Re: Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

January 24, 2008

technically yes, although people with documented iodine hypersensitivity

reactions also experence cross reactions to contrast dye and topical betadine.

Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

Contrast dye is a whole lot different than

inorganic iodine/iodide.

> > >

> > > your lack of medical knowledge is showing garcia BECAUSE NOT

> > EVERYONE can take iodine. people who are allergic to any form of

> > iodine can not take it because they can get an severe allergic

> > reaction that could kill them! I know because I am one of them.

> > > one of my docs, prudence hall who has extensive training in

> natural

> > medicine as well as allopathic medicine concurs about this. she

> also

> > knows that NOT all people can be on hormone replacement therapy,

> take

> > lupus patients- it is contraindicated for people who have

lupus/sle

> > to take any hormone replacement because they will flare the

disease

> > process, just like people who have breast cancer and uterine

cancer-

>

> > you NEVER give them hormone replacement because the hormones

drive

> > the cancer.

> > > women who are not in menopause and kids CAN NOT take sex

hormone

> > replacement therapy! otherwise you are giving them something that

> can

> > trigger cancer and other diseases.

> > > I never said good medical care was about using monotherapy. DO

> NOT

> > PUT WORDS INTO MY MOUTH.

> > > I was speaking about armour specifically.

> > > like I have said what works for you is great- but it may not

work

> > for every other person in the universe.

> > > I am very happy that what you take helps you- I just can't

> > understand why you can't accept that not everyone is like you.

even

> > sam, takes more armour than you do- because she needs it. if you

> feel

> > that we are all the same [gggg] then why don't you take 11 grains

> of

> > armour?

> >

January 24, 2008

dusty-

that is how I found out I had acquired an hypersensitivity to iodine after being

exposed to it over and over again through various forms; I had a CT scan with

contrast dye and went into respiratory arrest in the scanner. I also have an

acquired reaction to betadine which gives me a 3rd degree burn; and of course

shell fish and seaweed will cause me to have a full blown hypersensitivity

reaction. which is a shame because I miss eating shellfish.

xo

nancie

Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

Ok, answer this about people that actually 'are' allergic to

inorganic iodine. Iodine in the body is necessary to be alive, and

those people have iodine in their bodies (or they wouldn't be alive),

so how come they don't react to the iodine in their bodies, organs,

brain, eyes, skin, etc?

>

> your lack of medical knowledge is showing garcia BECAUSE NOT

EVERYONE can take iodine. people who are allergic to any form of

iodine can not take it because they can get an severe allergic

reaction that could kill them! I know because I am one of them.

> one of my docs, prudence hall who has extensive training in natural

medicine as well as allopathic medicine concurs about this. she also

knows that NOT all people can be on hormone replacement therapy, take

lupus patients- it is contraindicated for people who have lupus/sle

to take any hormone replacement because they will flare the disease

process, just like people who have breast cancer and uterine cancer-

you NEVER give them hormone replacement because the hormones drive

the cancer.

> women who are not in menopause and kids CAN NOT take sex hormone

replacement therapy! otherwise you are giving them something that can

trigger cancer and other diseases.

> I never said good medical care was about using monotherapy. DO NOT

PUT WORDS INTO MY MOUTH.

> I was speaking about armour specifically.

> like I have said what works for you is great- but it may not work

for every other person in the universe.

> I am very happy that what you take helps you- I just can't

understand why you can't accept that not everyone is like you. even

sam, takes more armour than you do- because she needs it. if you feel

that we are all the same [gggg] then why don't you take 11 grains of

armour?

January 24, 2008

You ARE tiresome sometimes Sam. You might even need your hearing

checked!!!! I'll try again - M Y F A T H E R S I O D I N E A L L

E R G Y (we'll call it a sensitivity if you prefer) W A S C O N F I R M E

D !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

I don't give a hoot about Wikipedia in this case. My Dad had the myelogram

(as I mentioned in earlier post) in the 1970's . Many, many things have

changed since then, including dosages/contents of the injectable materials.

Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

>

> Contrast dye is a whole lot different than

> inorganic iodine/iodide.

January 24, 2008

ROTFLMAO!! you have absolutely no ides what you are talking about! your lack of

medical education is showing,,,,

I can't wait to share this post with my rheumatologist who is the world's

expert on LUPUS and is chief of rheumatology at UCLA and runs the lupus lab at

UCLA. Bevra Hahn, MD is going to get a big laugh.

I wonder if I asked all those quote pharmacists at that web site about what you

said- if they would sing a different tune....

I

Re: Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

this is just a lot of misinformation.

actually lupus/sle absolutely MUST be treated with hormones.

It sounds like Prudence Hall will be open to new thinking at some point.

you can " ask a pharmacist " at

http://www.womensinternational.com<http://www.womensinternational.com/>

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January 24, 2008

Cause I'm not confused!!!!!

Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

Well, why don't you just join the iodine group

and see for yourself, then. Here's the link:

http://health. <iodine>

/group/iodine

>

> Maybe you are confused.

>

..

<http://geo./serv?s=97359714/grpId=145664/grpspId=1709251082/msgId=

35896/stime=1201241185/nc1=5191947/nc2=5191951/nc3=4763762>

SNIP SNIP

January 24, 2008

rotflmao

Re: Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

this is old thinking. join the iodine group and post this!

Gracia

that level of iodine that is in out bodies is reduced to the molecular and

chemical properties and does not switch on the IgE antibody-antigen mediated

hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in people who have a genetic profile that

triggers iodine allergic reactions.

The NIH [ national institutes of Health} at:

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-iodine.html<http://w\

ww.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-iodine.html><http://www.nlm.\

nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-iodine.html<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/\

medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-iodine.html>>

Allergies

Some individuals are allergic/hypersensitive to iodide or to organic

preparations containing iodine. Hypersensitivity reactions may involve rash,

angioedema (throat swelling), cutaneous/mucosal hemorrhage (bleeding), fever,

arthralgias (joint pains), eosinophilia (abnormal blood counts), urticaria

(hives), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, or severe periarteritis

(inflammation around blood vessels). Reactions can be severe and deaths have

occurred with exposure. Iodine-based products should be avoided if there is

known allergy/hypersensitivity to iodine.

-----

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January 25, 2008

i don't understand what you are saying or rather screaming. your father was

confirmed to be allergic to contrast dyes (organic iodine) so you/he/someone has

deduced that he is allergic to inorganic iodine?

gracia

You ARE tiresome sometimes Sam. You might even need your hearing

checked!!!! I'll try again - M Y F A T H E R S I O D I N E A L L

E R G Y (we'll call it a sensitivity if you prefer) W A S C O N F I R M E

D !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

I don't give a hoot about Wikipedia in this case. My Dad had the myelogram

(as I mentioned in earlier post) in the 1970's . Many, many things have

changed since then, including dosages/contents of the injectable materials.

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January 25, 2008

ay yi yi

allergy to shellfish is a reaction to the proteins, not iodine. reaction to

organic iodine is NOT an allergy to unorganic iodine.

gracia

dusty-

that is how I found out I had acquired an hypersensitivity to iodine after

being exposed to it over and over again through various forms; I had a CT scan

with contrast dye and went into respiratory arrest in the scanner. I also have

an acquired reaction to betadine which gives me a 3rd degree burn; and of course

shell fish and seaweed will cause me to have a full blown hypersensitivity

reaction. which is a shame because I miss eating shellfish.

xo

nancie

RE: Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

They no doubt do react and never feel really well - with nagging symptoms

(as only allergy can produce) all their lives. It is when we OD them with

dyes containing iodine or meds of that sort that the reaction becomes

violent.

My father nearly died from an iodine injection back in the 70's. His heart

stopped and he had to be zapped back to life. The injection was part of a

mylegram (Sp?) for his WWII spinal injury. For the rest of his life - he

wore a medical bracelet.

As we boomers have entered into the menopause years, I have friends who have

been found to be allergic to sex hormones, yes compounded bio's as well as

non bio's.

Dusty

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January 25, 2008

I guess there is as much confusion about cortisol and other " steroids " as

there is about iodine for example I have no probs with athletes taking HGH.

that is why I would recommend the book Safe Uses of Cortisol by

Jefferies MD.

a doctor took my mother off her low dose cortef and she went into a catatonic

state. she languished in a nursing home for several months, paid for by

taxpayers, until she finally got the cortef back. she was also on 20 different

meds, but not allowed to have hormones, which she really needed. then she died

a gruesome death.

Gracia

http://www.drugs.com/sfx/cortef-side-effects.html

Side effects of Cortef

http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/solucort_ad.htm

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9:58 AM

January 25, 2008

I guess there is as much confusion about cortisol and other " steroids " as

there is about iodine for example I have no probs with athletes taking HGH.

that is why I would recommend the book Safe Uses of Cortisol by

Jefferies MD.

a doctor took my mother off her low dose cortef and she went into a catatonic

state. she languished in a nursing home for several months, paid for by

taxpayers, until she finally got the cortef back. she was also on 20 different

meds, but not allowed to have hormones, which she really needed. then she died

a gruesome death.

Gracia

http://www.drugs.com/sfx/cortef-side-effects.html

Side effects of Cortef

http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/solucort_ad.htm

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9:58 AM

January 25, 2008

I'm sorry you don't understand..... perhaps something below will help you to

better understand the basics of iodine being the culprit in the myelogram my

Dad had. Weary as I am of repeating it, MY FATHER'S IODINE

ALLERGY/SENSTIVITY WAS CONFIRMED . HE WORE A MEDIC BRACELET. YOu might

want to research it yourself..... I'm done with this topic . The facts are

the facts.

