macrophage functions such as migration and phagocytosis at lower levels.

4. Body mercury burden was found to play a role in resistant infections such

as Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes family viral infections; it was found

many cases can only be effectively treated by antibiotics after removal of

body mercury burden(cilantro tablets were used with followup

antibiotics)(251,131). Similar results have been found for treatment of

cancer.

5. Mercury by its effect of weakening the immune system contributes to

increased chronic diseases and

cancer(91,180,237,239,222,234,355,38,40,etc,). Exposure to mercury vapor

causes decreased zinc and methionine availability, depresses rates of

methylation, and increased free radicals-all factors in increased

suscepability to cancer(14,34,38,143,144,180,237,239,251,256,283). Amalgam

fillings have also been found to be positively associated with mouth

cancer(206,251,403).

6. Among a group of patients testing positive as allergic to mercury, low

level mercury exposure was found to cause adverse immune system response,

including reduction of in vitro production of tumor necrosis factor TNF alfa

and interleukin-1. (152) Mercury also interrupts the cytochrome oxidase

system, blocking the ATP energy function(35,232) and impairing astrocyte

function(119).. These effects often result in fatigue and reduced energy

levels (35,60,119,140,141,182,202,212,232,235,313).

7. Toxic/allergic reactions to metals such as mercury often result in lichen

planus lesions in oral mucosa or gums and play a roll in pathogenesis of

periodontal disease. A high percentage of patients with oral mucosal

problems along with other autoimmune problems such as CFS have significant

immune reactions to mercury, palladium, gold, and

nickel(60,118,313,81,90,212,313,342,368,369,374,375), including to mercury

preservatives such as thimersol. 94% of such patients had significant immune

reactions to inorganic mercury(MELISA test) and 72% had immune reactions to

low concentrations of HgCl2(<0.5 ug/ml). 61% also had immune reaction to

phenylHg, which has been commonly used in root canals and cosmetics(313).

10% of controls had significant immune reactions to HgCl and 8.3% to

palladium. Removal of amalgam fillings usually results in cure of such

lesions. (46,60,75,78,82, 86, 87,90,94,101,118,133,168,313). Other studies

of patients suffering from chronic fatigue found similar results(374,375).

Of 50 patients suffering from serious fatigue refered for MELISA test(374),

over 70% had significant immune reaction to inorganic mercury and 50% to

nickel, with most patients also reactive to one or more other metals such as

palladium, cadmium, lead, and methyl mercury.

Mercury has been found to impair conversion of thyroid T4 hormone to the

active T3 form as well

as causing autoimmune thyroiditis common to such patients(374,382). In

general immune activation from toxics such as heavy metals resulting in

cytokine release and abnormalities of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal

axis can cause changes in the brain, fatigue, and severe psycholgical

symtoms(379-382,385,374,375, 118,60) such as profound fatigue, muscosketal

pain, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal and neurological problems as are

seen in CFS, fibromyalgia, and autoimmune thyroidititis. Such symptoms

usually improve significantly after amalgam removal. Such hypersensitivity

has been found most common in those with genetic predisposition to heavy

metal sensitivity(374,60), such as found more frequently in patients with

HLA-DRA antigens(383). A significant portions of the population appear to

fall in this category.

8. Patients with other systemic neurological or immune symptoms such as

arthritis, myalgia, eczema, CFS, MS, diabetes, etc. also often recover after

amalgam replacement (60,212,313,342,368,369,section VI). Of a group of 86

patients with CFS symptoms, 78% reported significant health improvements

after replacement of amalgam fillings within a relatively short period, and

MELISA test found significant reduction in lymphocyte reactivity compared to

pre removal tests(342,368). The improvement in symptoms and lymphocute

reactivity imply that most of the Hg-induced lymphocyte reactivity is

allergenic in nature. Although patch tests for mercury allergy are often

given for unresolved oral symptoms, this is not generally recommended as a

high percentage of such problems are resolved irrespective of the outcome of

a patch test(87,86,90,101,168,etc.) Also using mercury in a patch test has

resulted in some adverse health effects. A group of patients that had

amalgams removed because of chronic health problems, was able to detect

subjectively when a patch test used mercury salts in a double blind

study(373).

Of the over 3,000 patients tested for lymphocyte reactivity to

metals(342,368,375), the following were the percentages testing positive:

nickel- 34%, inorganic mercury- 23%, phenol mercury- 13%, gold- 12%,

cadmium- 11%, palladium- 11%, silver- 1%. Other studies have also found

relatively high rates of allergic reactions to inorganic mercury and

nickel(81,etc.). For groups with suspected autoimmune diseases such as

neurological problems, CFS, and oral lichen planus; most of the patients

tested positive to inorganic mercury and most of such patients health

improved significantly and immune reactivity declined after amalgam removal.

In a group of patients tested by MELISA before and after amalgam removal at

a clinic in Uppsula Sweden, the patients reactivity to inorganic mercury,

palladium, gold and phenyl mercury all had highly significant differences

from the control group, with over 20 % being hihgly reactive to each of

these metals(375). A high percentage were also reactive to nickel in both

groups. After amalgam revoval the immune reactivity to all of these metals

other than nickel declined significantly, and 76% reported significant long

term health improvements after 2 years. Only 2% were worse. The study

concluded that immune reactivity to mercury and palladium is common and

appears to be allegenic/immune related in nature since immune reactivity

declines when exposure levels are reduced. Such studies have also found that

deficiencies in detoxification enzymes such as glutathione transfereases

cause increased susceptibility to metals and other chemicals(384). Such

deficiencies can be due to genetic predisposition, but are also known to be

caused by acute or chronic toxic exposures.

For MS and lupus patients, a high percentage tested positive to nickel

and/or inorganic mercury.

A patch test was given to a large group of medical students to assess

factors that lead to sensitization to mercury(132). 13% tested positive for

allergy to mercury. Eating fish was not a significant factor between

sensitive and non- sensitized students, but the sensitized group had a

significantly higher average number of amalgam fillings and higher hair

mercury levels. In a population of dental students tested, 44% were positive

for allergy to mercury(156).

9. A high correlation has been found between patients subjectively diagnosed

with CNS & systemic symptoms suggestive of mercury intoxication and immune

reactivity to inorganic mercury(MELISA test,118) as well as with MRI

positive patients for brain damage. 81% of the group with health complaints

had pathological MRI results including signs of degeneration of the basal

ganglia of the brain, but none in the controls. 60% of the symptom group

tested positive for immune system reaction to mercury. Controls without CNS

problems did not have such positive correlations. The authors concluded that

immune reactions have an important role in development of brain lesions ,and

amalgam fillings induce immune reactions in many patients (91,118)(270,286).

