Vaccine Links

July 10, 2008

I am building a link database and would appreciated if you would send me any

really useful link regarding vaccines. Please send to me email address

Nancale@....

Thanks

H Cale

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July 10, 2008

Here are nine studies that may help you. I have collected them from

various sources, mostly from my college library database.

1. Status epilepticus and lymphocytic pneumonitis following

hepatitis B vaccination.

Authors:de Carvalho, Jozélio Freire1,2

Shoenfeld, Yehuda2,3 shoenfel@...

Source:European Journal of Internal Medicine; Jul2008, Vol. 19 Issue

5, p383-385, 3p

Document Type:ArticleSubject Terms:*EPILEPTICS

*LYMPHOCYTES

*HEPATITIS B -- Vaccination

*MEDICINE, Preventive

Abstract: The case reported refers to a patient who developed status

epilepticus in the day of her third dose of hepatitis B vaccination

and we review the literature on this subject. A 12 year-old girl,

without a relevant previous history, taking no drugs, developed a

seizure attack followed by unconsciousness, and eventually died after

three days of her third dose of hepatitis B (HB) vaccination. Autopsy

study revealed cerebral edema with congestion and herniation and

diffuse interstitial type pneumonitis. There seem to be a straight

forward time relationship between the third HB vaccine, the event of

convulsion and the sudden death of the patient. We suggest that, in

some cases, vaccination may be the triggering factor for autoimmune

and neurological disturbances in genetically predisposed individuals

and physicians should be aware of this possible association.

2. Clinical & Experimental Immunology; Nov2005, Vol. 142 Issue 2,

p377-380, 4p

Document Type:

Article

Subject Terms:

*HEPATITIS B -- Vaccination

*HEPATITIS B vaccine

*ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID syndrome

*VACCINATION

*IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Author-Supplied Keywords:

autoimmunity

hepatitis B

NAICS/Industry Codes:

923120 Administration of Public Health Programs

Abstract:

This study was undertaken to evaluate the possible role of hepatitis

B recombinant vaccine inducing the synthesis of IgG and IgM anti-

cardiolipin antibodies (aCL), antibodies against & #946;2GPI

(anti- & #946;2GPI), lupus anti-coagulant (LA), anti-nuclear

antibodies and antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens (anti-

ENA). The study population consisted of 85 healthy students (63

female, 22 male; mean age 20•8 years), vaccinated with three doses of

recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine. One month after vaccination with

the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine a minority of vaccinated

individuals showed changes in IgG or IgM aCL or anti- & #946;2GPI

or LA activity ( P < 0•001). Among subjects in whom changes of IgG

anti- & #946;2GPI were observed, a significantly higher number of

increased (8/85) than decreased (2/85) values were found ( P < 0•01).

Analyses of paired data showed that differences in aCL or anti-

& #946;2GPI levels before vaccination or 1 month later did not

reach statistical significance. In two people aCL transitorily

reached medium positivity after the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine

with a drop 5 months later. Similar evident anti- & #946;2GPI

fluctuation was also observed in one person. Another participant was

initially low positive for IgG anti- & #946;2GPI and the levels were

increasing after vaccination. Two participants became positive for

anti-nuclear antibodies during 6 months' follow-up. There were no sex-

dependent differences in tested antibodies observed and no

associations between levels of aPL and levels of anti-HBV antibodies.

We conclude that HBV can induce aPL, although rarely. In genetically

susceptible individuals or together with some other triggers such

combination might confer the risk of developing a continuous

autoimmune response in an individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3. Cytokine profile after rubella vaccine inoculation: evidence of

the immunosuppressive effect of vaccination

L. Pukhalsky,1 Galina V. Shmarina,1 S. Bliacher,2

Irina M. Fedorova,2 P. Toptygina,2 J. Fisenko,2 and

Vladimir A. Alioshkin2

1Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechie Stree, Moscow

115478, Russia

2Moscow G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology,

Moscow, Russia

Abstract

Background: Immunization with live virus vaccines may cause an

immunosuppression with lymphopaenia, impaired cytokine production and

defective lymphocyte response to mitogenes. These abnormalities were

described in subjects vaccinated against measles. This study was

performed to analyse the host immune response related to

immunosuppression in subjects vaccinated with live attenuated rubella

vaccine.