Current warnings on CURRENT contrast materials include:

http://www.drugs.com/cons/metrizamide-diagnostic.html

Before Having This Test

In deciding to use a diagnostic test, any risks of the test must be weighed

against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will

make. Also, test results may be affected by other things. For radiopaque

agents, the following should be considered:

Allergies-Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic

reaction to iodine, to products containing iodine (for example,

iodine-containing foods such as seafood, cabbage, kale, rape [turnip-like

vegetable], turnips, or iodized salt), or to any radiopaque agent. Also tell

your doctor if you are allergic to any other substance, such as sulfites or

other preservatives.

Adverse Effects

The use of organic iodine compounds may cause untoward side effects and

manifestations of anaphylaxis. The symptoms include nausea, vomiting,

widespread erythema, generalised heat sensation, headache, coryza or

laryngeal oedema, fever, sweating, asthenia, dizziness, pallor, dyspnea and

moderate hypotension. Skin reactions occur in the form of various types of

rash or diffuse blister formation.

More severe reactions involving the cardiovascular system such as peripheral

vasodilation with pronounced hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnea, agitation,

cyanosis and loss of consciousness, may require emergency treatment.

During intracardiac and/or coronary arteriography, ventricular arrythmias

may infrequently occur.

Hyperthyroidism may recur in patients previously treated for Grave's

disease.

Re: Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

i don't understand what you are saying or rather screaming. your father was

confirmed to be allergic to contrast dyes (organic iodine) so you/he/someone

has deduced that he is allergic to inorganic iodine?

gracia

You ARE tiresome sometimes Sam. You might even need your hearing

checked!!!! I'll try again - M Y F A T H E R S I O D I N E A L L

E R G Y (we'll call it a sensitivity if you prefer) W A S C O N F I R M E

D !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

I don't give a hoot about Wikipedia in this case. My Dad had the myelogram

(as I mentioned in earlier post) in the 1970's . Many, many things have

changed since then, including dosages/contents of the injectable materials.

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January 25, 2008

I can imagine how she suffered. Long term users of steroids must be weaned

or they get into trouble, physically and emotionally. Despite some posts

we read here, the body becomes dependent on steroids. Sadly - too few

people (when they begin them) think the dependency will happen to them.

Re: Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

I guess there is as much confusion about cortisol and other " steroids " as

there is about iodine for example I have no probs with athletes taking

HGH.

that is why I would recommend the book Safe Uses of Cortisol by

Jefferies MD.

a doctor took my mother off her low dose cortef and she went into a

catatonic state. she languished in a nursing home for several months, paid

for by taxpayers, until she finally got the cortef back. she was also on 20

different meds, but not allowed to have hormones, which she really needed.

then she died a gruesome death.

Gracia

http://www.drugs. <http://www.drugs.com/sfx/cortef-side-effects.html>

com/sfx/cortef-side-effects.html

Side effects of Cortef

http://www.rxlist. <http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/solucort_ad.htm>

com/cgi/generic/solucort_ad.htm

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9:58 AM

January 25, 2008

LOL. Me too! 4 for me 1 c-section.

-- Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

Oh yea, I thought the same way when I

passed a tiny human being out the birth

canal...twice. :-O

Sam :-D

>

> Me too; but strangely enough a small size stone does not mean a small

> size pain. The only one I passed wasn't much bigger than the head of

a

> pin; but you would have thought I was trying to pass an elephant...

>

January 25, 2008

Picture passing a baby. LOL

Roni

<res075oh@...> wrote:

Me too; but strangely enough a small size stone does not mean a small

size pain. The only one I passed wasn't much bigger than the head of a

pin; but you would have thought I was trying to pass an elephant...

>

> Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

>

<hypothyroidism/message/35887;_ylc=X3oDMTJxbXUyOW4\

2BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE1BGdycElkAzE0NTY2NARncnBzcElkAzE3MDkyNTEwODIEbXNnSWQDMzU4ODcEc2V\

jA2Rtc2cEc2xrA3Ztc2cEc3RpbWUDMTIwMTI0MjkwNg-->

>

> Posted by: " Sam " k9gang@...

>

<mailto:k9gang@...?Subject=%20Re%3A%20Low%20Iron%20and%20Hypothyroidi\

sm>

> stealthwind <stealthwind>

>

> Thu Jan 24, 2008 8:31 pm (PST)

>

> OUCH! If it be stones, I hope they be eensy weensy.

>

> Ar

>

> Sam :-O

>

> >

> > I've had kidney stones 2 or 3 times a long time ago. Sometimes I

> get a

> > sore area about where my right kidney is [i think]; and sometimes

> the

> > soreness seems to extend downward toward the front of my abdomen.

> I

> > presumed it to be a urinary tract infection. AFAIR it seems to be

> close

> > to the same path the pain took when I had the stones. Usually the

> > soreness goes away in a few days.

> >

> > A year or few ago when I had the soreness I went to a urologist who

> > stated that I did not have a kidney infection [after urinalysis]

> and

> > suggested that I had probably pulled a muscle. In a few days the

> > soreness went away.

> >

> > This time I've had the same type of soreness, but it has been going

> on

> > for a month, so I want to have it checked out. No pain most of the

> > time. Right now I can't even feel it at all. If it is a stone it

> is

> > not passing; I would instantly recognize that pain, and be yelling

> for

> > morphine sulphate... I believe the urologist said something about

> the

> > fact that it might be a stone just starting to attempt to exit, but

> I'm

> > not sure.

> >

> > Thanks for your concern...

> >

---------------------------------

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January 25, 2008

,

The most common high contrast dye for this type of scan contains a lot

of that toxic element, iodine. Since they inject it directly into the

blood, it can cause a burning sensation.

Let's hope the test is negative.

Chuck

You wrote:

>

> I have to go in for a kidney contrast dye test of some kind [sore kidney

> area for a month]. It's a Fluoroscopy IVP W/Tomo. I also will have a

> renal sonogram.

>

> I had to do bloodwork first to make sure that there are no indications

> that I should not have the tests done, and have to get that result first.

>

> The lady at the lab that did the bloodwork indicated the test might

> be very uncomfortable??? Anybody familiar with that? I've had contrast

> x-rays of various kinds before, and other than the junk you have to

> drink I don't remember anything that particularly bothered me.

>

January 25, 2008

LOL-

RE: Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

They no doubt do react and never feel really well - with nagging symptoms

(as only allergy can produce) all their lives. It is when we OD them with

dyes containing iodine or meds of that sort that the reaction becomes

violent.

My father nearly died from an iodine injection back in the 70's. His heart

stopped and he had to be zapped back to life. The injection was part of a

mylegram (Sp?) for his WWII spinal injury. For the rest of his life - he

wore a medical bracelet.

As we boomers have entered into the menopause years, I have friends who have

been found to be allergic to sex hormones, yes compounded bio's as well as

non bio's.

Dusty

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January 25, 2008

Well, I am allergic to morphine, or rather, it acts opposite on me. Darvon is

pretty useless,

as I can attest to from a 4 month miscarriage that went on all night with

contractions. I

was in the hospital and they were giving me darvon and it was as if they had

given me pez.

Roni

<res075oh@...> wrote:

I've heard that some women who have had kidney stones and babies say

the

stones hurt worse. I don't know...

But with my first kidney colic I did not know what I had, and so went to

a doctor other than a urologist. Big mistake. He only gave me Darvon.

That made me drunk as h*ll, but did absolutely nothing for the pain. I

was seriously considering whether I might be able to get to my rusty

pocket knife and going in after that sucker myself. The hospital staff

insisted they had given me enough drugs to knock out an elephant; and I

was still yelling for more.

By the time of my second kidney colic I had learned what actually gives

relief: Morphine sulphate [i think 10%?; it's been 30 years or so] is

what will knock out the pain. Of course, you have to be very careful

with it because you can lie there and die [choke to death] in perfect

comfort. When my mom died of congestive heart failure that's exactly

what she did.

>

> Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

>

<hypothyroidism/message/35932;_ylc=X3oDMTJxMDZhcDR\

xBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE1BGdycElkAzE0NTY2NARncnBzcElkAzE3MDkyNTEwODIEbXNnSWQDMzU5MzIEc2V\

jA2Rtc2cEc2xrA3Ztc2cEc3RpbWUDMTIwMTMwMTI0OA-->

>

> Posted by: " Roni Molin " matchermaam@...

>

<mailto:matchermaam@...?Subject=%20Re%3A%20Low%20Iron%20and%20Hypothyroidi\

sm>

> matchermaam <matchermaam>

>

> Fri Jan 25, 2008 10:16 am (PST)

>

> Picture passing a baby. LOL

> Roni

>

> <res075oh@... <mailto:res075oh%40verizon.net>> wrote:

> Me too; but strangely enough a small size stone does not mean a small

> size pain. The only one I passed wasn't much bigger than the head of a

> pin; but you would have thought I was trying to pass an elephant...

>

> >

> > Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

> >

>

<hypothyroidism/message/35887;_ylc=X3oDMTJxbXUyOW4\

2BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE1BGdycElkAzE0NTY2NARncnBzcElkAzE3MDkyNTEwODIEbXNnSWQDMzU4ODcEc2V\

jA2Rtc2cEc2xrA3Ztc2cEc3RpbWUDMTIwMTI0MjkwNg--

>

<hypothyroidism/message/35887;_ylc=X3oDMTJxbXUyOW4\

2BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE1BGdycElkAzE0NTY2NARncnBzcElkAzE3MDkyNTEwODIEbXNnSWQDMzU4ODcEc2V\

jA2Rtc2cEc2xrA3Ztc2cEc3RpbWUDMTIwMTI0MjkwNg-->>

> >

> > Posted by: " Sam " k9gang@... <mailto:k9gang%40openaccess.org>

> > <mailto:k9gang@...