Mercury,nickel,palladium, and gold induce autoimmunity in genetically

predisposed or highly exposed individuals(314,234,130342,). Tests have found

a significant portion of people to be in this category and thus more

affected by exposure to amalgam than others.

10. Low level mercury exposure(as well as other toxic metals) including

exposure to amalgam fillings has been found to be associated with increased

autoimmune diseases (19, 27,34,35,44,45,60,215,226,234,268,269,270, 313),

including lupus(12,60,113),Chrons Disease,lichen planus(86,87,90,168),

endometriosis (1,9,38,229). Silver also is released from amalgam fillings

and stored in the body and has been shown to cause immune complex deposits,

immune reactions and autoimmunity in animal studies (77,78,129,226,314).

11. Mercury exposure through fillings appears to be a major factor in

chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS) through its effects on ATP and immune

system(lymphocute reactivity, neutraphil activity, effects on T-cells and

B-cells) and its promotion of growth of candida albicans in the body and the

methylation of inorganic mercury by candida to the extremely toxic methyl

mercury form which like mercury vapor crosses the blood-brain barrier and

also damages and weakens the immune

system(222,225,226,234,235,265,293,38,60,313,342,368,369,404). Mercury

lymphocyte reactivity induces CFS type symptoms including profound

tiredness, musculoskeletal pain, sleep distubances, gastrointestinal and

neurological problems along with other CFS symptoms and

fibromyalgia(342,368,369). Mercury appears to be a factor in

fibromyalgia(293,369), and both inorganic and methyl mercury have been shown

in animal studies to induce autoimmune reactions and disease through effects

on immune system T cells(226,268,269,270/272.)

V. Medical Studies Finding Health Problems Related to Amalgam Fillings

(other than immune)

1. Neurological problems are among the most common and serious and include

memory loss, moodiness, depression, anger and sudden bursts of anger/rage,

self-effacement, suicidal thoughts, lack of strength/force to resolve doubts

or resist obsessions or compulsions, etc. Many studies of patients with

major neurological diseases have found evidence amalgam fillings may play a

major role in development of conditions such as

depression(107,109,212,222,271,294,212,229,233, 317,320,322),

schizophrenia(34,35,295), memory problems(212,222), and other more serious

neurological diseases such as MS, ALS, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's(see #

25.).

Calcium plays a major role in the extreme neurotoxicity of mercury and

methyl mercury. Both inhibit cellular calcium ATPase and calcium uptake by

brain microsomes at very low levels of exposure(333,329,56). Protein Kinase

C (PKC) regulates intracellular and extra cellular singals across neuronal

membranes, and both forms of mercury inhibit PKC at micromolar levels, as

well as inhibiting phorbal ester binding(43). They also block

or inhibit calcium L-channel currents in the brain in an irreversable and

concecentration dependent manner. Metallic mercury is much more potent than

methyl mercury in such actions, with 50 % inhibitation in animal studies at

13 ppb(333,329).

Mercury causes decreased lithium levels, which is a factor in neurological

diseases such as depression and Alzheimer's. Lithium protects brain cells

against excess glutamate and calcium, and low levels cause abnormal brain

cell balance and neurological disturbances (280,294,333,33,56 ). Medical

texts on neurology (27,295) point out that chronic mercurialism is often not

recognized by diagnosticians and misdiagnosed as dementia or neurosis or

functional psychosis or just " nerves " . " Early manifestations are likely to

be subtle and diagnosis difficult: Insomnia, nervousness, mild tremor,

impaired judgment and coordination, decreased mental efficiency, emotional

lability, headache, fatigue, loss of sexual drive, depression, etc. are

often mistakenly ascribed to psychogenic causes " . Very high levels of

mercury are found in brain memory areas such as the cerebral cortex and

hippocampus of patients with diseases with memory related symptoms

(158,34,207,etc.}

Animal studies of developmental effects of mercury on the brain have found

significant effects at extremely low exposure levels, levels commonly seen

in those with amalgam fillings or in dental staff working with amalgam. One

study(175) found mercury vapor decreased NGF concentration in rat's

forebrain at 4 parts per billion(ppb) tissue concentration. Another

study(134) found general toxicity effects at 1 micromole(uM) levels in

immature cell cultures, increased immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary

protein at 1 nanamole (0.2 ppb) concentration, and microglial response at

even lower levels. Other animal studies on rodents and monkeys have found

brain cellular migration disturbances, behavioral changes, along with

reduced learning and adaption capacity after low levels of mercury vapor

exposure (210,264,287,149). The exposure levels in these studies are seen in

the fetus and newborn babies of mother's with amalgam fillings or who had

work involving amalgam during pregnancy(61).

Epidemiological studies have found that human embryos are also highly

susceptible to brain damage from prenatal exposure to mercury.

Prenatal/early postnatal exposure to mercury affects level of nerve growth

factor(NGF) in the brain and causes brain damage and imbalances in

development of the brain (38,119,181,

305,259,210,149,305,24/39,175,255,149). Exposure of developing neuroblastoma

cells to sub-cytotoxic doses of mercuric oxide resulted in lower levels of

neurofilament proteins than unexposed cells(305). Mercury vapor exposure

causes impaired cell proliferation in the brain and organs, resulting in

reduced volume for cerebellum and organs and subtle

deficiencies(38,305).Exposure to mercury and 4 other heavy metals

tested for in a study of school

children accounted for 23% of the variation in test scores for reading,

spelling and visual motor skills(3). A Canadian study found that blood

levels of five metals were able to predict with a 98% accuracy which

children were learning disabled(3). Several studies found that mercury

causes learning disabilities and impairment, and reduction in

IQ(3,21,38,110,264,285c,279). Mercury has an effect on the fetal nervous

system at levels far below that considered toxic in adults, and background

levels of mercury in mothers correlate significantly with incidence of birth

defects and still births (23,38,287,10).

2. Numerous studies have found long term chronic low doses of mercury cause

neurological, memory, behavior,sleep, and mood

problems(3,34,60,69,70,71,74,107,

108,109,119,140,141,199,212,222,246,255,257, 258,282,290). Neurological

effects have been documented at very low levels of exposure(urine Hg< 4

ug/L), levels commonly received by those with amalgam fillings(290). One of

the studies at a German University(199) assessed 20,000 people. There is

also evidence that fetal or infant exposure causes delayed neurotoxicity

evidenced in serious effect at middle age(255,306). Organic tin compounds

formed from amalgam are even more neurotoxic than mercury(222,262). Studies

of groups of patients with amalgam fillings found significantly more

neurological, memory, mood, and behavioral problems than the control groups.

(3,34,107,108,109,140,141,199,212,222,290).