Methods: Eighteen schoolgirls, aged 11-13 years, were vaccinated with

live attenuated rubella vaccine Rudivax®. Before immunization, and 7

and 30 days after, peripheral blood was collected. Cellular fractions

were subjected to flow cytometric analysis, and the lymphocyte

response to phytohaemagglutinin was investigated. Plasma samples were

analysed for cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, tumour necrosis

factor- & #945;, and interferon- & #947;) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

techniques.

Results: On day 7 after vaccination, the number of each lymphocyte

subset was decreased; however, only for CD3 and CD4 lymphocytes has a

significant reduction been shown. On the contrary, tumour necrosis

factor- & #945; and IL-10 levels markedly increased and amounted to its

maximum on day 30. Simultaneously, a significant reduction in plasma

interferon- & #947; and a profound decrease of the lymphocyte response to

phytohaemagglutinin were shown. The changes were accompanied with

marked elevation of plasma IL-4.

Conclusions: Our data indicate that the vaccination with live

attenuated rubella vaccine results in moderate but sustained immune

disturbance. The signs of immunosuppression, including defective

lymphocyte response to mitogene and impaired cytokine production, may

persist for at least 1 month after vaccination.

4. Autism May Be Caused By An Immune System Response To A Virus

ScienceDaily (Nov. 3, 1998)

— ANN ARBOR---Antibodies found in the blood of autistic children

suggest that at least some cases of autism are caused by a misguided

immune response, triggered by exposure to a virus, researchers in the

University of Michigan's College of Pharmacy report.

________________________________________

The researchers found that autistic children who had been exposed to

certain viruses in the past showed unusually high levels of

antibodies to brain proteins, suggesting an autoimmune response.

Their findings appear in the October issue of the peer-reviewed

journal, Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology.

Autism is a developmental disorder that affects brain function,

interfering with reasoning ability, imagination, communication, and

social interaction. Children with autism start talking later than

other children, and when they do speak, their communication skills

are extremely limited. They often avoid looking at other people and

don't learn to read others' faces for signs of emotion or other cues.

These children typically are unable to play creatively, and some

engage in repetitive, sometimes self-destructive, behavior, such as

rocking, hand flapping or head-banging.

No single cause of autism has been found, and researchers believe

that genes and environmental factors (such as viruses or chemicals)

both may contribute. The kinds of brain abnormalities found in people

with autism suggest that the disorder arises when something disrupts

normal brain development.

One possibility is that early exposure to a virus prods the body into

mounting an immune response that somehow goes awry. In addition to

producing antibodies against the virus, the body makes antibodies

against itself, resulting in damage to tissues and organs.

This " autoimmune " response is what happens in autoimmune diseases

such as lupus, and some researchers think a similar response may

account for the brain abnormalities found in people with autism.

It was this possibility that U-M researchers Vijendra Singh and

Victor Yang and undergraduate student assistant Sheren Lin

investigated. In their study of 48 autistic children and 34 normal

children and adults, the researchers measured levels of antibodies to

two viruses---measles virus and human herpesvirus-6---in the

subjects' blood. These antibodies were chosen because they are often

used in research on known autoimmune diseases, says Singh, the

principal investigator of the project and an assistant research

scientist in the College of Pharmacy.

The researchers also measured levels of two brain autoantibodies

(antibodies to brain tissue). One, anti-MBP, is an antibody to myelin

basic protein, a protein found in the protective sheaths around nerve

fibers in the brain. The other, anti-NAFP, is an antibody to neuron-

axon filament protein, a protein that makes up the nerve fibers

themselves.

Virus antibody levels were essentially the same in autistic and non-

autistic subjects, as the researchers expected. But the majority of

autistic children who had virus antibodies also had brain

autoantibodies. The higher the level of virus antibodies, the more

likely an autistic child was to have brain autoantibodies. None of

the non-autistic subjects had brain autoantibodies.

The strongest link found in the autistic children was between measles

virus antibodies and anti-MBP, suggesting that exposure to the

measles virus may trigger an autoimmune response that interferes with

the development of myelin, says Singh. If myelin in the brain doesn't

develop properly, nerve fibers won't work as they should. This could

be one way that the brain abnormalities associated with autism arise.

The question of how exposure to measles virus occurs raises a

controversial issue. Parents of children with autism often report

that the children started showing signs of the disorder shortly after

being immunized with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) or diphtheria-

pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine, but no scientific studies have shown

a link between vaccines and autism. In the U-M study, almost all the

subjects had had MMR immunizations, and none had ever had a case of

measles. It is possible, however, that some might have been infected

with measles virus but never developed symptoms of measles, says

Singh.