> <mailto:k9gang%40openaccess.org>?Subject=%20Re%

> 3A%20Low%20Iron%20and%20Hypothyroidism>

> > stealthwind <stealthwind

> <stealthwind>>

> >

> > Thu Jan 24, 2008 8:31 pm (PST)

> >

> > OUCH! If it be stones, I hope they be eensy weensy.

> >

> > Ar

> >

> > Sam :-O

---------------------------------

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January 25, 2008

LOL, maybe with an epidural.

cw

-- Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

I've heard that some women who have had kidney stones and babies say the

stones hurt worse. I don't know...

But with my first kidney colic I did not know what I had, and so went to

a doctor other than a urologist. Big mistake. He only gave me Darvon.

That made me drunk as h*ll, but did absolutely nothing for the pain. I

was seriously considering whether I might be able to get to my rusty

pocket knife and going in after that sucker myself. The hospital staff

insisted they had given me enough drugs to knock out an elephant; and I

was still yelling for more.

By the time of my second kidney colic I had learned what actually gives

relief: Morphine sulphate [i think 10%?; it's been 30 years or so] is

what will knock out the pain. Of course, you have to be very careful

with it because you can lie there and die [choke to death] in perfect

comfort. When my mom died of congestive heart failure that's exactly

what she did.

>

> Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

> <hypothyroidism/message/35932

_ylc=X3oDMTJxMDZhcDRxBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE1BGdycElkAzE0NTY2NARncnBzcElkAzE3MDkyNTEw

DIEbXNnSWQDMzU5MzIEc2VjA2Rtc2cEc2xrA3Ztc2cEc3RpbWUDMTIwMTMwMTI0OA-->

>

> Posted by: " Roni Molin " matchermaam@...

> <mailto:matchermaam@

com?Subject=%20Re%3A%20Low%20Iron%20and%20Hypothyroidism>

> matchermaam <matchermaam>

>

> Fri Jan 25, 2008 10:16 am (PST)

>

> Picture passing a baby. LOL

> Roni

>

> <res075oh@... <mailto:res075oh%40verizon.net>> wrote:

> Me too; but strangely enough a small size stone does not mean a small

> size pain. The only one I passed wasn't much bigger than the head of a

> pin; but you would have thought I was trying to pass an elephant...

>

> >

> > Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

> >

> <hypothyroidism/message/35887

_ylc=X3oDMTJxbXUyOW42BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE1BGdycElkAzE0NTY2NARncnBzcElkAzE3MDkyNTEw

DIEbXNnSWQDMzU4ODcEc2VjA2Rtc2cEc2xrA3Ztc2cEc3RpbWUDMTIwMTI0MjkwNg--

> <hypothyroidism/message/35887

_ylc=X3oDMTJxbXUyOW42BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE1BGdycElkAzE0NTY2NARncnBzcElkAzE3MDkyNTEw

DIEbXNnSWQDMzU4ODcEc2VjA2Rtc2cEc2xrA3Ztc2cEc3RpbWUDMTIwMTI0MjkwNg-->>

> >

> > Posted by: " Sam " k9gang@... <mailto:k9gang%40openaccess.org>

> > <mailto:k9gang@...

> <mailto:k9gang%40openaccess.org>?Subject=%20Re%

> 3A%20Low%20Iron%20and%20Hypothyroidism>

> > stealthwind <stealthwind

> <stealthwind>>

> >

> > Thu Jan 24, 2008 8:31 pm (PST)

> >

> > OUCH! If it be stones, I hope they be eensy weensy.

> >

> > Ar

> >

> > Sam :-O

January 25, 2008

I trust medical providers who work in immunology and allergy and pharmacy. I

know at UCLA the immunology department had to " re-educate " the radiology

department on the basics of hypersensitivity reactions in people who have

chronic auto-immune diseases. So, now the radiology docs at both UCLA and

Cedars-Sinai are very careful with people who state they have an iodine

hypersensitivity reaction aka allergy. if they have to give them iodine contrast

dye- we try not to use the dye if at all possible and if they have to use it,

we give them a premedication cocktail of IV Benadryl and Tylenol and have the

crash cart ready.

the NIH is a trusted source of medical and herbal information. they are a world

class organization that other countries use for evidence based info. the link [

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-iodine.html<http://w\

ww.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-iodine.html> ] I provided is

the organization I use and trust. National Institutes of Health trumps any

radiology department.

there is so much that we don't understand about iodine allergies and the immune

system, SO, in medicine we err on the side of safety. My colleagues and I will

never give any iodine related material IF there is a chance that that person is

going to have an iodine hypersensitivity reaction. because, people do develop

DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY reactions to chemicals and medications that they did

not have a problem with before but after repeated exposure to that substance

their body develops a reaction. especially if they have been exposed to

medications that suppress the immune system as with chemo or anti-rejection

transplant drugs.

frankly, I really don't give a shit what patients call it- if they tell me they

have an " allergy " or sensitivity to iodine- I am going to believe it. Because,

people who have chronic auto-immune diseases have a significant increased risk

of delayed hypersensitivity reactions to substances that they are exposed to

over and over again. with that they are also at risk for cross sensitivity

reactions to substances that may not have the complete chemical composition of

say iodine- but has enough similar characteristics of the molecular and chemical

compound to induce a IGe reaction. given that every person that has that genetic

foundation set up in them- have varying degrees of reactions.

here is a chemical site that clearly states that iodine should NOT be given in

people who have hypersensitivity reactions:

PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

7.1 Mode of action

7.1.1 Toxicodynamics

Local

Iodine precipitates proteins. The affected cells may be

killed. The effect is similar to that of a corrosive

acid.

the above refutes gracia's claim that iodine does not deal with proteins in the

body- thus according to her it can not cause an hypersensitivity reaction in the

body.

" 4.3 Contraindications

Iodine preparations should not be taken regularly during

pregnancy and lactation.

Because iodine may cause burns on occluded skin, an iodine-

treated wound should be covered with a light bandage. As

iodine and iodides can affect the thyroid gland, the

administration of such preparations may interfere with tests

of thyroid functions (Reynolds 1989; McEvoy, 1990).

Potassium iodide should not be used in adolescent patients

because of its potential to induce acne and its effects on

the thyroid gland (Bouillon ,1988).

Iodine or iodides should not be administered to patients with

a history of hypersensitivity to such compounds

Allergic effects

Whether iodine is administered topically or systematically,

iodine and iodides can give rise to allergic reactions:

urticaria, angioedema, cutaneous haemorrhage or purpuras,

fever, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and eosinophile, acne-form

or severe eruptions.

9.4.13 Allergic reactions

Intolerance to iodised X-ray contrast media may cause

reactions consisting of fever, chills, malaise, nausea

and vomiting, skin rash, diarrhoea and even

hypotension. These may be classified as idiosyncratic.

In patients with a history of idiosyncratic reaction

premedication with corticoids and histamines is

indicated or non-ionic contrast reagents should be

used,(Soyer & Levesque, 1990). After interleukin-2

administration an increased incidence of

hypersensitivity to iodine was observed, (Zukiwski et

al., 1990).

Hypersensitivity reactions were reported in 14 cases,

secondary to the application of iodine-alcohol

solutions to the skin. Symptoms reported were fever

and generalised skin eruption of varying types.

Despite the wide use of tincture of iodine the

incidence of systemic reactions is low (Seymour,

1937).

source:

http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/iodine.htm#SectionTitle:1.5%20Brand%2\

0names,%20Trade%20names<http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/iodine.htm#Se\

ctionTitle:1.5%20Brand%20names,%20Trade%20names>

it further describes the target organ systems and they types of adverse

reactions that occur with them:

" 9.4.11 Immunological

Reactions to iodine may occur acutely or after chronic

use and may be characterised by coryza, headache,

salivary gland pain, conjunctivitis, fever or skin

reactions (urticaria, acneform, eruptions, erythema,

bullous, ioderma). Oral and intravenous iodine

containing radio-contrast media (e.g Telopaque ®;

I125, I131) may cause iodine hypersensitivity reaction

as well as anaphylactic type reactions, (Crocker &

Vadam, 1963).

this site also sources the types of iodine preparations:

" 5. ROUTES OF ENTRY

5.1 Oral

Toxic effects in humans can occur via accidental or suicidal

poisonings, (Gosselin et al., 1984). Toxic effects of iodine

compounds resulting from ingestion of seaweed, mucolytic

expectorants or X-ray contrast are reported.

5.2 Inhalation

With industrial exposure to vapour of iodine, it will be

absorbed from the lungs and converted in the body to iodide.

5.3 Dermal

Topical iodine (especially with multiple applications) can be

absorbed, causing toxic effects.

5.4 Eye

Eye drops can cause systemic toxic effects.

5.5 Parenteral

Contrast media.

5.6 Other

No data available.

this site also cites the types of iodine, which INCLUDES the oral iodine that

gracia seems to love.

" 1.7 Presentation, Formulation

Iodine is available in solid form, in solution, and in

tinctures, e.g.

Povidone iodine antiseptic solution, surgical scrub 7.5%,

povidone iodine 200 mg pessaries, povidone antiseptic

ointment 100 mg/g.

Tincture of iodine, USP, contains 2% cent iodine and 2.4%

sodium iodide diluted in 50% ethanol.