A high correlation has been found between patients subjectively diagnosed

with CNS & systemic symptoms suggestive of mercury intoxication and immune

reactivity to inorganic mercury(MELISA test,118) as well as with MRI

positive patients for brain damage. Controls without CNS problems did not

have such positive correlations. Mercury,nickel,palladium, and gold induce

autoimmunity in genetically predisposed or highly exposed

individuals(314,234,130342,). Tests have found a significant portion of

people to be in this category and thus more affected by exposure to amalgam

than others(see section V).

3. Mercury binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells thus reducing oxygen

carrying capacity(332,35), adversely affects the vascular response to

norepinepherin and potassium, and blocks entry of calcium ions into the

cytoplasm (1,16,17,21,33,35,333), and at 100 ppb can destroy the membrane of

red blood cells(35,22,17) and damage blood vessels- reducing blood supply to

the tissues (34,202,306). Amalgam fillings have been found to be related to

higher blood pressure, hemoglobin irregularities, tachycardia, chest pains,

etc.(201,202,205,212,222,306,310,35). Mercury also interrupts the cytochrome

oxidase system, blocking the ATP energy function(35,232) and impairing

astrocyte function(119).. These effects often result in fatigue and reduced

energy levels (35,60,119,140,141, 182,202,212,232,235,313). Mercury also

accumulates in the heart and damages myocardial and heart valves

(Turpayev,in (35)) & (59,201,205,306,351,370). Both mercury and methyl

mercury have been shown to cause depletion of calcium from the heart muscle

and to inhibit myosin ATPase activity by 50% at 30 ppb(59), as well as

reducing NK-cells in the blood and spleen. The interruption of the ATP

energy chemistry results in high levels of porphyrins in the urine(260).

Mercury,lead, and other toxics have different patterns of high levels for

the 5 types of porphyrins, with pattern indicating likely source and the

level extent of damage. The average for those with amalgams is over 3 time

that of those without, and is over 20 times normal for some severely

poisoned people(232,260). The FDA has approved a test measuring porphyrins

as a test for mercury poisoning. However some other dental problems such as

nickel crowns and root canals also can cause high porphyrins.

4. Patch tests for hypersensitivity to mercury have found from 2% to 44% to

test positive (87,154,156, 178, 267), much higher for groups with more

amalgam fillings and length of exposure than those with less. In studies of

medical and dental students, those testing positive had significantly higher

average number of amalgam fillings than those not testing positive(and

higher levels of mercury in urine(132,156). Of the dental students with 10

or more fillings at least 5 years old, 44% tested allergic. Based on these

studies and statistics for the number with 10 or more fillings, the percent

of Americans allergic to mercury just from this group would be about 17

million people especially vulnerable to increased immune system reactions to

amalgam fillings. However, the total would be much larger and patch tests do

not measure the total population getting toxic reactions from mercury. The

most sensitive reactions are immune reactions, DNA mutations,

developmental,enzyme inhibition, and systemic

effects(34,38,61,149,186,226,263,264,270,272,296,305,410-412/357).

5. People with amalgam fillings have an increased number of intestinal

microorganisms resistant to mercury and many standard antibiotics.

(35,116,117,161,389) Recent studies have found that drug resistant strains

of bacteria causing ear infections, sinuitis, and pneumonia moe than doubled

since 1996, and similar for strains of bacteria in U.S. rivers(53). Studies

have found a significant correlation between mercury resistance and multiple

antibiotic resistance (116,117,161,369), and have found that after reducing

mercury burden antibiotic resistance declines(251,389,40).

6. Mercury from amalgam binds to the -SH (sulphydryl) groups, resulting in

inactivation of sulfur and blocking of enzyme function, producing sulfur

metobolites with extreme toxicity that the body is unable to properly

detoxify(33,114). Sulfur is essential in enzymes, hormones, nerve tissue,

and red blood cells. These exist in almost every enzymatic process in the

body. Blocked or inhibited sulfur oxidation at the cellular level has been

found in most with many of the chronic degenertive diseases, including

Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, ALS, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, MCS, autism,

etc. Mercury also blocks the metabolic action of manganese and the entry of

calcium ions into cytoplasm(333). Mercury from amalgam thus has the

potential to disturb all metabolic processes(25,21,33,

35,56,60,111,180,194,197}. Mercury is transported throughout the body in

blood and can affect cells in the body and organs in different ways.

7. A large study of 20,000 subjects at a German university found a

significant relation between the number of amalgam fillings with periodontal

problems, neurological problems, and gastrointestinal problems(199).

Allergies and hair-loss were found to be 2-3 times as high in a group with

large number of amalgam fillings compared to controls(199,9). Levels of

mercury in follicular fluid was significantly higher for those with amalgam

fillings (9,146). Based on this finding, a Gynecological Clinic that sees a

large number of women suffering from alopecia/hair loss that was not

responding to treatment had amalgams replaced in 132 women who had not

responded to treatment. 68 % of the women then responded to treatment and

alopecia was alleviated(187). In other studies involving amalgam removal,

the majority had significant improvement (40,317). Higher levels of hormone

disturbances, immune disturbances, infertility, and recurrent fungal

infections were also found in the amalgam group. The results of hormone

tests, cell culture studies, an intervention studies agree(9,146). Other

clinics have also found alleviation of hair loss/alopechia after amalgam

removal and detox(40,317). Another study in Japan found significantly higher

levels of mercury in gray hair than in dark hair(402).

8. Mercury accumulates in the kidneys with increasing levels over time. One

study found levels ranging from 21 to 810 ppb. Mercury exposure has been

shown to adversely affect kidney function in occupational and animal studies

(20,203,211,260,etc.), and also in those with more than average number of

amalgam fillings(254).. Inorganic mercury exposure has been found to exert a

dose-dependent cytotoxicity by generating extremely high levels of hydrogen

peroxide, which is normally quenched by pyruvate and catalase(203). HgCl2

also has been found to impair function of other organelles such s lysomomes

that maintain transmembrane proton gradient, and to decrease glutathione

peroxidase activity in the kidneys while upregulating heme oxidase function.

The Government's toxic level for mercury in urine is 30 mcg/L (189), but

adverse effects have been seen at lower levels and low levels in urine often

mean high mercury retention and chronic toxicity problems.

9. Amalgam fillings produce electrical currents which increase mercury vapor

release and may have other harmful effects(19,27,28,29,30,35,100,192,194).

These currents are measured in micro amps. The central nervous system

operates on signals in the range of nano-amps, which is 1000 times less than

a micro amp(28). Negatively charged fillings or crown appear to cause higher

mercury vapor losses(35). Some studies have also

found persons with chronic exposure to electromagnetic fields(EMF) to have

higher levels of mercury excretion(28).

10. Mercury from amalgam fillings is transferred to the fetus of pregnant

women and children who breast feed at levels often higher than those of the

mother(18,19,20,23,31,38,61,112, 186,281). Mercury has an effect on the

fetal nervous system at levels far below that considered toxic in adults,

and background levels of mercury in mothers correlate significantly with

incidence of birth defects and still births(10,23,38,197,210,287,361).