________________________________________

Adapted from materials provided by University Of Michigan.

Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of

the following formats:

APA

MLA

University Of Michigan (1998, November 3). Autism May Be Caused By An

Immune System Response To A Virus. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 26,

2008, from

http://www.sciencedaily.com¬ /releases/1998/10/981031181106.htm

5. Cultured lymphocytes from autistic children and non-autistic

siblings up-regulate heat shock protein RNA in response to thimerosal

challenge.Find More Like This

Authors:

, J.1 swalker@...

Segal,

Aschner, 2

Source:

NeuroToxicology; Sep2006, Vol. 27 Issue 5, p685-692, 8p

Subject Terms:

*AUTISTIC children

*TOXINS

*AUTISM

*METALS

*TOXICOLOGY

*HEAVY metals -- Physiological effect

*METALLOTHIONEIN

Abstract: There are reports suggesting that some autistic children

are unable to mount an adequate response following exposure to

environmental toxins. This potential deficit, coupled with the

similarity in clinical presentations of autism and some heavy metal

toxicities, has led to the suggestion that heavy metal poisoning

might play a role in the etiology of autism in uniquely susceptible

individuals. Thimerosal, an anti-microbial preservative previously

added routinely to childhood multi-dose vaccines, is composed of

49.6% ethyl mercury. Based on the levels of this toxin that children

receive through routine immunization schedules in the first years of

life, it has been postulated that thimerosal may be a potential

triggering mechanism contributing to autism in susceptible

individuals. One potential risk factor in these individuals may be an

inability to adequately up-regulate metallothionein (MT) biosynthesis

in response to presentation of a heavy metal challenge. To

investigate this hypothesis, cultured lymphocytes (obtained from the

Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, AGRE) from autistic children and

non-autistic siblings were challenged with either 10 & #956;M ethyl mercury,

150 & #956;M zinc, or fresh media (control). Following the challenge, total

RNA was extracted and used to query " whole genome " DNA microarrays.

Cultured lymphocytes challenged with zinc responded with an

impressive up-regulation of MT transcripts (at least nine different

MTs were over-expressed) while cells challenged with thimerosal

responded by up-regulating numerous heat shock protein transcripts,

but not MTs. Although there were no apparent differences between

autistic and non-autistic sibling responses in this very small

sampling group, the differences in expression profiles between those

cells treated with zinc versus thimerosal were dramatic. Determining

cellular response, at the level of gene expression, has important

Elsevier]

Copyright of NeuroToxicology is the property of Elsevier

6. An Evaluation of the Effects of Thimerosal on Neurodevelopmental

Disorders Reported Following DTP and Hib Vaccines in Comparison to

DTPH Vaccine in the United States.

Authors:

Geier, A.1,2

Geier, Mark R.3 mgeier@...

Source:

Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health: Part A; Aug2006, Vol.

69 Issue 15, p1481-1495, 15p

Document Type:

Article

Thimerosal is an ethylmercury (49.55% mercury by weight) preservative

historically added to some vaccines. Toxicokinetic studies showed

children in the United States received doses of mercury from

Thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs) in excess of safety guidelines.

In the United States during the 1990s, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis

(DTP) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines (maximally, 50

& #956;g mercury per joint administration) and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-

Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTPH) vaccines (25 & #956;g mercury per

administration) were given to children in the same childhood

vaccination schedule at 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 mo, so that children

receiving DTP and Hib vaccines may have maximally received an

additional 100 & #956;g more mercury exposure from TCVs than children

administered DTPH vaccines. A case-control epidemiological study of

neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) reported to the Vaccine Adverse

Event Reporting System (VAERS) (online public access version; updated

31 August 2004) following administration of DTP vaccines in

comparison DTPH vaccines manufactured by Lederle Laboratories (Pearl

River, NY) from 1994 through 1998 was undertaken. Significantly

increased odds ratios for autism, speech disorders, mental

retardation, infantile spasms, and thinking abnormalities reported to

VAERS were found following DTP vaccines in comparison to DTPH

vaccines with minimal bias or systematic error. Additional ND

research should be undertaken in the context of evaluating mercury-

associated exposures, especially since in 2005 the Institute of

Medicine issued a report calling into question handling of vaccine

safety data by the National Immunization Program of the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7. Clinical & Experimental Immunology; Nov2005, Vol. 142 Issue 2,