Aqueous solutions of iodine are Strong Iodine Solution USP

(compound iodine solution, Lugol's solution) containing 5%

iodine and 10% potassium iodide, and Iodine Topical Solution

(USP) containing 2% iodine and 2.4% potassium iodide. Aqueous

Iodine Solution BP contains the same amount of free and

combined iodine per ml (130 mg/mL) as does the USP Strong

Iodine Solution. (Reynolds, 1993)

Potassium iodide aqueous cough expectorant.

Povidone-iodide (Betadine) is an organically bound iodide

compound containing 1% iodine in a water soluble base. Other

organically bound iodide compounds are undecoylium chloride,

diiodo hydroxyquin, tetraglycine hydroperiodide (60% iodine).

These organic iodide compounds release iodine slowly and have

a toxicity of one fifth of their iodine content (Haddad &

Winchester, 1983).

Povidone iodine antiseptic solution and surgical scrub are in

5 litre containers, pessaries, ointment (see 1.7).

as far as their sample population of " 23 patients " - that is a very poor example

of a sample size. most trusted medical professional would never claim that a

tiny set of patients represent the millions of other people on this planet that

could have a reaction to iodine forms compared to a a tiny sample population of

only " 23 " . the article does not even describe these 23 patients' medical

history. that kind of justification is shameful and very DECEITFUL.

But, my reaction was a true anaphylactic reaction. I went into respiratory

arrest after the administration if radiological iodine contrast. I had the

worst case- I stopped breathing and I almost went into cardiac arrest. so, for

me it has been determined that I have iodine hypersensitivity or " allergy " in

layman's terms. I have had extensive screening for iodine reactions under

controlled situations- ergo they gave me iodine in various forms while having

the crash cart right there. and every time they had to use the crash cart! you

might ask why they did not simply do scratch testing on the skin- well in

patients with auto-immune diseases as in lupus/sle that have chronically

depleted immune systems [ from being on over drive all the time] or from being

on chemo immunosuppressant's; they frequently get no reaction at all to the

antigens that are introduced into the skin. that is what happens to me- no

reaction at all. I also got the hep B vaccine series 3 different times and I

failed to develop antibodies al three attempt. my immune system will not react

normally because of my auto-immune disease.

when I have patient's who have the same thing going- I will NEVER put them in

harms way. If they have a medic- alert bracelet or they tell me that it has been

determined that they have an iodine allergy- I AM GOING TO BELIEVE IT- I will

NEVER discount what they say because they know their bodies better than anyone.

And I know that unusual hypersensitivity reactions can happen Regardless of what

the " accepted " thinking is. I know many immunologists and they have never stated

to me that a person can not develop a hypersensitivity reaction to iodine

BECAUSE EVERYONE is genetically different and if you throw into the mix a

auto-immune disease { these are considered auto-immune: sle; asthma, atopic

dermatitis, diabetes; thyroid; cancer, etc]

as far am I am concerned, NONE of my providers that I have interacted with at

UCLA and Cedars, NEVER give me crap about my hypersentsivity to iodine compounds

regardless of what department they work in. Including radiology. in fact my

radiologists do not challenge anyone's claim of being " allergic " to iodine

because they know better- they have seen it all. Ucla is a world class teaching

hospital.

As far as my hypersensitivity reactions go, I am also sensitive to the MRI

contrast called Gadolinium. I had an MRI with it and out of the blue it caused

be to go into respiratory arrest. thank go they had a crash cart. and now, they

are having law suits because people are acquiring adverse reactions to it when

the radiologists are STILL telling people that they is NO risk!!!

http://www.yourlawyer.com/topics/overview/gadolinium?gclid=CLfF99fMkpECFRk0awodM\

HJoPQ<http://www.yourlawyer.com/topics/overview/gadolinium?gclid=CLfF99fMkpECFRk\

0awodMHJoPQ>

As far as my hypersensitivity reactions go, I am also sensitive to the MRI

contrast called Gadolinium. I had an MRI with it and out of the blue it caused

be to go into respiratory arrest. thank go they had a crash cart. and now, they

are having law suits because people are acquiring adverse reactions to it when

the radiologists are STILL telling people that they is NO risk!!!

http://www.yourlawyer.com/topics/overview/gadolinium?gclid=CLfF99fMkpECFRk0awodM\

HJoPQ<http://www.yourlawyer.com/topics/overview/gadolinium?gclid=CLfF99fMkpECFRk\

0awodMHJoPQ>

Here is a list of references who cite iodine allergies:

http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00102115<http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/sho\

w/NCT00102115> this is a study that the exclusion criteria includes IODINE

" allergy "

http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00399360<http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/sho\

w/NCT00399360> another study with exclusion criteria that includes IODINE

allergy.

this document is from: " The International programme on chemical safety;

chemical safety information from intergovernmental organizations " source:

http://www.inchem.org/<http://www.inchem.org/>

1. NAME

1.1 Substance

Iodine (USAN)

(Fleeger, 1994)

1.2 Group

Antiseptics and disinfectants (D08)/Iodine product/ (D08G)

(ATC classification index, [WHO] 1992]

1.3 Synonyms

Eranol, Iodin (French), Iodine Colloidal, Iodine Crystals,

Iodine Sublimed, Iodine-127, Iodio (Italian),

Jod (German, Polish), Jood (Dutch), Iode, Iodum, Jodum, Yodo.

(Reynolds, 1993)

1.4 Identification numbers

1.4.1 CAS number

7553-56-2

1.4.2 Other numbers

RTECS

NN 1575000

1.5 Brand names, Trade names

Betadine (Datlabs, Zimbabwe); Ethiodol (Savage, USA);

Guttajod (Blucher, Schering, Germany), Iodex ( Kline &

French, Australia, Switzerland etc) Fodex (Menley & ,

UK); Sclerodine (Ondee, Canada); Telepaque (Rhone Poulenc,

France); Urografin, Gastrofin (Rhone Poulenc, U.K.)

(To be completed by each Centre using local data)

1.6 Manufacturers, Importers

DATLABS, Zimbabwe

(To be completed by each Centre using local data)

1.7 Presentation, Formulation

Iodine is available in solid form, in solution, and in

tinctures, e.g.

Povidone iodine antiseptic solution, surgical scrub 7.5%,

povidone iodine 200 mg pessaries, povidone antiseptic

ointment 100 mg/g.

Tincture of iodine, USP, contains 2% cent iodine and 2.4%

sodium iodide diluted in 50% ethanol.

Aqueous solutions of iodine are Strong Iodine Solution USP

(compound iodine solution, Lugol's solution) containing 5%

iodine and 10% potassium iodide, and Iodine Topical Solution

(USP) containing 2% iodine and 2.4% potassium iodide. Aqueous

Iodine Solution BP contains the same amount of free and

combined iodine per ml (130 mg/mL) as does the USP Strong

Iodine Solution. (Reynolds, 1993)

Potassium iodide aqueous cough expectorant.

Povidone-iodide (Betadine) is an organically bound iodide

compound containing 1% iodine in a water soluble base. Other

organically bound iodide compounds are undecoylium chloride,

diiodo hydroxyquin, tetraglycine hydroperiodide (60% iodine).

These organic iodide compounds release iodine slowly and have

a toxicity of one fifth of their iodine content (Haddad &

Winchester, 1983).

Povidone iodine antiseptic solution and surgical scrub are in

5 litre containers, pessaries, ointment (see 1.7).

2. SUMMARY

2.1 Main risks and target organs

Concentrated iodine is corrosive. Main risks in acute

exposure to high iodine concentrations are largely due to the

highly corrosive effect of iodine on the entire

gastrointestinal tract and resultant shock. If rupture occurs

mediastinitis or peritonitis develop.

Target organs are mucous membranes of pharynx, larynx and

oesophagus for the concentrated iodine, and thyroid for the

diluted form as a systemic effect. Iodine is not a frequent

cause of toxicity in the amounts available in the household.

.2 Summary of clinical effects

Ingestion of iodine may cause corrosive effects such as

oedema of the glottis, with asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia,

pulmonary oedema and shock, as well as vomiting and bloody

diarrhoea. The CNS , cardiovascular and renal toxicity

following acute iodine ingestion appear to be due to the

corrosive gastroenteritis and resultant shock. Vomiting,

hypotension and circulatory collapse may be noted following

severe intoxication.

Eye

Eye exposure may result in severe ocular burns.

Cardiovascular

Tachycardia, hypotension and circulatory collapse may be due

to the ingestion of concentrated corrosive iodine solutions.

Respiratory

Inhalation of iodine vapour may result in severe pulmonary

irritation leading to pulmonary oedema. Oedema of the

glottis and pulmonary oedema have also resulted from oral

ingestion.

Neurological

Headache, dizziness, delirium and stupor may be noted

following severe intoxication.

Gastrointestinal

A severe corrosive oesophagitis and gastroenteritis

characterised by vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea may

be noted following ingestion. The vomitus is blue if starch

is present in the stomach. A metallic taste may be noted.

Dermatological

Dermal application of strong iodine solutions may result in

burns.

Chronic ingestion may result in iodism characterised from

acne form skin lesions and other skin eruptions.

Cutaneous absorption may be significant and result in

systemic symptoms and death.

Endocrine

Hypothyroidism, as well as hyperthyroidism, has been

reported.

Immunological

Hypersensitivity reactions including angioedema and/ or serum

sickness-like reactions may be noted.

2.3 Diagnosis

Clinical diagnosis is difficult, but iodine ingestion should

be considered in cases of corrosive injuries to the pharynx

and oesophagus.

Iodine may or may not be seen in measurable levels in

biological fluids.

2.4 First aid measures and management principles

Inhalation Exposure

In case of inhalation move victim to fresh air. If victim is

not breathing, give artificial respiration, if breathing is

difficult give oxygen.