Mercury vapor exposure causes impaired cell proliferation in the brain and

organs, resulting in reduced volume for cerebellum and organs and subtle

deficiencies(38,305).

11. Since mercury(all forms) is documented from studies of humans and

animals to be a reproductive and developmental

toxin(23,38,61,105,186,224,255,287.305,etc.), mercury can reduce

reproductive function and cause birth defects and developmental problems in

children(2,4,9,10,20,23,24,31,37,38,39,41,55,61,104,146,159, 162,224,255).

Clinical evidence indicates that amalgam fillings lead to hormone imbalances

that can reduce fertility(9,38,55,4,105,146,367). Mercury has been found to

cause decreased sperm volume and motility ,increased sperm abnormalities and

spontaneous abortions, increased uterine fibroids/endometritis, and

decreased fertility in animals(4,104,105,162) and in

humans(9,105,146,159,395,27,35,38). In studies of women having miscarriages

or birth defects, husbands were found to typically have low sperm counts and

significantly more visually abnormal sperm(393). Subfertile males in Hong

Kong were found to have 40% more mercury in their hair than fertile

controls(55). Studies in monkeys have found decreased sperm motility,

abnormal sperm, increased infertility and abortions at low levels of methyl

mercury(162,365). Researcher's advise pregnant women should not be exposed

to mercury vapor levels above government health standards (2,19,25,227,

61,100,182,282,366); currently U.S. ATSDR mercury health MRL of 0.2 mcg/M3

which is exceeded by any dental work involving amalgam(Section III). Many

governments have bans or restrictions on use of amalgam by women of

child-bearing age.

12. Mercury causes breaks in DNA (4,38,41,42,197,272,296). Low non-cytotoxic

levels of mercury induce dose dependent binding of mercury to DNA and

significantly increased cell mutations (142,4) and birth

defects(197,38,105).

13. Mercury has been well documented to be an endocrine system disrupting

chemical in animals and people, disrupting function of the pituitary gland,

hypothallamus, thyroid gland(50,369), enzyme production

processes(111,194,33,56), and many hormonal functions at very low levels of

exposure (9,105,146, 210, 312,369). The pituitary gland controls many of the

body's endocrine system functions and secretes hormones that control most

bodily processes, including the immune system and reproductive

systems(105,312). The hypothallamus regulates body temperature and many

metabolic processes. Mercury damage thus commonly results in poor bodily

temperature control, in addtion to many problems caused by hormonal

imbalances. Such hormonal secretions are affected at levels of mercury

exposure much lower than the acute toxicity effects normally tested. Mercury

also damages the blood brain barrier and facilitates penetration of the

brain by other toxic metals and substances (311). Low levels of mercuric

chloride also inhibit ATPase activity in the thyroid, with methyl mercury

inhibiting ATP function at even lower levels(50). Both types of mercury were

found to cause denaturing of protein, but inorganic mercury was more potent.

These effects result commonly in a reduction in thyroid production(50) and

an accumulation in the thyroid of radiation. Toxic metal exposure's adverse

influence on thyrocytes can play a major role in thyroid cancer

etiology(144) . Among those with chronic immune system problems with related

immune antibodies, the types showing the highest level of antibody

reductions after amalgam removal include thyreoglobulin and microsomal

thyroid antigens(91)

14. There has been no evidence found that there is any safe level of mercury

in the body that does not kill cells and harm body processes(WHO,183,189,

etc.). This is especially so for the pituitary gland of the developing fetus

where mercury has been shown to accumulate and which is the most sensitive

to mercury(2-4,19-24,30,31,36-44,61,186).

15. Low levels of mercury and toxic metals have been found to inhibit

dihydroteridine reductase, which affects the neural system function by

inhibiting transmitters through its effect on phenylalanine, tyrosine and

tryptophan transport into neurons(27,122,257,289,372). This was found to

cause severe impaired amine synthesis and hypokinesis. Tetrahydrobiopterin,

which is essential in production of neurotransmitters, is significantly

decreased in patients with alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and MS. Such patients

have abnormal inhibition of neurotransmitter production. Such symptoms

improved for some patients after administration of

5-formyltetrahydrofolate or tyrosine(257).

16. The level of mercury released by amalgam fillings is often more than the

levels documented in medical studies to produce adverse effects and above

the U.S. government health guidelines for mercury exposure(see previous

text).

17. Many studies of patients with major neurological or degenerative

diseases have found evidence amalgam fillings may play a major role in

development of conditions such as such as Alzheimers (66,67,158,166,204,

207,221,238,242,244,257,295,300), ALS(92,97,325),

MS(102,163,170,183,184,212,285,291,302,324,326),

Parkinson's(98,169,248,250,258,363,56,84),etc. Mercury exposure causes high

levels of oxidative stress/reactive oxygen species(ROS)(13), which has been

found to be a major factor in neurological disease(56). Mercury and quinones

form conjugates with thiol compounds such as glutathione and cysteine and

cause depletion of glutathione, which is necessary to mitigate reactive

damage. Such congugates are found to be highest in the brain substantia

nigra with similar congugates formed with L-Dopa and dopamine in Parkinson's

disease(56). Mercury depletion of GSH and damage to cellular mitochrondria

and the increased lipid perxodation in protein and DNA oxidation in the

brain appear to be a major factor in Parkinson's disease(33). One study

found higher than average levels of mercury in the blood, urine, and hair of

Parkinson's disease patients(363). Another study(169) found blood and urine

mercury levels to be very strongly related to Parkinson's with odds ratios

of approx. 20 at high levels of Hg exposure. Another study (145) that

reveiwed occupational exposure data found that occupational exposure to

manganese and copper have high odds rations for relation to PD, as well as

multiple exposures to these and lead, but noted that this effect was only

seen for exposure of over 20 years..

Mercury has been found to accumulate preferentially in the primary motor

function related areas such as the brain stem, cerebellum, rhombencephalon,

dorsal root ganglia, and anterior horn motor neurons, which enervate the

skeletal muscles(48,291,327,329). There is considerable indication this may

be a factor in ALS development (48,325,405). Mercury penetrates and damages

the blood brain barrier allowing penetration of the barrier by other

substances that are neurotoxic (20,38,85,105,162,301,311/262). Such damage

to the blood brain barrier's function has been found to be a major factor in

chronic neurological diseases such as MS(286,289,291,302, 324,326). MS

patients have been found to have much higher levels of mercury in

cerebrospinal fluid compared to controls (163,35,139). Large German studies

including studies at German universities have found that MS patients usually

have high levels of mercury body burden, with one study finding 300% higher

than controls(271). Most recovered after mercury detox, with some requiring

addtional treatment for viruses and intestinal dysbiosis. Studies have found

mercury related mental effects to be indistinguishable from those of MS

(207,212,222,244,271,289,291,302,183,184,324,326).

Low levels of toxic metals have been found to inhibit dihydroteridine

reductase, which affects the neural system function by inhibiting brain

transmitters through its effect on phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan

transport into neurons(122,257,289,372). This was found to cause severe

impaired amine synthesis and hypokinesis. Tetrahydro-biopterin, which is

essential in production of nerurotransmitters, is significantly decreased in

patients with Alzheimer's's, Parkinson's, and MS. Such patients have

abnormal inhibition of neurotransmitter production.(supplements which

inhibit breach of the blood brain barrier such as bioflavonoids have been

found to slow such neurological damage).

Clinical tests of patients with MND,ALS, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's,

Lupus(SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis have found that the patients generally

have elevated plasma cysteine to sulphate ratios, with the average being

500%higher than controls(330,331,56), and in general being poor sulphur

oxidizers. Mercury has been shown to diminish and block sulphur oxidation

and thus reducing glutathione levels which is the part of this process

involved in detoxifying and excretion of toxics like mercury(33). Glutathion

is produced through the sulphur oxidation side of this process. Low levels

of available glutathione have been shown to increase mercury retention and

increase toxic effects(111), while high levels of free cysteine have been

demonstrated to make toxicity due to inorganic mercury more

severe(333,194,56). Mercury has also been found to play a part in

neuronal problems through blockage of the P-450 enzymatic process(84).

18. Mercury at extremely low levels also interferes with formation of

tubulin producing neurofibrillary tangles in the brain similar to those

observed in Alzheimers patients, with high levels of mercury in the brain

(207), and low levels of zinc(363). Mercury and the induced neurofibrillary

tangles also appear to produce a functional zinc deficiency in the of AD

sufferers(242),as well as causing reduced lithium levels which is another

factor in such diseases. Lithium protects brain cells against excess

glutamate induced excitability and calcium influx(280,56). Also mercury

binds with cell membranes interfering with sodium and potassium enzyme

functions, causing excess membrane permeability, especially in terms of the

blood-brain barrier (155,207,311). Less than 1ppm mercury in the blood

stream can impair the blood- brain barrier. Mercury was also found to

accumulate in the mitochondria and interfere with their vital functions, and

to inhibit cytochrome C enzymes which affect energy supply to the brain.

Persons with extra Apo-E4 gene copies are especially susceptible to this

damage(207,221). In many cases (many thousand documented)removal of amalgam

fillings and treatment for metal toxicity led to " cure' or significant

improvement in health(see Section V). There is some evidence that some forms

of leukemia are abnormal response to antigenic stimulation by mercury or

other such toxics and removal of amalgam has led to remission in some

cases(35,38,180,239).

19. Mercury and methyl mercury impair or inhibit all cell functions and

deplete calcium stores(96). This can be a major factor in bone loss of

calcium(osteoperosis).

VI. Results of Removal of Amalgam Fillings

1. For the week following amalgam removal, body mercury levels increase

significantly, depending on protective measures taken, but within 2 weeks

levels fall significantly.(82,89) Chronic conditions can worsen temporarily,

but usually improve if adequate precautions are taken to reduce exposure

during removal.

2. Removal of amalgam fillings resulted in a significant reduction in body

burden and body waste product load of mercury(75,82,88,89,93,95,115).

3. Total reduction in mercury levels in blood and urine is often over 80%

within a few months(79,82,89,93,115,57).

4. There are extensive documented cases (many thousands) where removal of

amalgam fillings led to cure or significant improvement of serious health

problems such as periodontal diseases(40,46,57,60,75,78,82,86,87,90,

94,95,100,101,115,133,168,212,222,233,271,313,317,320,321,322,376), oral

keratosis(pre cancer)(87,251), immune system/autoimmune problems

(8,222,270,271,313,323,368,91,212,229,291,35,etc.), allergies(8,26,40,46,94,

95,97,165,212,222,228,229,233,271,317,322,349,376),

asthma(8,75,97,222,228,271,322), chronic headaches/ migraines(5,34,95,212

222,229,233,271,317,322,349,354,115,376), multiple chemical sensitivities

(26,95,222,229,232,233, 35,115,313,320,368), epilepsy (5,309,229), blood

conditions( 212,222,232,233,271, 35,95), eczema (60,212,222,

271,313,317,323,94,376,341), chron's disease(222,229), stomach problems

(95,212,222,228,229,233,271,317, 320, 322,35), lupus(12,113,222, 229,233),

dizzyness/vertigo(40,95,212,222,271,322,376), arthritis(95,103,212,

222,271,313,322,358), MS(94,95,102,170,212,222,271,291,302,34,35,229),

ALS(97,229,325,405,35), Parkinson's/ muscle

tremor(222,248,229,271,212,94,98,35), Alzheimer's(204), muscular/joint

pain/fibromyalgia (222,293,317,322,369, 94), infertility(9,38,229,367),

depression (94,107,222,271,294,212,229,233,317, 320,322, 376), schizohprenia

(294,34,35), insomnia(94,212,222,271,317,322,376), anger(212,233, 320,102),

anxiety & mental confusion (94,212,222,229,233,271,317,320,322,57),

susceptability to infections (40,222,251,317,349, 350), antibiotic resistant

infection(251), endometriosis(229,38), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

(8,60,212,293,229,222, 232,233,271,313,317,320, 368,369,376), tachycardia

and heart problems (205,59,94,115,212,222,232,233, 271,306,310,212), memory

disorders(94,222),cancer/ leukemia( 35,38,94,180), neuropathy/paresthesia

(94,212,222,322), vision disturbances(212,271,322), alopecia/hair loss

(40,187,271,317,322,349),sinus problems (40,94,222,271,322),

tinnitus(94,222,271,349,376), inflamation of eye(222,271,322),

psoriasis(385,375,408), skin conditions(212,222), urinary/prostrate

problems(212,222), etc., or in significant improvement in symptoms

(35,38,40,57,78,86-91,93-103,115,148, 165,168,170,180,182,185,199,204,

212,222,229,233, 234, 235,246, 271,282,289,312,317,320,321,322,323,376). The

above over 20,000 cases of cure or significant improvements were not

isolated cases of cures; the clinical studies indicated a large majority of

most such type cases treated showed significant improvement. Details

available and case histories. Some of the above cases used chemical or

natural chelation to reduce accumulated mercury body burden in addtion to

amalgam replacement. Some clinics using DMPS for chelation reported over 80%

with chronic health problems were cured or significantly improved(222,271,

359). Other clinics reported similar success.