Dermal Exposure

In case of contact with iodine, immediately flush skin or

eyes with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes.

Remove and discard contaminated clothing and shoes. Keep

victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Effects

may be delayed so keep victim under observation.

Oral Exposure

In case of ingestion of concentrated iodine, do NOT induce

vomiting or gastric lavage. Call a physician or transport

victim to a medical facility.

Sodium thiosulphate, 100 mL orally of a 1% solution, has been

recommended as an antidote because it immediately reduces

iodine to iodide. However iodine is mostly already

inactivated by combination with gastrointestinal contents.

See Section 10 for management principles of iodine.

3. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

3.1 Origin of the substance

Iodine is found in igneous rocks 3x10-5 % by wt. and in sea-

water 5x10-8 % by wt. Extracted from Chilian nitrate-bearing

earth (caliche) and from seaweed. (Windholz , 1983).

3.2 Chemical structure

Structural Formula

I-I

Molecular formula

I2

Molecular weight

253.81

Chemical name

Iodine

3.3 Physical properties

3.3.1 Properties of the substance

3.3.1.1 Colour

Blue greyish-black with a metallic crystalline

sheen

3.3.1.2 State/Form

Solid brittle plates or small crystals

3.3.1.3 Description

Characteristic acrid odour.

Iodine volatilises slowly at room temperature.

Boiling point 185.24 °C

Melting point 113.60 °C

Solubility is 1 in 3500 of water, 1 in 8 of

alcohol, 1 in 6 of carbon tetrachloride, 1 in

30 of chloroform, 1 in 5 of ether, 1 in 125 of

glycerol. Very readily soluble in strong

aqueous solutions of iodides. A solution in

alcohol, ether, or aqueous solutions of iodides

is reddish-brown. In chloroform, carbon

tetrachloride, or carbon disulphide it is

violet-coloured.

(Reynolds, 1989)

pH No data available, but see 3.4.5.

3.3.2 Properties of the locally available formulation(s)

To be completed by each Centre using local data

3.4 Other characteristics

3.4.1 Shelf-life of the substance

The shelf-life of iodine solutions vary with the

concentration. The stability of alcoholic solutions of

iodine increases as the iodide/free iodine ratio

increases and for a given concentration, with increased

strength of alcohol (Reynolds, 1989).

3.4.2 Shelf-life of the locally available formulation(s)

To be completed by each Centre using local data

3.4.3 Storage conditions

Iodine topical solution should be stored in light-

resistant containers at a temperature not exceeding

35 °C and iodine tincture should be stored in air-tight

containers.

3.4.4 Bioavailability

To be completed by each Centre using local data

3.4.5 Specific properties and composition

Degradation of iodine is associated with a fall in pH

which might come down to pH = 2, (Reynolds, 1989).

4. USES

4.1 Indications

4.1.1 Indications

In many countries culinary salt is iodized to prevent

the development of goitre.

In the pre-operative treatment of thyrotoxicosis to

produce a thyroid gland of firm texture suitable for

operation, it avoids the increased vascularity and

friability of the gland with increased risk of

haemorrhage.

In the immediate treatment of thyrotoxic crisis.

Its powerful bactericidal action is used for

disinfecting unbroken skin before operation. Iodine

may also be employed as a weak solution for the first-

aid treatment of small wounds and abrasions, but it is

rapidly inactivated by combining with tissue

substances, and so delays healing.

It has been applied topically in the treatment of

herpes simplex (Reynolds, 1989).

Iodine has been used in the treatment of dendritic

keratitis (Grant, 1974).

Iodine has been used in the purification of drinking

water in case of emergencies (Osol, 1980).

Strong iodine solution: (Lugol's solution, aqueous

solution of iodine, solution Iodi aquosa; compound

iodine solution) contains in each 100 ml, 4.5 to 5.5 g

of iodine, and 9.5 to 10.5 g of potassium iodide. This

solution is used in the treatment of many conditions in

which the action of iodine ion is desired such as

thyrotoxicosis, keratoscleritis, keratitis associated

with excessive keratin.

Iodine-containing solutions are used as contrast media

in radio-diagnosis.

Potassium iodide has been used as a mucolytic agent.

Radioisotopes: radioactive iodine finds its widest use

in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and in the

diagnosis of disorders of thyroid function. The

greatest use has been made of sodium iodide I131.

Sodium iodide I123 is available for scanning purposes

(Gilman et al., 1990).

4.1.2 Description

Not relevant

4.2 Therapeutic dosage

4.2.1 Adults

Skin disinfectant

10 to 25 mg/g often in combination with potassium or

sodium iodide.

Oral

Lugol's solution

Therapeutic dose range is 50 to 150 mg/day but up to

500 mg of iodine per day is often used, (Haynes, 1990).

For the pre-operative treatment of thyrotoxicosis

iodine may be given in the form of Aqueous Iodine Oral

Solution BP or Strong Iodine Solution USP (both of

which contain iodine 130 mg/mL) at a dose of 0.1 to 0.3

mL three times a day for up to 10 days (Reynolds,

1993).

Cough mixture

Potassium iodide aqueous expectorant is given at a dose

of 300 mg every 6 hours. (Haynes, 1990)

Purification of drinking water

In case of emergencies, 5 to 10 drops of tincture to

a quart of water is both amoebicidal and bactericidal

(Osol, 1980).

Radioisotope dosages

The effective dose in the treatment of hyperthyroidism

by I131 differs for individual patients. The optimal

dose of I 131 expressed in terms of microcuries taken

up per gram of thyroid tissue, varies in different

laboratories from 80 to 150 microCi. The usual total

dose is 4 to 10 microCi (Haynes, 1990). Lower dosage I

131 therapy (80 microCi/g thyroid) has been advocated

to reduce the incidence of subsequent hypothyroidism

(Cevallos et al., 1974).

4.2.2 Children

No relevant data available.

4.3 Contraindications

Iodine preparations should not be taken regularly during

pregnancy and lactation.

Because iodine may cause burns on occluded skin, an iodine-

treated wound should be covered with a light bandage. As

iodine and iodides can affect the thyroid gland, the

administration of such preparations may interfere with tests

of thyroid functions (Reynolds 1989; McEvoy, 1990).

Potassium iodide should not be used in adolescent patients

because of its potential to induce acne and its effects on

the thyroid gland (Bouillon ,1988).

Iodine or iodides should not be administered to patients with

a history of hypersensitivity to such compounds.

5. ROUTES OF ENTRY

5.1 Oral

Toxic effects in humans can occur via accidental or suicidal

poisonings, (Gosselin et al., 1984). Toxic effects of iodine

compounds resulting from ingestion of seaweed, mucolytic

expectorants or X-ray contrast are reported.

5.2 Inhalation

With industrial exposure to vapour of iodine, it will be

absorbed from the lungs and converted in the body to iodide.

5.3 Dermal

Topical iodine (especially with multiple applications) can be

absorbed, causing toxic effects.

5.4 Eye

Eye drops can cause systemic toxic effects.

5.5 Parenteral

Contrast media.

5.6 Other

No data available.

6. KINETICS

6.1 Absorption by route of exposure

Oral

Iodine appears to be inactivated by combination with

gastrointestinal contents. Absorption is poor due to rapid

conversion of iodine to iodide.

(Reynolds, 1989; Gilman et al., 1990).

Inhalation

Iodine is absorbed from the lungs, converted to iodide in the

body, (ILO 1971). Pulmonary absorption of vapour may result

in systemic poisoning (Gosselin et al., 1984).

Dermal

Only very small quantities of iodine are absorbed through an

intact skin, (Reynolds, 1989). Iodine can be absorbed by

wounds and abrasions. Enhanced absorption occurs through

denuded skin, decubitus ulcers, mucosal surfaces with high

absorptive capacity (vagina), or large areas of intact skin,

(Dela Cruz et al., 1987; Vorherr et al., 1989; Prager &

Gardner 1979; Cosman et al., 1988).

Eye

Iodine can be absorbed when applied on the eye, (Geisthoevel,

1984).

Parenteral

No data available.

6.2 Distribution by route of exposure

Oral

When taken by mouth iodine is rapidly converted to iodide and

is stored in the thyroid as thyroglobulin, (Reynolds, 1989).

Iodine reaches the blood stream mainly in form of iodide, and

it is incorporated into the thyroglobulin form in the thyroid

gland, (, 1977).

Inhalation

Iodine is readily distributed into the lungs.

Dermal

Distribution is poor due to low absorption through intact

skin. Enhanced distribution occurs through denuded skin.

6.3 Biological half-life, by route of exposure

No data available.

6.4 Metabolism

Iodine is an easily oxidisable substance. Food that is

present in the digestive tract, will oxidize iodine to iodide

which is not corrosive to the gastrointestinal tract,

(Reynolds, 1989; Gosselin et al., 1984).

6.5 Elimination, by route of exposure

Iodine is excreted mainly in the urine, (ILO 1971) and in

smaller quantities in saliva, milk, sweat, bile and other

secretions, (Clayton & Clayton, 1981-1982). Renal iodine

clearance is related to glomerular filtration rate. Normal

renal excretion is 12000 µg/day (Hunt et al. ,1980).

7. PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

7.1 Mode of action

7.1.1 Toxicodynamics

Local

Iodine precipitates proteins. The affected cells may be

killed. The effect is similar to that of a corrosive

acid.

Systemic

Acute inhibition of the synthesis of iodotyrosine and

iodothyronine (Wolff & Chaikoff, 1984).