Clinical studies have found that patch testing is not a good predictor of

success of amalgam remvoal, as a high percentage of those testing negative

also recovered from chronic conditions after rplacement of

fillings(86,87,168,etc.).

In a large German study of MS patients after amalgam revision, extraction

resulted in 85% recovery rate versis only 16% for filling replacement alone

(222,302). Other cases have found that recovery from serious autoimmune

diseases, dementia, or cancer may require more agressive mercury removal

techniques than simple filling replacement due to body burden. This appears

to be due to migration of mercury into roots & gums that is not eliminated

by simple filling replacement. That such mercury(and simiarly bacteria) in

the teeth and gums have direct routes to the brain and CNS has been

documented by several medical studies(34,325,etc.).

Among those with chronic immune system problems with related immune

antibodies, the types showing the highest level of antibody reductions after

amalgam removal include glomerular basal membrane, thyreeoglobulin, and

microsomal thyroid antigens(91)

Swedish researchers have developed a sophisticated test for

immune/autoimmune reactions that has proved sucessful in diagnosing and

treating environmetally caused diseases such as lichen planus, MS, etc.

related to mercury and other immunotoxics(60,313).

Interviews of a large population of Swedish patients that had amalgams

removed due to health problems found that virtually all reported significant

health improvements and that the health improvements were permanent(233).

(study period 17 years) A compilation of an even larger population found

similar results(212,282). For example 89% of those reporting allergies had

significant improvements or total elimination; extrapolated to U.S.

population this would represent over 17 million people who would benefit

regarding allergies alone.

VII. Health Effects from Dental Personnel Exposure to Mercury Vapor

1. It is well documented that dentists and dental personnel who work with

amalgam are chronically exposed to mercury vapor, which accumulates in their

bodies to much higher levels than for most non-occupationally exposed.

Adverse health effects of this exposure including subtle neurological

effects have also been well documented that affect most dentists and dental

assistants, with measurable effects among those in the lowest levels of

exposure. Mercury levels of dental personnel average at least 2 times that

of controls for hair(397-401),

urine(57,64,69,99,123,124,138,171,173,222,249,290,362,397-399) and for blood

(124,195,253,249,397). Sweden, which has banned use of mercury in fillings,

is the country with the most exposure and health effects studies regarding

amalgam, and urine levels in dental professionals from Swedish and European

studies ranged from 0.8 to 30.1 ug/L with study averages from 3.7 to

6.2ug/L (124,172,253,64,68). The Swedish safety guideline for mercury

in urine

is 5.6 nmol Hg/mmol(11.6 ug/L). Study averages for other countries ranged

from 3.3 to 36 microgram/liter(ug/L)(69,70,171,290,397). A large survey of

dentists at the Norwegian Dental Assoc. meeting(171) found that the mean

mercury level in 1986 was 7.8 ug/L with approx. 16% above 13.6ug/L, and for

1987 found an average of 8.6 ug/L with approx. 15% above 15.8 ug/L, with

women having higher levels than men in general. A U.S. national sample of

dentists provided by the American Dental Association had an average of

5.2ug/L (70,290). In that large sample of dentists, 10% of dentists

had urine

mercury levels over 10.4 ug/L and 1% had levels over 33.4ug/L(290),

indicating daily exposure levels of over 100 ug/day. Mercury excretion

levels were found to have a positive correlation with the number of amalgams

placed or replaced per week, the number of amalgams polished each week, and

with the number of fillings in the dentist(171,172,173). In one study, each

filling was found to increase mercury in the urine approx. 3%, though the

relationship was nonlinear and increased more with larger number of

fillings(124). Much higher accumulated body burden levels in dental

personnel were found based on challenge tests than for controls(303), with

excretion levels after a dose of a chelator as high as 10 times the

corresponding levels for controls(57,69,290,303). Autopsy studies have found

similar high body accumulation in dental workers, with levels in pituitary

gland and thyroid over 10 times controls and levels in renal cortex 7 times

controls(99,363,38). Autopsies of former dental staff found levels of

mercury in the pituitary gland averaged as high as 4,040 ppb. They also

found much higher levels in the brain occipital cortex(as high as 300 ppb),

renal cortex(as high as 2110 ppb) and thyroid(as high as 28,000 ppb. In

general dental assistants and women dental workers showed higher levels of

mercury than male dentists (171,172,173,253,303,362).

Mercury levels in blood of dental professionals ranged from 0.6 to 57 ug/L,

with study averages ranging from 1.34 to 9.8 ug/L (124,195,253,249). A

review of several studies of mercury level in hair or nails of dentists and

dental workers found median levels were 50 to 300% more than those of

controls(38, p287-288, & 10,16,178). A group of dental students taking a

course involving work with amalgam had their urine tested before and after

the course was over. The average urine level increased by 500% during the

course(63). Allergy tests given to another group of dental students found

44% of them were allergic to mercury(156). Studies have found that the

longer time exposed, the more likely to be allergic. Another group of dental

students had similar results(362), while another group of dental student

showed comprimized immune systems compared to medical students. The total

lympocyte count, total T cell numbers(CD3), T helper/ inducer(CD4), and T

suppressor/cytotoxic(CD8) numbers were singinficantly elevated in the dental

students compared to the matched control group(407).

Urinary porphyrin profiles were found to be an excellent biomarker of level

of body mercury level and mercury damage neurological effects, with

coprorphyrin significantly higher in those with higher mercury exposure and

urine levels(70,260). Coproporphyrin levels have a higher correlation with

symptoms and body mercury levels as tested by challenge test(69,303), but

care should be taken regarding challenge tests as the high levels of mercury

released can cause serious health effects in some, especially those who

still have amalgam fillings or high accumulations of mercury. Screening test

that are less burdensome and less expensive are now available as first

morning void urine samples have been found to be highly correlations to 24

hour urine test for mercury level or porphyrins(73).

2. The average dental office exposure affects the body mercury level at

least as much as the workers on fillings(57,64,69,123,138,171,173,303), with

several studies finding levels approximately the same as having 19 amalgam

fillings(123,124,173). Many surveys have been made of office exposure

levels(1,6,7,10, etc.) The level of mercury at breathing point in offices

measured ranged form 0.7 to over 300 micrograms per cubic meter(ug/M3)

(120,172,253,249). The average levels in offices with reasonable controls

ranged from 1.5 to 3.6 ug/M3, but even in Sweden which has had more office

environmental controls than others spot levels of over 150 ug/M3 were found

in 8 offices(172). Another study found spot readings as high as 200 ug/M3 in

offices with few controls that only used saliva extractor(120). OSHA surveys

find 6-16% of U.S. dental offices exceed the OSHA dental office standard of

50 ug/M3. The U.S. ATSDR mercury vapor exposure MRL for chronic exposure is

much lower, 0.2 ug/M3 (217) (giving approx. 4 ug/day exposure), similar to

U.S. EPA and Health Canada guidelines(2,209). Thus most office mercury

levels were found to far exceed the U.S. guidelines for chronic mercury

exposure.

Use of high speed drill in removal or replacement has been found to create

high volume of mercury vapor and respirable particles, and dental masks to

only filter out about 40 % of such particles(219,247). This produces high

levels of exposure to patient and dental staff. Use of water spray, high

velocity evacuation and rubber dam reduce exposure to patient and dental

staff significantly, as seen in previous discussion. In addition to these

measures researchers also advise all dental staff should wear face masks and

patients be supplied with outside air(120,153). Some studies note that

carpeting in dental offices should be avoided as it is a major repository of

mercury(188,7)

Use of such measures along with a Clean-UpTM aspirator tip was found to

reduce exposure to patient and staff approximately 90%(397).

3. Dentists were found to score significantly worse than a comparable

control group on neurobehavioral tests of motor speed, visual scanning,and

visuomotor coordination(69,70,123,249,290,395), concentration , verbal

memory, visual memory(68,69,70,249,290,395), and emotional/mood

tests(70,249,290,395). Test performance was found to be proportional to

exposure/body levels of mercury(68,70,249,290,395). Significant adverse

neurobehavioral effects were found even for dental personnel receiving low

exposure levels(less than 4 ug/l Hg in urine)(290). This study was for

dental personnel having mercury excretion levels below the 10th percentile

of the overall dental population. Such levels are also common among the

general population of non- dental personnel with several fillings. This

study used a new methodology which used standard urine mercury levels as a

measure of recent exposure, and urine levels after chelation with a

chemical, DMPS, to measure body burden mercury levels. Chelators like DMPS

have been found after a fast to release mercury from cells in tissue to be

available for excretion. This method was found to give enhanced precision

and power to the results of the tests and correlations. Even at the low

levels of exposure of the subjects of this study, there were clear

demonstrated differences in test scores involving memory, mood, and motor

skills related to the level of exposure pre and post chelation(290). Those

with higher levels of mercury had deficits in both memory, mood, and motor

function compared to those with lower exposure levels. And the plotted test

results gave no indication of there existing a theshhold below effects were

not measurable. Mood scores including anger were found to correlate more

strongly with pre chelation urine mercury levels; while toxicity symptoms,

concentration, memory(vocabulary,word), and motor function correlated more

strongly with post-chelation mercury levels.

Several dentists have been documented to suffer from mercury

poisoning(72,74,193,246,247,248,374), other than the documented neurological

effects. One of the common effects of chronic mercury exposure is chronic

fatigue due to immune system overload and activation. Many studies have

found this occurs frequently in dentists and dental staff along with other

related symtoms- lack of ability to concentrate, chronic muscular pain,

burnout, etc.(249,374.377.378). In a group of dentists and dental workers

suffering from extreme fatigue and tested by the immune test MELISA, 50% had

autoimmune reaction to inorganic mercury and immune reactions to other

metals used in dentistry were also common(374). Tests of controls did not

find such immune reactions common.

One dentist with severe symptoms similar to ALS improved after treatment for

mercury poisoning(246), and another with Parkinson's disease recovered after

reduction of exposure and chelation(248). Similar cases among those with

other occupational exposure have been seen. A survey of over 60,000 U.S.

dentists and dental assistants with chronic exposure to mercury vapor and

anesthetics found increased health problems compared to controls, including

significantly higher liver, kidney, and neurological diseases(99,193). Other

studies reviewed found increased rates of brain cancer and

allergies(99,193). Swedish male dentists were found to have an elevated

standardized mortality ratio compared to other male academic groups(284).

Dental workers and other workers exposed to mercury vapor were found to have

a shortening of visual evoked potential latency and a decrease in amplitude,

with magnitudes correlated with urine excretion levels(190). Dentists were

also found to have a high incidence of radicular muscular neuralgia and

peripheral sensory degradation(190,395).

4. Both dental hygienists and patients get high doses of mercury vapor when

dental hygienists polish or use ultrasonic scalers on amalgam

surfaces(240,400). Pregnant women or pregnant hygienist especially should

avoid these practices during pregnancy or while nursing since maternal

mercury exposure has been shown to affect the fetus and to be related to

birth defects, SIDS, etc.(23,37,38,110,142,146,19,31). Amalgam has been

shown to be the main source of mercury in most infants and breast milk,

which often contain higher mercury levels than in the mother's blood

(20,61,112,186,287). Because of high documented exposure levels when amalgam

fillings are brushed(182,222,348) dental hygienist are advised not to polish

dental amalgams when cleaning teeth. Face masks worn by dental workers

filter out only about 40% of small dislodged amalgam particles from drilling

or polishing, and very little mercury vapor(247,). Dental staff have been

found to have significantly higher prevalence of eye problems,

conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and contact urticaria(247,156,74).

An epidemiological survey conducted in Lithuania on women working in dental

offices(where Hg concentrations were < 80 ug/M3) had increased incidence of

spontaneous abortions and breast pathologies that were directly related to

the length of time on the job(277a). A large U.S. survey also found higher

spontaneous abortion rate among dental assistants and wives of

dentists(193), and another study found an increased risk of spontaneous

abortions and other pregnancy complications among women working in dental

surguries(277b). A study of dentist and dental assistants in the Netherlands

found 50% higher rates of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital

defects than for the control group(394), with unusually high occurance of

spina bifida.

A study in Poland also found a significant positive association between

mercury levels and occurrence of reproductive failures(401).

5. Body burden increases with time and older dentists have median mercury

urine levels about 4 times those of controls, as well as higher brain and

body burdens(1,34, 68-74,99), and poor performance on memory tests(68,

69,70,249,290) Some older dentists have mercury levels in some parts of the

brain as much as 80 times higher than normal levels(14,34,99). Dentists and

dental personnel experience significantly higher levels of neurological,

memory, musculoskeletal, visiomotor, mood, and behavioral problems, which

increase with years of exposure

(1,34,68-73,88,123,188,246,247,248,249,290,374,395). Even dental personnel

with relatively low exposure(urine Hg<4 ug/l) were found to have significant

neurological effects(290) and was found to be correlated with body burden of

mercury. Most studies find dentists have increased levels of irritability

and tension(1), high rates of drug dependancy and disability due to

psychological problems(15), and higher suicide rates than the general white

population (284), but one study found rates in same range as doctors.

6. Female dental technicians who work with amalgam tend to have increased

menstrual disturbances (275,401,10,38), significantly reduced fertility and

lowered probability of conception (10,24,38,121), increased spontaneous

abortions (10,38,277), and their children have significantly lower average

IQ compared to the general population (1,279,38,110). Populations with only

slightly increased levels of mercury in hair had decreases in academic

ability(3). Effects are directly related to length of time on the job(277).