7.1.2 Pharmacodynamics

Topical

Iodine has bactericidal activity, e.g. a 1% tincture

will kill 90% of bacteria in 90 seconds, a 5% tincture

in 60 seconds and a 7% tincture in 15 seconds

(Gershenfeld, 1968).

Oral

The primary function of iodine is to control the rate

of cellular oxidation through its presence in the

biosynthesis of iodated thyroid hormone.

7.2 Toxicity

7.2.1 Human Data

7.2.1.1 Adults

The fatal dose is usually approximately 2 or

3 g (Reynolds, 1989).

7.2.1.2 Children

No data available.

7.2.2 Relevant animal data

No data available.

7.2.3 Relevant in vitro data

No data available.

7.3 Carcinogenicity

There is no evidence as to whether iodine is carcinogenic or

not. However, connections have been established with

deliberate or inadvertent intake of radioactive elements or

their compounds that concentrate in certain organs or

tissues. Thus intake of labelled iodine and derivatives

concentrating in the thyroid gland, have been known to give

rise to cancer in that organ (Harbison, 1980; Dukes, 1988).

7.4 Teratogenicity

Iodides diffuse across the placenta. Infant and neonatal

death from respiratory distress secondary to goitre has been

reported in mothers taking iodides(Parmalee et al., 1940;

Galima et al., 1962).

Chronic topical maternal use of povidone-iodine during

pregnancy has been associated with clinical and biochemical

hypothyroidism in the infant (Danziger et al., 1987).

Exposure to I 131 can damage or ablute the developing thyroid

of the human foetus. Hypothyroidism, either congenital or of

late onset, has been reported in at least 5 children whose

mothers were exposed to I 131 during pregnancy (Shepard,

1980)

7.5 Mutagenicity

No data available.

7.6 Interactions

No data available.

7.7 Main adverse effects

Endocrine system effects

Iodine and iodides produce goitre, hypothyroidism as well as

hyperthyroidism. These effects have also been reported in

infants born to mothers who had taken iodides during

pregnancy (Reynolds, 1989).

Side effects of iodine given for radioprotection

In iodine-induced goitre and iodine-induced hypothyroidism,

special risk groups are foetus and neonates. Iodine-induced

hyperthyroidism special risk group are people living in

iodine deficient areas and people with a history of

hyperthyroidism, (Bouillon, 1988). Extrathyroidal side

effects are gastrointestinal complaints (nausea, pain), taste

abnormalities, cutaneous and mucous membrane such as

irritation, rash, oedema (including face and glottis),

allergic-like reactions such as fever, eosinophilia, serum-

sickness-like symptoms, vasculitis. Special risk groups are

patients with hypocomplementic vasculitis, (Bouillon, 1988).

Allergic effects

Whether iodine is administered topically or systematically,

iodine and iodides can give rise to allergic reactions:

urticaria, angioedema, cutaneous haemorrhage or purpuras,

fever, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and eosinophile, acne-form

or severe eruptions.

Iodism effects

A mild toxic syndrome called iodism results from repeated

administration of small amount of iodine. Iodism is

characterised by hyper-salivation, coryza, sneezing,

conjunctivitis, headache, laryngitis, bronchitis, stomatitis,

parotitis, enlargement of the submaxillary glands, skin

rashes and gastric upsets, (Reynolds, 1989, Gosselin et al,

1984). In rare cases jaundice, bleeding from mucous membranes

and bronchospasm may occur. Inflammatory states may be

aggravated by these adverse reactions, (Bouillon, 1988).

Gastrointestinal effects

Acute effects due to ingestion of iodine are mainly due to

its corrosive effects or action which arises at least in part

from oxidizing potential of this element on the

gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include a metallic taste,

vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea. Oesophageal

stricture may occur if the patient survives the acute stage,

(Reynolds, 1989; Gosselin et al., 1984).

Cardiovascular and respiratory effects

Death may occur due to circulatory failure, oedema of the

glottis resulting in asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia, or

pulmonary oedema, (Reynolds, 1989, Sittig 1981).

Kidney effect

Anuria may occur 1 to 3 days after exposure, (Reynolds,

1989).

8. TOXICOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL INVESTIGATIONS

8.1 Sample

8.1.1 Collection

8.1.2 Storage

8.1.3 Transport

8.2 Toxicological analytical methods

- Both amperometric titration and leucocrystal violet

(LCV) colorimetric methods give acceptable results when used

to measure free iodine in drinking water, (National Research

Council 1980).

- With the aim of indicating environmental pollution

effects on humans, none destructive activation analysis was

applied to 382 normal Japanese hair samples, (Ohmori et al,

1981).

8.2.1 Tests for active ingredient

8.2.2 Tests for biological sample

8.3 Other laboratory analyses

8.3.1 Biochemical investigations

Blood

Elevated serum transaminases and bilirubin

concentrations are reported (Lavelle et al., 1975;

Peitch & Meakins, 1976). Serum creatinine levels up to

3.5 mg/dL have been reported by Dela Cruz et al.,

(1987). Elevated TSH concentrations and low T4

concentrations has been demonstrated in neonates with

topical povidone-iodine (Cosman et al., 1988).

Urine

No data available.

Other

No data available.

8.3.2 Arterial blood gas analyses

Severe metabolic acidosis is reported in topically-

treated burn patients (Peitsch & Meakins, 1976).

8.3.3 Haematological or haemostasiological investigations

No data available.

8.3.4 Other relevant biomedical analyses

8.4 Interpretation

8.5 References (in section 13)

9. CLINICAL EFFECTS

9.1 Acute poisoning

9.1.1 Ingestion

Ingestion of iodine may cause corrosive effects such as

oedema of the glottis, with asphyxia, aspiration

pneumonia, pulmonary oedema and shock, vomiting and

bloody diarrhoea. The CNS, cardiovascular and renal

toxicity following acute iodine ingestion appear to be

due to the corrosive gastroenteritis and resultant

shock. Vomiting, hypotension and circulatory collapse

may be noted following severe intoxication.

9.1.2 Inhalation

Inhalation of iodine vapour is very irritating to

mucous membranes. Headache, dizziness, delirium,

collapse and stupor, death due to circulatory collapse,

asphyxia from oedema of glottis, aspiration pneumonia

or pulmonary oedema has been reported. Occasionally

haemorrhagic nephritis may occur within 1 to 3 days,

oesophageal and pyloric stenosis have been reported,

(Gosselin et al., 1984).

9.1.3 Skin exposure

Skin contact with iodine may give rise to

hypersensitivity reaction, fever and skin eruption.

Death following skin contact covering one third of body

surface is reported to have occurred, (Gosselin et al.,

1984).

9.1.4 Eye contact

Iodine vapour causes irritation and lachrymation in

human eyes, (Grant, 1974).

9.1.5 Parenteral exposure

Injection of iodine compounds may cause sudden fatal

collapse (anaphylaxis) as a result of hypersensitivity.

Symptoms are dyspnea, cyanosis, fall of blood pressure,

unconsciousness and convulsions, (Dreisbach &

on, 1987).

9.1.6 Other

No data available.

9.2 Chronic poisoning

9.2.1 Ingestion

Repeated administration of small amounts of iodine may

result in a mild toxic syndrome called " iodism " . It is

characterised by hyper-salivation, coryza, sneezing,

conjunctivitis, stomatitis, parotitis, enlargement of

the submaxillary glands, and skin rashes (Barker &

Wood, 1940; Ehrich & Seifter, 1949).

Hypotension, tachycardia, cyanosis and signs of shock

are frequent symptoms of iodine ingestion. (Gosselin et

al., 1984).

Iodated glycerol used as a mucolytic expectorant in the

treatment of respiratory disorders inhibited the

biosynthesis of thyroid hormone and induced

hypothyroidism (Drinka & Nolten, 1988; Gommolin, 1987).

Amiodarone, an iodine rich drug widely used in the

treatment of tachyarrhythmias, represents one of the

most common sources of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis

(o et al., 1987; Regouby et al., 1985).

Tablets of seaweed, sold over the counter, is one of

the less common sources of iodine-induced

hyperthyroidism (Shilo & Hirsch, 1990).

9.2.2 Inhalation

No data available.

9.2.3 Skin exposure

Intact skin

Irritant contact dermatitis caused by povidone-iodine

has been reported, (Okano, 1989). Liberal application

of the tincture or povidone-iodine to the skin resulted

in significant plasma and urine iodine levels and may

cause systemic iodine toxicity (Luckhardt et al., 1920;

Smerdely et al., 1989; Pyati et al., 1977; Chabrolle &

Rossier, 1978; Coakley et al., 1989; L'Allemand et al.,

1987; Dantzigen et al., 1987; Schoenberger & Grim,

1982).

Injured skin

Continuous postoperative wound irrigation with

povidone-iodine resulted in death of a patient. Toxic

manifestations of systemic iodine absorption appeared

to cause the death, (D'Auria et al., 1990; Glick et

al., 1985).

Application of povidone-iodine on skin burns may cause

systemic iodine toxicity (Lavelle et al., 1975; Peitsch

& Meakins, 1976).

9.2.4 Eye contact

Iodine-containing eye drops caused hyperthyroidism

(Geisthoevel, 1984).

9.2.5 Parenteral exposure

Iodine-containing contrast media may cause

hyperthyroidism; the most frequent thyroid disorders,

usually of a temporary nature, occur after choledochal

contrast media (Steidle, 1989). In premature infants

they cause hypothyroidism (L'Allemand et al., 1987).

9.2.6 Other

No data available.