The level of mercury excreted in urine is significantly higher for female

dental assistants than dentists due to biological factors (171,172,

173,247). Several dental assistants have been diagnosed with mercury

toxicity and some have died of related health effects(32,245,246,247,248).

Female dentists have increased rates of spontaneous abortion and perinatal

mortality(193,38,10)),compared to controls. A study in Poland found a much

higher incidence of birth defects among female dentist and dental assistants

than normal(10). A chronically ill dental nurse diagnosed with mercury

sensitivity recovered after replacement of fillings and changing jobs(60),

and a female dentist recovered from Parkinson's after mercury detox(248).

Some studies have found increased risk of lung, kidney, brain, and CNS

system cancers among dental workers(14,34,99,143,283).

7. Many homes of dentists have been found to have high levels of mercury

contamination used by dentists bringing mercury home on shoes and

clothes(188).

VIII. Scientists and Government Panels or Bodies That Have Found Amalgam

Fillings to be Unsafe.

1. A World Health Organization Scientific Panel concluded that there is no

safe level of mercury exposure(183,189,208). The Chairman of the panel, Lars

Friberg stated that " dental amalgam is not safe for everyone to

use(208,238). A study of dental personnel having very low levels of mercury

excretion found measurable neurological effects including memory, mood, and

motor function related to mercury exposure level as measured by excretion

levels(290). and found no threshhold level below which effects were not

measurable.. Other studies have found measurable effects to the immune,

cardiovascular, hormonal, and reproductive systems from common levels of

exposure(Section IV). Studies have found significant measurable adverse

health effects at levels far below current government regulatory levels for

mercury(290).

2. In 1987 the Federal Dept. of Health in Germany issued an advisory warning

against use of dental amalgam in pregnant women(61). Most major countries

other than the U.S. have similar or more extensive bans or health warnings

regarding the use of amalgam, including Canada, Great Britain, France,

Austria, Norway, Sweden, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, etc. A Swedish

National Mercury Amalgam Review Panel found that " from a toxicological point

of view, mercury is too toxic to use as a filling material " (164). A major

amalgam manufacturer, Caulk Inc., advises that amalgam should not be used as

a base for crowns or for retrograde root fillings as is commonly done in

some coutries(387). A Swedish medical panel unanimously recommended to the

government " discontinuing the use of amalgam as a dental material " (282). The

U.S. EPA found that removed amalgam fillings are hazardous and must be

sealed airtight and exposed of as hazardous waste(214). Most European

countries require controls on dental waste amalgam emissions to sewers or

air. A Canadian Government study for Health Canada concluded that any person

with any number of amalgam fillings receives exposure beyond that

recommended by the USPHS Standard(209). Many of those researching amalgam

related health effects including several very prominent scientists have

concluded that the health effects are widespread and serious so that mercury

should not be used as a filling material (1,18,19,20,

36,38,57,60,61,88,94,99,125,148, 153,164,170,183,208, 209,210,212,222,

227,236, 238,282).

3. The use of mercury amalgams has been banned for children and women of

child-bearing age or put on a schedule for phase out by several European

countries. The use of amalgam is declining in Europe and Germany's largest

producer of amalgam has ceased production, The director of the U.S. Federal

program overseeing dental safety advises against using mercury amalgam for

new fillings.

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15-22

On 1/8/08, Domb <wmdomb@...> wrote:

>

> Comments from a dental discussion group in oral medicine forwarded

> without comment. Could anyone send this to Boyd Haley?

>

> Mercury as a cause of autism and autism spectrum disorders: a

> failed speculatioin (sic)

>

> Yesterday's Archives of General Psychiatry had yet another well-designed

> and convincing study that demonstrated no link between mercury, in this case

> in thimerosal (used as a preservative in vaccines), to either the incidence

> or prevalence of autism. Thimerosal was removed from vaccines circa

> 1999-2000. Briefly, Schechter and Gether show that rise in reported cases of

> autism in California, one of the most populous states, continued despite

> this removal. A number of other relevant studies are discussed by Dr.

> Gorski, below, and in the Schechter and Gether paper, and the accompanying

> editorial.

>

> The speculation that autism, and associated conditions, was linked to all

> forms of mercury, has been spread widely by anti-mercury activists.

> Historically this goes back to the neo-anti-amalgamists of the early 80's

> and has been propagated by a number of individuals, most prominently Boyd

> Haley, a chemist at the University of Kentucky. Parenthetically, most of

> Haley's scientific experience or experimental has little to do with mercury.

> Haley was one of the anti-mercury, anti-amalgam advocates who expanded the

> unproven speculations about mercury into the arena of vaccine preservatives.

> Other unproven claims, including mercury as a cause of alleged " bone

> cavitations " , a subject of much discussion on this list, abound.

>

> Schechter R and JK Grether (2008).

>

> Continuing Increases in Autism Reported to California's Developmental

> Services System.

>

> Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 65: 19-24.

>

> An accompanying editorial by a respected autism researcher, Frombonne

> of Montreal Children's Hospital, should also be read.

>

> Fombonne E (2008).

>

> Thimerosal disappears but autism remains.

>

> Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 65: 15-6

>

> Frombonne comments on some of the questionable " research " done to support

> the thimerosal speculations, and lists some of the things done to autistic

> children based on the alleged mercury etiology of autism.

>

> In my experience these include: weird diets, massive infusions of gamma

> globulin, treatment with gonadotropin releasing factor inhibitors, chelation

> treatments, sweat boxes, and more. Hundreds of children have reportedly had

> fillings removed and/or been chelated to " treat " their autism. Two years ago

> a 5 year-old autistic child (Nadama case) reportedly died in County

> Pennsylvania while being chelated with disodium EDTA. That case is currently

> being litigated, by the Pennsylvania Medical Board (alleged unprofessional

> conduct), by the child's parents (alleged wrongful death), and by the

> Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (alleged manslaughter).

>

> Most importantly, the anti-thimerosal campaign translated into

> non-vaccination by thousands of parents. World-wide this has had tragic

> consequences already, and has created a pool of susceptible children and

> young adults who are missing essential vaccinations, which will likely be a

> public health problem for years to come.

>

> For an enlightened review of the issue at a new website (

> www.sciencebaedmedicine.org) devoted to critical analysis of issues in

> modern medicine see:

>

> http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=14

>

> by Gorski, MD

>

> " One of the most pernicious medical myths of recent years has been the

> claim, promulgated by a subgroup of parents of autistic children and

> facilitated by scientists of dubious repute, that somehow the mercury in the

> thimerosal (ethyl mercury) preservative used in common childhood vaccines in

> theU.S. until early 2002 causes autism...... "

>

> ---

>

> bill domb

>

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