9.3 Course, prognosis, cause of death

If the patient survives 48 hours after the ingestion of

iodine, recovery is likely, although stricture of the

oesophagus or pyloric sphincter may be a complication,

(Dreisbach & on 1987). It is probable that the

pathological changes recorded in fatal cases of iodine

poisoning and attributed to the systemic effects of iodine

are largely the result of shock due to massive loss of fluid

from the gastrointestinal tract and tissue hypoxia (Gilman et

al.,1990).

9.4 Systematic description of clinical effects

9.4.1 Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular effects are not due directly to iodine

or iodide. Hypotension, tachycardia circulatory

collapse may occur secondary to corrosive

gastroenteritis due to ingestion of highly concentrated

iodine solutions. In acute iodine inhalation,

hypotension and tachycardia have been reported,

(Gosselin et al., 1984).

9.4.2 Respiratory

Inhalation of fumes leads to irritation of mucous

membranes of the respiratory tract, which may result in

asphyxia. Oedema of the glottis from ingestion was

reported in early literature as a frequently mentioned

cause of death, (Finkelstein & i, 1937).

Pulmonary oedema and tachypnoea have been reported

following ingestion of an unspecified large quantity of

Lugol's solution, (Dyck et al., 1979).

9.4.3 Neurological

9.4.3.1 Central nervous system (CNS)

Headache, dizziness and delirium have been

reported in severe intoxications. Altered

sensorium (agitation, confusion,

hallucinations) have occurred in association

with elevated serum iodine concentrations,

(Alvarez, 1979; Gosselin et al., 1984).

Continued administration of iodine may lead to

mental depression, nervousness and insomnia

(Reynolds, 1989).

9.4.3.2 Peripheral nervous system

No data available.

9.4.3.3 Autonomic nervous system

No data available.

9.4.3.4 Skeletal and smooth muscle

No data available.

9.4.4 Gastrointestinal

Excessive ingestion of iodine solutions can lead to

gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting and ulceration at

various levels of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Late oesophageal and pyloric stenosis have been

reported, (Gosselin et al., 1984).

If the stomach contains starch the emesis is coloured

blue.

9.4.5 Hepatic

Elevated serum transaminases and bilirubin

concentrations have been reported occasionally in

patients with elevated serum iodine concentrations,

(Lavelle et al., 1975; Peitsch & Meakins, 1976).

9.4.6 Urinary

9.4.6.1 Renal

Poisoning is manifested by serum creatine and

levels up to 3.5 mg/dL (309 mmol/L) has been

reported, (Dela Cruz et al., 1987). The renal

lesions, which sometimes resemble acute

tubularnecrosis, may be exacerbated by

haemolytic anaemia, (Gosselin et al., 1984).

Nephrotoxicity by iodine contrast media is

reported by Cacoub et al., (1987).

9.4.6.2 Others

No data available.

9.4.7 Endocrine and reproductive systems

Transient hypothyroidism characterised by elevated

urinary iodide concentrations, elevated serum iodine

concentrations, elevated TSH concentrations, and low T4

concentrations have been demonstrated in povidone-

iodine exposed mothers and their infants (L'Allemand et

al., 1987).

Iodine induced thyrotoxicosis is a condition that may

develop in older patients with long-standing iodine

deficiencies who receive high doses of iodine

(Kobberling et al., 1985; Fradkin, 1983; Klein & Levey,

1983).

Iodine containing drugs caused thyrotoxic crisis

(Mackenroth, 1990).

Excessive iodine intake can cause thyroid autoimmunity

in endemic goitre, (Boyages et al., 1989).

Organically bound iodine in the form of iodinated

glycerol used as a mucolytic expectorant can inhibit

the biosynthesis of thyroid hormone and induce

hypothyroidism, (Drinka & Nolten, 1988).

Hypothyroidism has also been described in neonates

treated with topical povidone-iodine (Cosman et al.,

1988). Topical iodine containing antiseptics may induce

hypothyroidism in very-low-birthweight infants,

(Smerdely et al., 1989). Multiple applications of

povidone iodine in pregnancy, and lactation caused

transient congenital hypothyroidism in a 6 week old

girl, (Danziger et al., 1987).

Iodine in contrast agents and skin disinfectants is the

major cause for hypothyroidism in premature infants

during intensive care, (L'Allemand et al., 1987).

Iodated glycerol, an organic form of iodine, prescribed

as a mucolytic-expectorant induced a mild

hypothyroidism in a patient with a previous history of

severe potassium iodide-induced hypothyroidism.

Amiodarone, an iodine-rich drug widely used in the

treatment of tachyarrhythmias, represents one of the

most common sources of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis.

It developed not only in patients with underlying

thyroid disorders, but also in subjects with apparently

normal thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis occurred either

during treatment with or at various intervals after

withdrawal of amiodarone. Classical symptoms were often

lacking, the main clinical feature being a worsening of

cardiac disorders, (o et al., 1987).

Tablets of seaweed, sold over the counter, is a real

source of iodine. A 72-year-old female developed

hyperthyroidism while ingesting these tablets. After

stopping, the symptoms of hypothyroidism disappeared,

(Shilo & Hirsch, 1990).

Continuous povidone-iodine irrigation caused iodine

toxicity with symptoms of metabolic acidosis, changes

in mental status and the patient died (Glick et al.,

1985).

Administration of iodine containing eye-drops used as a

cataract treatment caused hyperthyroidism (Geisthoevel,

1984).

9.4.8 Dermatological

A case of fatal dermatitis following the use of a 2.5%

solution of resublimated iodine in pure industrial

alcohol before a surgical operation has been reported.

The reaction was thought to be due to idiosyncrasy to

iodine. Skin disinfection with iodine has caused goitre

and hypothyroidism in 5 of 30 newborns under intensive

care (Bouillon, 1988).

Prolonged exposure to tincture of iodine can induce

superficial necrosis. At least one death has been

reported consequent to extensive skin involvement.

Solutions of iodine applied to the skin should not be

covered with occlusive dressings.

Topical application of povidone-iodine on burn patients

may lead to increased iodine/iodide absorption (Lavelle

et al., 1975) and the development of a metabolic

acidosis, renal failure and an altered mental status

although a cause and effect relationship has not been

definitely established.

The older literature reports systemic symptoms which

occurred immediately to 24 hours later, rarely

following cutaneous application of one-half to one

normal strength iodine tincture. Symptoms included

fever, diarrhoea, pain, headache and delirium. Skin

eruptions included urticaria to erythema to exfoliative

dermatitis. Mortality was 47% in those 15 cases

reported (Seymour, 1937).

Repeated applications of iodophors may cause contact

dermatitis. Allergic reactions occur 12 to 20 hours

after application (Harvey, 1985; Kudo et al., 1988).

9.4.9 Eye, ear, nose, throat: local effects

Exposure to iodine vapour may cause burning in the

eyes, blepharitis, and severe ocular burns (Finkelstein

& i, 1937).

Iodine vapour may cause rhinitis.

Stomatitis and pharyngitis may result from exposure to

iodine vapour or solutions and mucous membranes are

coloured brown. (Finkelstein & i, 1937).

9.4.10 Haematological

Neutropenia has been reported in association with

elevated serum iodine concentrations, (Alvarez, 1979).

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura has been observed

after repeated administration of small amounts of

iodine, (Ehrich & Seifter, 1949)

Haemolysis has also been reported (Dyck et al., 1979).

9.4.11 Immunological

Reactions to iodine may occur acutely or after chronic

use and may be characterised by coryza, headache,

salivary gland pain, conjunctivitis, fever or skin

reactions (urticaria, acneform, eruptions, erythema,

bullous, ioderma). Oral and intravenous iodine

containing radio-contrast media (e.g Telopaque ®;

I125, I131) may cause iodine hypersensitivity reaction

as well as anaphylactic type reactions, (Crocker &

Vadam, 1963).

9.4.12 Metabolic

9.4.12.1 Acid-base disturbances

Metabolic acidosis may be associated with

iodine toxicity. There is an increased anion

gap due to elevated serum lactate levels (47

micromol/L) (Dyck et al., 1979; Dela Cruz et

al., 1987)

9.4.12.2 Fluid and electrolyte disturbances

Elevated serum sodium (hypernatraemia) (156

mEq/L) has been reported (Dela Cruz et al.,

1987).

Hyperchloremia (127 mEq/L) has also been

reported but probably represents a spurious

elevation due to interference in the assay by

iodine (Dela Cruz et al., 1987).

Elevations in calculated osmolarity (340 in

Osm/L) have also been reported (Dela Cruz et

al., 1987).

9.4.12.3 Others

No data available.

9.4.13 Allergic reactions

Intolerance to iodised X-ray contrast media may cause

reactions consisting of fever, chills, malaise, nausea

and vomiting, skin rash, diarrhoea and even

hypotension. These may be classified as idiosyncratic.

In patients with a history of idiosyncratic reaction

premedication with corticoids and histamines is

indicated or non-ionic contrast reagents should be

used,(Soyer & Levesque, 1990). After interleukin-2

administration an increased incidence of

hypersensitivity to iodine was observed, (Zukiwski et

al., 1990).

Hypersensitivity reactions were reported in 14 cases,

secondary to the application of iodine-alcohol

solutions to the skin. Symptoms reported were fever

and generalised skin eruption of varying types.

Despite the wide use of tincture of iodine the

incidence of systemic reactions is low (Seymour,

1937).

9.4.14 Other clinical effects

No data available.

9.4.15 Special risks

Pregnancy

Maternal ingestion of iodine containing substances

during pregnancy can cause (transient) primary

hypothyroidism in the newborn, (Coakley et al., 1989).

Exposure to iodine and radioactive iodine in pregnancy

may lead to permanent hypothyroidism or goitre in the

newborn. Such goitres may become very large and even

create problems during delivery or mechanical

compression during early postnatal life (Bouillon,

1988).

Breast feeding

Similar warnings to those given for pregnancy against

the use of iodine or iodine-containing drugs applies

during lactation since iodine is actively secreted in

milk, (Bouillon, 1988).

9.5 Other

No data available.

9.6 Summary

Not relevant

10. MANAGEMENT

10.1 General principles

Do not induce vomiting nor do gastric lavage.

Treatment is symptomatic.

In symptomatic patients, early endoscopy is indicated in

order to provide an early evaluation of the corrosive

lesions in the oesophagus and the stomach.

10.2 Relevant laboratory analyses

10.2.1 Sample collection

Blood and urine samples should be collected.

10.2.2 Biomedical analysis

The urine may reveal albumin, casts, red blood

cells, and leucocytes.

Evidence of haemolysis may be found.

Metabolic acidosis (lactic acidemia) has been

reported.

10.2.3 Toxicological analysis

Plasma iodine levels are not clinically useful but

may aid in diagnosis.

Analysis of iodine in blood and urine may be done by

colorimetry or gas chromatography.

10.2.4 Other investigations

10.3 Life supportive procedures and symptomatic/specific

treatment

Support cardiovascular and respiratory functions. Oxygen

with assisted ventilation may be needed.

Observe for gastrointestinal lesions, particularly rupture

of the oesophagus or stomach which may result in

mediastinitis or peritonitis, respectively.

Be prepared to treat an anaphylactic type reaction.

Monitor fluid and electrolyte carefully.

10.4 Decontamination

Oral exposure

Do not induce vomiting nor do gastric lavage.

10.5 Elimination

Dialysis is reported to be effective in an early phase,

(Peitsch & Meakins, 1976).

Saline diuresis is useful if renal function is adequate,

(Dreisbach & on, 1987).

10.6 Antidote treatment

10.6.1 Adults

No antidote available.

10.6.2 Children

No antidote available.

10.7 Management discussion

Not relevant.

11. ILLUSTRATIVE CASES

11.1 Case reports from literature

Case 1

Continuous irrigation with povidone-iodine in a 34-month-

old patient with mediastinitis was associated with iodine

toxicity, resulting in fatalities, (Glick et al., 1985). It

is suggested that povidone-iodine continuous irrigation of

the mediastinum be a contraindication.

Case 2

A 63-year-old woman with a suppurative mediastinitis,

treated with continuous Polyvinyl-pyrrolidone-iodine (PI)

irrigation developed an acute oliguric renal failure due to

systemic toxicity of PI. The withdrawal of PI was followed

by a complete improvement of renal function, (Campistol et

al., 1988).

Case 3

Two patients with leg ulcers got worse after the

application of a compound mixture of sugar and povidone

iodine (sugar/PI compound). Patch-tests showed positive

reactions to 10% povidone-iodine in water and 5% potassium

iodide in water with no response to sugar. They were also

tested with sugar/PI compound containing 3% povidone

iodine, resulting in another positive reaction. They

improved after the application of sugar/PI compound was

discontinued, (Kudo et al., 1988).

Case 4

A 34-year-old male with burns covering 80% BSA and a 22-

year-old female with a 45% BSA burn, showed hyperthyroidism

induced by topical treatment with 1% povidone-iodine. After

topical treatment with povidone-iodine was discontinued

circulating thyroid hormones returned to normal values

within weeks (Rath and Meissl,1988).

Case 5

Fifteen episodes of infection due to Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, including peritonitis and other site

infections, occurred in nine patients receiving continuous

ambulatory peritoneal dialysis over a 27 month period.

Occurrence of P. aeruginosa infection was significantly

associated with use of povidone-iodine solution to cleanse

the catheter site. Local irritation and alteration in skin

flora caused by antiseptic solution or low-level

contamination of povidone-iodine solution are potential

mechanisms of infection (Goetz and Muder, 1989)

Case 6

Vaginal douching with polyvinyl pyrrolidone iodine (PVP-I)

during pregnancy resulted in maternal iodine overload and

increased the iodine content of amniotic fluid. The

possible effect of this therapy was evaluated on the

thyroid of the fetus by investigating 62 women with a mean

duration of amenorrhoea of 20 weeks who solicited

controlled abortion. Nineteen of them douched daily with

PVP-I for 2 consecutive days before abortion (treated

group). The other 43 women were not treated (control

group). In both groups the iodine content was determined in

the foetal thyroid and in amniotic fluid and maternal urine

at the time of abortion. In addition, in the treated group

the concentrations of iodine were also determined in

amniotic fluid and urine before therapy and in urine after

4 days of therapy. There were no differences in the

concentrations of iodine in urine and amniotic fluid in the

control group and in the treated group before therapy.

Iodine content increased more rapidly in the treated group

(from 1 to 7.7 micrograms) than in the control group (from

1 to 2.5 micrograms) P less than 0.05 (Mahillon et al.,

1989).

Case 7

Approximately 570,000 newborns were tested for congenital

hypothyroidism between May 1977 and December 1986. One

hundred and sixty cases of primary hypothyroidism, were

later found to be transient. 14 out of the transient cases

were due to excessive intake of iodine. In two, this was

due to maternal ingestion of iodide during pregnancy and in

12 the babies received large amounts of topical iodine

antiseptic. Two cases were caused by maternal anti-thyroid

antibodies and in eight instances the cause was unknown.

The large number of cases due to topical application of

iodine antiseptic emphasizes the need for caution when

using this substance in neonates (Coakely et al., 1989).

11.2 Internally extracted data on cases

No data available.

11.3 Internal cases

To be completed by the Centre using local data

12. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

12.1 Availability of antidotes

No data available.

12.2 Specific preventive measures

Do not use iodine as an antiseptic in neonates.

12.3 Other

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14. AUTHOR(S), REVIEWER(S), DATE(S) (INCLUDING UPDATES), COMPLETE

ADDRESS(ES)

Authors Dr Ossy J. Kasilo

Drug and Toxicology Information Service

Department of Pharmacy

Dr C.F.B. Nhachi

Department of Clinical Pharmacology

and Toxicology, University of Zimbabwe

Medical School

P.O. Box A178 Avondale

Harare

Zimbabwe

Tel 263-4-790233 or 791631 ext. 117/172

Fax 263-4-732828

Telex 26580 UNIV ZW

Date February 1990

Updates June 1990, November 1990

Reviewer Professor A.N.P. van Heijst

Baarnseweg 42A

3735 MJ Bosch en Duin

Netherlands

Tel 030-287178

Peer review Drs Hussein, Kasilo, Van Heijst, Ms Kirby

Adelaide, Australia, April 1991.

nancie

.

January 25, 2008

, I put my cursor on the link you gave, at the end between the last l and

the quotation

marks. I double clicked and voila' the article came up. Try it and see if it

works for you that

way.

Roni

<res075oh@...> wrote:

Success! I finally got one through that didn't foul up. The one

in the previous message works great.

However, since often fouls up URL's we should all probably learn

how to add the part routinely cut off by them. I do it all the time.

Or maybe I should learn how to us something called TINYURL.

wrote:

> Well, screwed it up again, so my link will not work. But if you

> copy and paste the entire thing into your browser it should work.

> Leave off the quotes below; it just worked for me. Of course,

> may screw it up again.

>

> wrote:

>> plays havock with the url. You have to copy and paste the

>> phrase " IodineAllergy.html " to the end of the link after you click

>> on it. Leave off the quotes.

>>

" http://www.radiology.ucsf.edu/instruction/abdominal/ab_handbook/04-IodineAllerg\

y.html "

>>

>>>

>>> Re: Low Iron and Hypothyroidism

>>>

<hypothyroidism/message/35933;_ylc=X3oDMTJxaGVxOHJ\

nBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE1BGdycElkAzE0NTY2NARncnBzcElkAzE3MDkyNTEwODIEbXNnSWQDMzU5MzMEc2V\

jA2Rtc2cEc2xrA3Ztc2cEc3RpbWUDMTIwMTMwMTI0OA-->

>>>

>>> Posted by: " venizia1948 " nelsonck@...

>>>

<mailto:nelsonck@...?Subject=%20Re%3A%20Low%20Iron%20and%20Hypothyroid\

ism>

>>>

>>> venizia1948 <venizia1948>

>>>

>>> Fri Jan 25, 2008 2:47 pm (PST)

>>>

>>> Sam,

>>>

>>> How did you get to this. When I went to the link, it said it could

>>> not be found.

>>>

>>> Venizia

>>>

>>> > >

>>> > > This article explains how many of the misconceptions about iodine

>>> > > allergy have arisen. The link is:

>>> > >

>>> http://www.radiology.ucsf.edu/instruction/abdominal/ab_handbook/04-

>>> <http://www.radiology.ucsf.edu/instruction/abdominal/ab_handbook/04->

>>> > IodineAllergy.

>>> html

>>

>

---------------------------------

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January 25, 2008

this is the tragic confusion that iodine docs are trying to dispell.

Gracia

I trust medical providers who work in immunology and allergy and pharmacy. I

know at UCLA the immunology department had to " re-educate " the radiology

department on the basics of hypersensitivity reactions in people who have

chronic auto-immune diseases. So, now the radiology docs at both UCLA and

Cedars-Sinai are very careful with people who state they have an iodine

hypersensitivity reaction aka allergy. if they have to give them iodine contrast

dye- we try not to use the dye if at all possible and if they have to use it, we

give them a premedication cocktail of IV Benadryl and Tylenol and have the crash

cart ready.

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